A lentigo (/lɛnˈtaɪɡoʊ/) (plural lentigines, /lɛnˈtɪdʒɪniːz/) is a small pigmented spot on the skin with a clearly defined edge, surrounded by normal-appearing skin. It is a harmless (benign) hyperplasia of melanocytes which is linear in its spread. This means the hyperplasia of melanocytes is restricted to the cell layer directly above the basement membrane of the epidermis where melanocytes normally reside. This is in contrast to the "nests" of multi-layer melanocytes found in moles (melanocytic nevi). Because of this characteristic feature, the adjective "lentiginous" is used to describe other skin lesions that similarly proliferate linearly within the basal cell layer.[1][2]
| Lentigo | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A mild form of lentigo simplex | |
| Specialty | Family medicine  |
Diagnosis
Conditions characterized by lentigines include:[3]
- Lentigo simplex
- Solar lentigo (Liver spots)
- PUVA lentigines
- Ink spot lentigo
- LEOPARD syndrome
- Mucosal lentigines
- Multiple lentigines syndrome
- Moynahan syndrome
- Generalized lentiginosis
- Centrofacial lentiginosis
- Carney complex
- Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons
- Partial unilateral lentiginosis
- Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
- Lentigo maligna
- Lentigo maligna melanoma
- Acral lentiginous melanoma
Differential diagnosis
Lentigines are distinguished from freckles (ephelis) based on the proliferation of melanocytes. Freckles have a relatively normal number of melanocytes but an increased amount of melanin. A lentigo has an increased number of melanocytes. Freckles will increase in number and darkness with sunlight exposure, whereas lentigines will stay stable in their color regardless of sunlight exposure.[2]
Treatment
Lentigines by themselves are benign,[4] however one might desire the removal or treatment of some of them for cosmetic purposes. In this case they can be removed surgically,[4][5] or lightened with the use of topical depigmentation agents. Some common depigmentation agents such as azelaic acid and kojic acid seem to be inefficient in this case,[6] however other agents might work well (4% hydroquinone,[7] 5% topical cysteamine,[8] 10% topical ascorbic acid[9]).
See also
References
- ^ Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Random House, Inc. 2001. p. 1101. ISBN 0-375-72026-X.
- ^ a b Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease Elsevier. 2005. p. 1232. ISBN 0-8089-2302-1.
- ^ William D. James; Timothy G. Berger; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. pp. 686–87. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ^ a b "Lentigo simplex | DermNet New Zealand". www.dermnetnz.org. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- ^ Juhász, Margit L. W.; Marmur, Ellen S. (2015-01-01). "Reviewing Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Lentigo Maligna and Lentigo-Maligna Melanoma". Rare Cancers and Therapy. 3: 133–45. doi:10.1007/s40487-015-0012-9. ISSN 2195-6014. PMC 4837936. PMID 27182482.
- ^ Hermanns, J. F.; Petit, L.; Piérard-Franchimont, C.; Paquet, P.; Piérard, G. E. (2002-01-01). "Assessment of topical hypopigmenting agents on solar lentigines of Asian women". Dermatology. 204 (4): 281–86. doi:10.1159/000063359. ISSN 1018-8665. PMID 12077522.
- ^ Cook-Bolden, Fran E.; Hamilton, Saonjie F. (2008-04-01). "An open-label study of the efficacy and tolerability of microencapsulated hydroquinone 4% and retinol 0.15% with antioxidants for the treatment of hyperpigmentation". Cutis. 81 (4): 365–71. ISSN 0011-4162. PMID 18491487.
- ^ Mansouri, P.; Farshi, S.; Hashemi, Z.; Kasraee, B. (2015-07-01). "Evaluation of the efficacy of cysteamine 5% cream in the treatment of epidermal melasma: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial". The British Journal of Dermatology. 173 (1): 209–17. doi:10.1111/bjd.13424. ISSN 1365-2133. PMID 25251767.
- ^ Khemis, Abdallah; Cabou, Jérôme; Dubois, Jacques; Ortonne, Jean-Paul (2011-12-01). "A randomized controlled study to evaluate the depigmenting activity of L-ascorbic acid plus phytic acid-serum vs. placebo on solar lentigines". Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 10 (4): 266–72. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00588.x. ISSN 1473-2165. PMID 22151934.
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