As applied to video signals, luma represents the brightness in an image (the "black and white" or achromatic portion of the image). Luma is typically paired with chroma. Luma represents the achromatic image without any color, while the chroma components represent the color information. Converting R'G'B' sources (i.e. the output of a 3CCD camera) into luma and chroma allows for chroma subsampling, enabling video systems to optimize their performance for the human visual system. Since human vision is more sensitive to luminance ("black and white") detail than color detail, video systems can optimize bandwidth for luminance over color.
Luma versus Luminance
Luma is the weighted sum of gamma-compressed R'G'B' components of a color video. The word was proposed to prevent confusion between luma as implemented in video engineering and luminance as used in color science (i.e. as defined by CIE). Luminance is formed as a weighted sum of linear RGB components, not gamma-corrected ones[1]. SMPTE EG 28 recommends the symbol Y' to denote luma and the symbol Y to denote luminance.[2]
Use of luminance
While luma is more often encountered, (photometric) luminance is sometimes used in video engineering when referring to the brightness of a monitor. The formula used to calculate luminance used coefficients based on the CIE color matching functions and the relevant standard chromaticities of red, green, and blue (i.e. the original NTSC primaries, SMPTE C, Rec. 709). For the Rec. 709 primaries the linear combination, based on pure colorimetric considerations and the definition of luminance (relative) is:
- Y = 0.2126 R + 0.7152 G + 0.0722 B
The formula used to calculate luma in the Rec. 709 spec arbitrarily also uses these same coefficients, but with gamma-compressed components:
- Y' = 0.2126 R' + 0.7152 G' + 0.0722 B', where the prime symbol ' denotes gamma correction.
Rec. 601 luma versus Rec. 709 luma coefficients
For digital formats following CCIR 601 (i.e. most digital standard definition formats), luma is calculated with the formula Y' = 0.299 R' + 0.587 G' + 0.114 B'. Formats following ITU-R Recommendation BT. 709 use the formula Y' = 0.2126 R' + 0.7152 G' + 0.0722 B'. Modern HDTV systems use the 709 coefficients, while transitional 1035i HDTV formats may use the SMPTE 240M coefficients (Y' = 0.212 R' + 0.701 G' + 0.087 B'). These coefficients correspond to the SMPTE RP 145 primaries (also known as "SMPTE C") in use at the time the standard was created[3].
The change in the luma coefficients is to provide the "theoretically correct" coefficients that reflects the corresponding standard chromaticities ('colors') of the primaries red, green, and blue. However, there is some controversy regarding this decision.[4] The difference in luma coefficients requires that component signals must be converted between Rec. 601 and Rec. 709 to provide accurate colors. In consumer equipment, the matrix required to perform this conversion may be omitted (due to cost reasons), resulting in inaccurate color.
As well, the Rec. 709 luma coefficients may not necessarily provide better performance. Because of the difference between luma and luminance, luma does not exactly represent the luminance in an image. As a result, errors in chroma can affect luminance. Luma alone does not perfectly represent luminance; accurate luminance requires both accurate luma and chroma. Hence, errors in chroma "bleed" into the luminance of an image.
Due to the widespread usage of chroma subsampling, 'errors' in chroma typically occur when it is lowered in resolution/bandwidth. This lowered bandwidth, coupled with high frequency chroma components, can cause visible errors in luminance. An example of a high frequency chroma component would be the line between the green and magenta bars of the SMPTE color bars test pattern. Error in luminance can be seen as a dark band that occurs in this area.[5]
References
- ^ Charles Poynton, "YUV and luminance considered harmful: a plea for precise terminology in video," online
- ^ Engineering Guideline EG 28, "Annotated Glossary of Essential Terms for Electronic Production," SMPTE, 1993.
- ^ Charles A. Poynton, Digital Video and HDTV: Algorithms and Interfaces, Morgan–Kaufmann, 2003. online
- ^ Luminance, luma, and the migration to DTV
- ^ Constant Luminance