The Guainía Taíno Tribe (Taíno: iukaieke Guainía) is an Indigenous Caribbean community based in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands, composed of the Guainía Taíno Tribe of Borikén and the Guainía Taíno Tribe of the US Virgin Islands.[1] In the US Virgin Islands, they were formally acknowledged as an Indigenous American tribe by Governor Albert Bryan Jr., and their contributions to preserving the territory's Indigenous history, educational research, and heritage restoration have also been recognized.[2][3]
Iukaieke Guainía | |
|---|---|
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands | |
| Languages | |
| English, Spanish | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Taíno, Kalinago |
Etymology
The name Guainía comes from the name of the largest Taíno territory on Borikén (Puerto Rico). It covered the southern coastal area of Puerto Rico and into the interior of the island prior to the arrival of Columbus. The word iukaieke means village.[4]
Culture
The leader (kasike) of the Guainía territory was an important Indigenous leader on the island and a skillful orator in the pre-Columbian era.[4] As of 2022, the kasike of the Guainía in the US Virgin Islands is Maekiaphan Phillips,[5] while the kasike of the Guainía in Puerto Rico is Roberto "Múkaro Agueibaná" Borrero. The two kasike maintain a dual citizenship pact, with Nitaíno Councils assisting both leaders in their respective affairs. Iukaieke Guainía has also established a separate non-profit in Puerto Rico to assist them in furthering "community development".[6]
According to the Guainía Taíno Tribe, Guainía was the historic Arawakan language of the Guainía Taíno which extended across the Caribbean islands and into South America.[4][citation needed]
Recognition
Taíno communities in US territories have previously struggled to obtain federal recognition as a tribe.[7][8][9] Guainía activists have cited notions of blood quantum and paper genocide as reasons, concepts that have promoted an extinction narrative due to the legacy of colonialism in the Caribbean.[10] The Guainía Taíno Tribe nevertheless assert the right to self-determination as descendants of the broader Taíno people.[11][12][13] They and other Taíno groups in non-sovereign U.S. territories are represented on the International Indian Treaty Council under the United Confederation of Taíno People. The IITC and UCTP has campaigned nationally and at the United Nations for the United States to recognize such groups.[14][15][16]
After a 10 year campaign, the tribe was finally recognized by Governor Albert Bryan of the US Virgin Islands as an "indigenous American Indian Tribe of the Virgin Islands" on 28 June 2021, which granted them the ability to “establish eligibility for federal health benefits, federal education benefits, housing benefits, job training, land use, and the right to engage in traditional religious practices and ceremonies“. He later honored their kasike's campaign for recognition during an observance of Indigenous People's Day in the territory.[17][3]
In 2022, the tribe was contacted for consultation by the National Park Service of the US Department of the Interior on a project involving the exchange of land.[18] The tribe also cooperated with the Virgin Islands Children's Museum to create a replica Taíno bohío (house) in the museum to "bolster cultural survival and educate visitors about ancestral Taíno life."[5]
In 2024 on August 9th, the tribe's continuing contributions to the preservation of Indigenous history and culture in the Virgin Islands was once again acknowledged by the Governor in observance of the International Day of the World’s Indigenous People.[19] [20]
Affiliation
Tribal affiliation is open to Taíno Tribal Nation members and persons of Arawak and Island Carib (Kalinago) ancestry.[4]
The tribe is a member of the United Confederation of Taíno People.[4]
Membership
According to Phillips, the first step of the process for tribal enrollment is to "have your DNA tested" but that "percentage of Taino DNA" is not relevant as "some people only have oral stories." She has expressed interest in those who share descent with her through her great-grandmother, and estimated as many as 81 families are related.[17][21]
See also
References
- ^ "Public Notice: Tribal Administration". Iukaieke Guainía: Guainía Taíno Tribe. Retrieved 2024-12-31.
- ^ "To Recognize the Guainía Taíno Tribe of the Virgin Islands" (PDF). Iukaieke Guaína: Guainía Taíno Tribe. Retrieved 2024-12-31.
- ^ a b Jr, Albert Bryan (4 September 2022). "Virigin Islands Observance of Indigenous Peoples' Day" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e "History / Historia | Guainia Taino Tribe". guainia-taino-tribe. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
- ^ a b "New Exhibit At The Virgin Islands Museum Exploring History And Culture Of Indigenous People In Territory". viconsortium.com. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
- ^ "Public Notice: Tribal Administration". Iukaieke Guainía: Guainía Taíno Tribe. Retrieved 2024-12-31.
- ^ "Guide to working with non-federally recognized tribes in the Section 106 process" (PDF). Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2024-12-28.
The indigenous populations in Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau, like non-federally recognized tribes, also do not have formal government-to-government relationships with the U.S. government, as federally recognized Indian tribes do, but they may have important information to contribute to the Section 106 process.
- ^ "Puerto Rican Indigenous Communities Seek Recognition, Return of Their Ancestral Lands". Global Press Journal. 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
- ^ "Indigenous Peoples Coordinated Submission: List of Issues and Questions for the periodic review by the United Nations Human Rights Committee of the United States of America as a State Party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" (PDF). Centre for Civil and Political Rights. 2019-01-19. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
- ^ "Modern Taíno Tribes Are Fighting to Keep Their Culture Alive". popsugar. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
- ^ Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen (2016). A Grammar of Garifuna. University of Bern. pp. 7, 8, 9.
- ^ "Iukaieke Guainia: Guainia Taino Tribe". guainia-taino-tribe. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
- ^ "Taino | History & Culture | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-09-17. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
- ^ Lee, Joseph (2022-05-02). "Indigenous Taíno of Puerto Rico take their fight for visibility and rights to the UN". Grist. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
- ^ "IITC Announces new Board President". International Indian Treaty Council. 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
- ^ "The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination reviews the United States and questions its record of racial discrimination against Indigenous peoples". International Indian Treaty Council. 2022-08-23. Retrieved 2024-11-16.
- ^ a b "USVI Taino Chief Seeks Members". St. Thomas Source. 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
- ^ National Park Service (August 2022). "Virgin Islands National Park Potential Land Exchange with the Government of the Virgin Islands for Public Education Environmental Assessment". Retrieved 31 December 2024.
- ^ "Virgin Islands Observance of the International Day For The World's Indigenous People" (PDF). St. Thomas Source. August 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-31.
- ^ "Gov. Bryan Proclaims International Day of the World's Indigenous People". St. Thomas Source. August 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-31.
- ^ "Taíno Today Part One: Descendants Challenge Outdated Extinction Theory". St. Thomas Source. 2022-04-06. Retrieved 2023-05-14.