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Naturmuseum Senckenberg

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The Naturmuseum Senckenberg (SMF)[7] is a museum of natural history, located in Frankfurt am Main. It is the second-largest of its kind in Germany. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum, which is owned by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[8] Senckenberg's slogan is "world of biodiversity".[9] As of 2019, the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.[10]

Naturmuseum Senckenberg
The Naturmuseum Senckenberg in 2012
Map
Former name
Öffentliches Naturalienkabinett
Established1821/1907
LocationSenckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt, Germany
Coordinates50°07′03″N 8°39′06″E / 50.11750°N 8.65167°E / 50.11750; 8.65167
TypeNatural history
Key holdingsTriceratops (skulls), Edmontosaurus mummy SMF R 4036, Psittacosaurus SMF R 4970, Diplodocus SMF R 462, Placodus gigas SMF R 1035, Eurohippus messelensis SMF ME 11034, Dodo, Quagga
CollectionsDinosaurs, Insects, Birds, Mammals, Human evolution, Messel Research
Collection size
  • 40,800,000 specimens[1]
  • 10,000 exhibits[2]
Visitors
  • 220,740 (2021) [1]
  • 196,160 (2020) [3]
  • 398,754 (2019) [4]
  • 363,244 (2018) [5]
FounderSenckenberg Nature Research Society, (namesake: Johann Christian Senckenberg)
DirectorBrigitte Franzen[6]
ArchitectLudwig Neher
OwnerSenckenberg Nature Research Society
Employees843 [1]
Public transit access
Websitemuseumfrankfurt.senckenberg.de

History

In 1763, Johann Christian Senckenberg donated 95,000 guilders–his entire fortune–to establish a community hospital and promote scientific projects.[11][12] Senckenberg died in 1772. In 1817, in Senckenberg's memory, 32 Frankfurt citizens founded the non-profit Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Template:Lang-de (SGN), which is a member of the Leibniz Association.[13][14][15] Soon after, Johann Georg Neuburg [de] donated his collection of bird and mammal specimens to the society.[14] The Naturmuseum Senckenberg was founded in 1821, just four years later.[a][17] Initially located near the Eschenheimer Turm,[18] the museum moved to a new building on Senckenberganlage in 1907.[19] During World War II, the building was partly destroyed.[b] However, the exhibits had been evacuated before.[14]

Building

The neo-baroque building[20] housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 by Ludwig Neher [de] outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914.[21] The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[22] The exhibition area covers 6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft).[23]

  •  
    Floor plans of the basement, ground floor and first floor of the Senckenberg Museum at the time of construction, published 1908
  •  
    Cross section through the main axis of the Senckenberg Museum, published 1908

Source:[24]

Expansion plans

As of 2018, the museum has been expanded to 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft).[c] New sections are planned: Human, Earth, Cosmos, Future.[25][26]

Directors

Collections

The Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt has a large collection of animal, plant[28] and geology[29] exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history.

Dinosaurs

Diplodocus

Main attraction is a Diplodocus from Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyoming,[30][31] donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration on 13 October 1907,[16][32][33] The 18 m (59 ft) mounted skeleton with additions contains bones of three different sauropod genera (Diplodocus and closely related Apatosaurus and Barosaurus).[30][34]

Psittacosaurus

As of 2022, a key holding is a fossilized Psittacosaurus (specimen SMF R 4970) from Liaoning, China, with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents.[35][36][37] The specimen was first reported in 2002.[36][38] The exact date and locality of the discovery within Liaoning is unknown.[35] A controversial debate about the legal ownership arose.[35][39] In 2021, researchers described its cloaca in more detail and found similarities with the body outlet of birds.[40][41][42] In 2022, for the first time a belly button was found in a dinosaur fossil.[36][43] A physical life reconstruction of the animal was prepared by paleoartist Robert Nicholls.[44][45]

Edmontosaurus and Triceratops

Another originals are an Edmontosaurus annectens mummy (specimen SMF R 4036) from Lance Formation, Wyoming.[46][47][48] and two Triceratops skulls.[49][10] The museum bought the three specimen from fossil collector Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his sons in the early 20th century.[50][51] The museum also exhibits a cast of a complete Triceratops,[10] the museum's mascot.[52]

Casts

Big public attractions also include the casts of Tyrannosaurus rex[d] (in front of the museum), an Iguanodon, the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus and an Oviraptor.[31]

Further casts or single bones:[31]

Birds

A living reconstruction of the extinkt dodo and many other stuffed birds are shown in a permanent exhibition in the upper level.[53] Additionally, the museum owns a large and diverse collection of birds with 90,000 bird skins, 5,050 egg sets, 17,000 skeletons, and 3,375 spirit specimens (a specimen preserved in fluid).[54][55] This is 75% of the known bird species, only a minor part is exhibited.[55]

Reptiles

Anaconda is one of the oldest and most popular exhibits.[56] Since the remodeling finished in 2003, a new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation.[57]

Messel research

The museum houses many originals from the nearby Messel pit,[58] Germany's first UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site,[59] among them a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm (24 in) tall.[60][61][62] In 2015, researchers found an foal fetus in the body of the petrified primeval horse mare.[63][64][65] Also primates, crocodiles, bats, snakes, turtles and other fossils were found at Messel pit.[66]

Mammals

Display collections full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper level; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.[67][68]

The mammal collection focuses on bats, primates, rodents, and insectivores (not exhibited).[69]

Human evolution

Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy,[e] an almost complete skeleton of the upright, 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall, hominid Australopithecus afarensis.[71] The exhibition also includes reconstructions of the heads of human ancestors.[71]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The museum was opened to the public on 22 November 1821.[16]
  2. ^ Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II, on 22 March 1944.[14]
  3. ^ Architect: Peter Kulka
  4. ^ Copy of a Tyrannosaurus located at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.[10]
  5. ^ The original Lucy is stored in a safe at the National Museum of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[70]

References

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  3. ^ SENCKENBERG 2020 (PDF) (Report). Naturmuseum Senckenberg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  4. ^ SENCKENBERG 2019 (PDF) (Report). Naturmuseum Senckenberg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  5. ^ SENCKENBERG 2018 (PDF) (Report). Naturmuseum Senckenberg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
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