In fantasy fiction, a lich (/ˈlɪtʃ/;[1] from the Old English līċ, meaning "corpse") is a type of undead creature.
 A lich from the game The Battle for Wesnoth | |
| Grouping | Legendary creature |
|---|---|
| Sub grouping | Undead |
| Similar entities | Zombie, magician, revenant |
| Other name(s) | Liche |
Various works of fantasy fiction, such as Clark Ashton Smith's "The Empire of the Necromancers" (1932), had used lich as a general term for any corpse, animated or inanimate, before the term's specific use in fantasy role-playing games. The more recent use of the term lich for a specific type of undead creature originates from the 1976 Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game booklet Greyhawk, written by Gary Gygax and Rob Kuntz.[2]
Often such a creature is the result of a willful transformation, as a powerful wizard skilled in necromancy who seeks eternal life uses rare substances in a magical ritual to become undead. Unlike zombies, which are often depicted as mindless, liches are sapient revenants, retaining their previous intelligence and magical abilities. Liches are often depicted as holding power over lesser mindless undead soldiers and servants.
A lich's most often depicted distinguishing feature from other undead in fantasy fiction is the method of achieving immortality; liches give up their souls to form "soul-artifacts" (called a "soul gem", "phylactery" or "horcrux" in other fantasy works), the source of their magic and immortality. Many liches take precautions to hide and/or safeguard one or more soul-artifacts that anchor a part of a lich's soul to the material world. If the corporeal body of a lich is killed, that portion of the lich's soul that had remained in the body does not pass on to the next world, but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected in the near future. However, if all of the lich's soul-artifacts are destroyed, then the lich's only anchor in the material world would be the corporeal body, whereupon destruction will cause permanent death.
Historical background
Lich is an archaic English word for "corpse"; the gate at the lowest end of the cemetery where the coffin and funerary procession usually entered was commonly referred to as the lich gate. This gate was quite often covered by a small roof where part of the funerary service could be carried out.[3] Liches are sometimes depicted using a magical device called a phylactery to anchor their souls to the physical world so that if their body is destroyed they can rise again over and over, as long as the phylactery remains intact.[4]
In literature
The lich developed from monsters found in earlier classic sword and sorcery fiction, which is filled with powerful sorcerers who use their magic to triumph over death. Many of Clark Ashton Smith's short stories feature powerful wizards whose magic enables them to return from the dead. Several stories by Robert E. Howard, such as the novella Skull-Face (1929) and the short story "Scarlet Tears", feature undying sorcerers who retain a semblance of life through mystical means, their bodies reduced to shriveled husks with which they manage to maintain inhuman mobility and active thought.[5] Gary Gygax, one of the co-creators of Dungeons & Dragons, stated that he based the description of a lich included in the game on the short story "The Sword of the Sorcerer" (1969) by Gardner Fox.[6][7] The term lich, used as an archaic word for corpse (or body), is commonly used in these stories. Ambrose Bierce's tale of possession "The Death of Halpin Frayser" features the word in its introduction, referring to a corpse. H. P. Lovecraft also used the word in "The Thing on the Doorstep" (published 1937) where the narrator refers to the corpse of his friend possessed by a sorcerer.[8] Other imagery surrounding demiliches, in particular that of a jeweled skull, is drawn from the early Fritz Leiber story "Thieves' House".[9]
In popular culture
In print
- Acererak is the final boss of the classic Dungeons and Dragons adventure module Tomb of Horrors;[10][11] Acererak was also featured as the guardian of the Copper Key in the book Ready Player One by Ernest Cline.[12]
- In the webcomic The Order of the Stick, the main villain Xykon is a lich.[13]
- In the Harry Potter series, the main antagonist Voldemort commands armies of undead inferi and uses magical devices called horcruxes to store fragments of his soul in order to allow him to resurrect himself in the event that his body dies.[4][14]
Film and television
- In the Adventure Time television series, the main antagonist is an evil, powerful undead being known simply as "The Lich".[15][16][17] He describes himself as an ancient, cosmic being who is the manifestation of the inevitable death of all things.
Tabletop
- In the Dungeons & Dragons game, a lich is a spellcaster who seeks to defy death by magical means.[18][19]
- Liches also appear in other fantasy settings that draw upon D&D for inspiration, such as:
Video games
- Liches are prominent in the Might and Magic series of video games, appearing primarily as enemies, but also as playable characters in several installments. They are equally prevalent in the spin-off series Heroes of Might and Magic, where they appear in most installments as recruitable creatures, but also as heroes. One of the most prolific liches in New World Computing's old continuity was Sandro, appearing in many titles and referenced in many more.[24] The primary antagonist of Heroes of Might and Magic III: Restoration of Erathia is also a lich: the former king of Erathia raised by necromancers.
- The Baldur's Gate series of video games includes several liches, as powerful but optional boss fights.[25][26]
- Warcraft III and World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King features the continent of Northrend, the realm of the eponymous Lich King and his undead minions.[27] Arthas Menethil, also known as the Lich King, one of the most prominent antagonists in Warcraft lore, appears as a raid boss in the Wrath of the Lich King expansion, as well as a playable character in the crossover video game Heroes of the Storm.
- In the Dota series of video games, Lich is one of the playable heroes.[28]
- In League of Legends, the champion Karthus embraced the gift of death and became a lich.[29]
- In the video game Enter the Gungeon, a lich is the final boss located in Bullet Hell.[30]
See also
References
- ^ "lich". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 15 January 2020. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) This entry includes only obsolete senses of "dead body".
- ^ Gygax, Gary (1976). Grewhawk. TSR Rules. p. 35.
LICHES: These skeletal monsters are of magical origin, each Lich formerly being a very powerful Magic-User or Magic-User/Cleric in life, and are now alive only by means of great spells and will because of being in some way disturbed.
- ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
- ^ a b Kronzek, Allan Zola. (2010). The Sorcerer's Companion: A Guide to the Magical World of Harry Potter, Third Edition. Kronzek, Elizabeth, 1969- (3rd ed.). New York: Broadway Books. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-307-88514-2. OCLC 821922969.
- ^ The Weird Works of Robert E. Howard (Vol 1 ed.). Cosmos Books. July 2007. pp. 194–320. ISBN 978-0-8095-6236-7.
- ^ "Morrus' D&D / 4th Edition / d20 News - View Single Post - The Lich (Origins)". EN World. 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
- ^ "Morrus' D&D / 4th Edition / d20 News - View Single Post - Gygaxian Monsters". EN World. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
- ^ Hplovecraft.com
- ^ D&D Monster Origins (L-M) Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Strohm, Keith Francis (2002). The Tomb of Horrors. Renton, WA: Wizards of the Coast. ISBN 978-0-7869-6477-2. OCLC 842270166.
- ^ "Dungeons & Dragons: Acererak, the Menacing Zombie Wizard, Explained". CBR. 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
- ^ Janet Maslin (14 August 2011). "A Future Wrapped in 1980s Culture". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
- ^ Nicoll, James Davis (2020-06-10). "Five SFF Works Inspired by RPGs". TOR.com. Archived from the original on 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
- ^ Chaudhari, Charu; Tanenbaum, Theresa Jean (2016). Nack, Frank; Gordon, Andrew S. (eds.). Phylactery: An Authoring Platform for Object Stories. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 10045. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 403–406. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48279-8_36. ISBN 978-3-319-48279-8.
In more recent popular culture, this idea has appeared in Advanced Dungeons and Dragons, and within JK Rowling's Harry Potter stories under the name "horcrux".
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Di Placido, Dani (2018-09-06). "The 3 Best Stories 'Adventure Time' Ever Told". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2019-11-09. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
- ^ "Adventure Time: 10 Most Dangerous Villains Finn & Jake Fought Against". CBR. 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ Schindel, Dan (2018-08-31). "An ode to Adventure Time, one of TV's most ambitious — and, yes, most adventurous — shows". Vox. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ Witwer, Michael (2018). Dungeons & Dragons Art & Arcana : A Visual History. California: Ten Speed Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-399-58094-9. OCLC 1033548473.
- ^ Hrala, Josh (2017-03-13). "A Brief History of Liches, Everyone's Favorite Undead Wizards". Nerdist. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
- ^ "13th Age RPG delivers an incredible fantasy storytelling experience". io9. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
- ^ Cagle, Eric, Brian Cortijo, Brandon Hodge, Steve Kenson, Hal Maclean, Colin McComb, Jason Nelson, Todd Stewart, and Russ Taylor. Undead Revisited (Paizo, 2011)
- ^ "Pathfinder Drops Phylactery From In-Game Terminology". ComicBook.com. October 29, 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-10-31. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ Donnelly, Joe (2018-01-17). "Total War: Warhammer 2 raises the dead in new Tomb Kings footage, full roster named". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on 2018-02-09. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
- ^ Sandrey, Ryan (2012-08-23). "Might & Magic: Heroes VI Gets Gold Edition and 'Danse Macabre' Adventure Pack This September". GodisaGeek.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
- ^ Reuben, Nic (2020-03-06). "Baldur's Gate 2's Athkatla is still one of the best RPG cities ever made". VG247. Archived from the original on 2020-04-08. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
- ^ Andy Kelly published (2019-01-18). "How the monsters of Baldur's Gate brought combat to life". PC Gamer. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
- ^ "Champions of the Lich King". Blizzard Entertainment. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
- ^ Rothery, Jen. "The best Dota 2 heroes for beginners". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
- ^ Brown, Fraser (2014-06-14). "League of Legends' Karthus shows off his new look in his Champion Spotlight". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on 2016-07-19. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
- ^ Stretch, Andrew (27 March 2020). "Exit the Gungeon Review". TechRaptor. Archived from the original on 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
External links
The dictionary definition of lich at Wiktionary
