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Johann August Wilhelm Neander (17 January 1789 – 14 July 1850) was a German theologian and church historian.[1]
Biography
Neander was born at Göttingen as David Mendel. His father, Emmanuel Mendel, is said to have been a Jewish peddler, but August adopted the name of Neander on his baptism as a Protestant Christian.[2] While still very young, he moved with his mother to Hamburg. After completing grammar school (Johanneum), he enrolled in a gymnasium, where the study of Plato appears to have especially engrossed him. Some of his early attachments include Wilhelm Neumann, writer Karl August Varnhagen von Ense, and the poet Adelbert von Chamisso.[3]
Baptized on 25 February 1806, Neander went to Halle to study divinity at the age of 17. Friedrich Schleiermacher was then lecturing at Halle. Neander found in him the inspiration he needed, while Schleiermacher found a congenial pupil; one destined to propagate his views in a higher and more effective Christian form[citation needed]. Before the end of that year, the events of the War of the Fourth Coalition forced Neander to move to Göttingen. There he continued his studies, made himself an expert on Plato and Plutarch, and became especially advanced in theology under GJ Planck. The impulse communicated by Schleiermacher was confirmed by Planck, and Neander seems now to have realized that the original investigation of Christian history was to form the great work of his life.[3]
Having finished his university course, he returned to Hamburg and passed his examination for the Christian ministry. After an interval of approximately eighteen months, however, he decided on an academic career at Heidelberg, where two vacancies had occurred in the theological faculty of the university. He became a teacher of theology there in 1811, and became a professor in 1812. In the same year, he published his monograph Über den Kaiser Julianus und sein Zeitalter. The fresh insight into the history of the church evinced by this work drew attention to its author, and even before he had terminated the first year of his academical labours at Heidelberg, he was called to Berlin, where he was appointed Professor of Theology.[3] His pupils included Edmond de Pressensé.
In the year following his appointment, he published a second monograph, Der Heilige Bernhard und sein Zeitalter (Berlin, 1813), and a third in 1818, his work on Gnosticism (Genetische Entwickelung der vornehmsten gnostischen Systeme). A still more extended and elaborate monograph than either of the preceding followed in 1822, Der Heilige Johannes Chrysostomus und die Kirche besonders des Orients in dessen Zeitalter, and again, in 1824 another on Tertullian (Antignostikus). He had in the meantime begun his great work, to which these efforts were only preparatory studies[citation needed]. The first volume of his Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche embracing the history of the first three centuries made it appearance in 1825. The others followed at intervals—the fifth, which appeared in 1842, bringing down the narrative to the pontificate of Boniface VIII. A posthumous volume edited by CFT Schneider in 1852, carried it on to the period of the council of Basel.[3]
Aside from this work, he published in 1832 his Geschichte der Pflanzung und Leitung der christlichen Kirche durch die Apostel, and in 1837 his Das Leben Jesu Christi, in seinem geschichilichen Zusammenhang und seiner geschichtlichen Entwickelung, called forth by the famous Das Leben Jesu of David Strauss. In addition to all these he published Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Geschichte des Christentums (1823-1824, 2 vols., 1825, 3 vols., 1846); Das Eine und Mannichfaltige des christlichen Lebens (1840); papers on Plotinus, Thomas Aquinas, Theobald Thamer, Blaise Pascal, John Henry Newman, Blanco White and Thomas Arnold, and other occasional pieces (Kleine Gelegenheitsschriften, 1829), mainly of a practical, exegetical and historical character.[3] Several of his books went through multiple editions and were translated into English.
He died in Berlin on 14 July 1850, worn out and nearly blind with incessant study. His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof I der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor. After his death a succession of volumes, representing his various courses of lectures, appeared (1856–1864)[where?], in addition to the Lectures on the History of Dogma (Theologische Vorlesungen), admirable in spirit and execution, which were edited by J. L. Jacobi in 1857.[3]
Personal influences
People
Neander's personal influences included his own family. His father did not have a very positive influence in young Neander's life.[4][5] Shortly after Neander's birth, his mother Esther divorced her husband and moved the whole family to Hamburg. She struggled on a daily basis to support her children financially. As a result, the family experienced a great deal of poverty. However, Neander cherished this period in his life, and described it in endearing terms as “men in all ages who…have been indebted to their pious mothers” for planting the seeds of faith in their hearts.[6] This period in Neander's life had a profound effect on both his personal faith, and his attitude towards life in general. Neander was often described as ‘wide-hearted’, ‘truthful’, ‘sincere’, ‘free from all the stuff of vanity’, ‘affectionate’, ‘innocent and pure of heart’.[7][8][9] These personal qualities can be attributed to his mother's influence. To what degree these influences affected the writings of Neander has not yet been established in the literature.
Neander felt indebted to his teacher and later his friend and colleague Schleiermacher, of whom similar sentiments are evident in his perceived purpose of recording church history.[10]
“To exhibit the history of the church of Christ, as a living witness of the divine power of Christianity; as a school of Christian experience; a voice, a sounding through the ages, of instruction, of doctrine, and of reproof, for all who are disposed to listen.”[11]
Schleiermacher's attitude towards history influenced that of his student and colleague, which in turn would have also influenced Neander's work.
Biblical conversion from Judaism to Christianity
The conversion of Augustus Neander from Judaism to Christianity was the largest change in his life, and had a heavy impact upon both himself and his writing. Neander, along with his brothers and sisters, followed later by their mother, eventually left the synagogue and embraced Christianity. In his own personal conversion, Neander was especially influenced by the Apostle John, due to the similarity in the sentiment of John's writings to that of Neander's beloved Plato.[12][4]
Neander's conversion has often been likened to the conversion of Saint Paul of Tarsus. While his transition from Judaism to Christianity was far less abrupt than that of his predecessor, he is thought to resemble the Apostle Paul in other ways. Neander's purity of motive, the strength of his conviction, his devotion to Christianity, and his similar zeal for freedom from a life of legalism are all aspects of Paul's character that are reflected in the character of Neander.[4] His conversion had a profound impact on his work and gave rise to an incredible conviction of the importance of faith, and is also considered to be one of the most sincere and intelligent events of his life. The impact that it had on both his person and his work was evident in his passion for the Lord, his relationship with his students, and his attitude towards church history.[8][13]
Church history
In his General History of the Christian Religion and Church (Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche) his chief aim was for everyone to understand what was individual in history.[clarification needed] In the principal figures of ecclesiastical history he tried to depict the representative tendencies of each age, and also the types of the essential tendencies of human nature generally. His guiding principle in dealing both with the history and with the present condition of the church was "that Christianity has room for the various tendencies of human nature, and aims at permeating and glorifying them all; that according to the divine plan these various tendencies are to occur successively and simultaneously and to counterbalance each other, so that the freedom and variety of the development of the spiritual life ought not to be forced into a single dogmatic form" (Otto Pfleiderer).[3]
References
- ^ Bennett, Joshua (2020). "August Neander and the Religion of History in the Nineteenth-Century 'priesthood of Letters'". The Historical Journal. 63 (3): 633–659. doi:10.1017/S0018246X19000645. ISSN 0018-246X. S2CID 213324484.
- ^ "CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY, MODERN - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-04-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Neander, Johann August Wilhelm". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 321.
- ^ a b c Schaff, Philip (1886). Saint Augustin, Melancthon, Neander: Three Biographies. New York: Funk & Wagnalis Publishers. p. 133 – via Google Books.
- ^ Schaff, Philip (1857). Germany: Its Universities, Theology, and Religion; With Sketches of Neander, Tholuck, Olsausen, Hengstenberg, Twesten, Nitzsch, Muller, Ullmann, Rothe, Dorner, Lange, Ebrard, Wichern, and Other Distinguished German Devines of the Age. Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston. p. 262 – via Google Books.
- ^ Neander, Augustus (1854). History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church. Crocker & Brewster. p. 217 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Recollections of Neander". Littell's Living Age. 30: 163–69. 1851 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Hogg, James (1851). "Portrait Gallery - Neander - Second Paper". Hogg's Instructor. 7: 410 – via Google Books.
- ^ Schaff, Philip (1886). Saint Augustin, Melancthon, Neander: Three Biographies. Funk & Wagnalis Publishers. p. 138 – via Google Books.
- ^ Bradley & Muller (2016). Church History: An Introduction to Research, Reference Works and Methods. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 17.
- ^ Neander, Augustus (1854). General History of the Christian Religion and Church. Translated From the Second and Improved Edition by Joseph Torrey. Volume First. Crocker & Brewster. p. 16 – via Google Books.
- ^ Hogg, James (1851). "Portrait Gallery - Neander - Second Paper". Hogg's Instructor. 7: 409–410 – via Google Books.
- ^ Smith, H.B. (1869). "Neander's Last Birthday". Hours at Home: Popular Monthly of Instruction and Recreation: 346–352 – via Google Books.
