Cranes of Great Britain

Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds of the order Gruiformes. Two species occur as wild birds in Britain: the common crane, a scarce migrant and very localised breeding resident, and the sandhill crane, an extreme vagrant from North America. A third species, the demoiselle crane, has been recorded on a number of occasions, but these birds have not generally been accepted as being of wild origin.

A common crane photographed in eastern Germany. Common cranes are occasionally found in the UK.

A number of other species are kept in captivity, resulting in the possibility of escapees being seen.

Common crane

Historical occurrence

The common crane is generally believed to have been a breeding bird in Britain in the Middle Ages. Confusion arises as the grey heron was, and still is, known as "crane" in many parts of rural England. Among the strongest evidence that common cranes did genuinely occur was the fact that an Act of Parliament of 1533 included a measure that made the taking of cranes' eggs an offence, punishable by a fine, and five mentions in the "Household book of the L'Estrange family" of the supply of cranes for their larder between 1519 and 1533.

English place names with the prefix "Cran" are not infrequent, and derive from the bird, for example the name of Cranfield in Bedfordshire derives from the Anglo-Saxon crane feld - open country frequented by cranes.

Migrant status

Common crane is a scarce spring and autumn migrant to Britain, with occasional birds remaining in winter or summer. The British Trust for Ornithology estimates in 2017 the UK breeding population of cranes is 10 pairs. 52 cranes were identified in the UK in winter, and 37 cranes were recorded as passage migrants. The European population of cranes in summer is estimated to be 50 to 70 thousand pairs.

Recolonisation of the Norfolk Broads

In the late 20th century, common crane recolonised the Norfolk Broads; the species has now established a resident population of some 20 individuals. This population is centred on the northeastern part of the Broads, in the Sea Palling / Horsey / Hickling area.

The origins of this population can be traced to 15 September 1979, when two birds appeared near Hickling Broad; these two were joined by a third bird on 10 October. On 7 October, a crane with a rubber object wrapped around its bill was found in the Irstead / Horning area. It was taken into care and released on Horsey in March 1980, temporarily bringing the population to four.

The 1980s

By the end of April 1980, only two birds remained; however, these birds stayed throughout 1980 and 1981, and in 1982 raised a single young, the first successful breeding in Britain for around four hundred years. A second young was raised in 1983, but disappeared before the end of the year. An additional bird joined the group on 16 August 1982, and remained with them until at least 1987.

Further breeding attempts were made from 1985 through until the end of the 1980s, those in 1986 and 1988 being successful, with one young each raised. In addition, further migrant birds joined the flock; not all stayed, however both the wintering and summering populations steadily grew, as shown below:

Winter	1979/80	1980/1	1981/2	1982/3	1983/4	1984/5	1985/6	1986/7	1987/8	1988/9
Maximum winter count	4	2	2	4	4	4	5	6	6	9
Summer	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989
Number of pairs attempting to breed
Number of young raised			1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0

The 1990s

During most of the 1990s, the population remained steady; however with several successful breeding attempts in the late 1990s, the population began to climb into double figures. Data on the 1990s' populations and breeding activity are as follows:

Winter	1989/90	1990/1	1991/2	1992/3	1993/4	1994/5	1995/6	1996/7	1997/8	1998/9
Maximum winter count	8	6	6	8	9	6	16	12	10	11
Summer	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
Number of pairs attempting to breed					3	3	0	3	4	3
Number of young raised	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1	1

The 2000s

Figures for the 2000s so far:

Winter	1999/00	2000/1	2001/2	2002/3	2003/4	2004/5	2005/6	2006/7
Maximum winter count	13	11	16	15	20	24	34	35
Summer	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Number of pairs attempting to breed	0	2	2	2	4	5
Number of young raised	0	4	2	3	4	5	1

Recent summering birds elsewhere in Britain

Away from the Broadland population, other birds have shown breeding behaviour, including:

• a displaying pair in Essex from May to September 1987
• pairs at two localities in Yorkshire in 2002, one of which was observed displaying
• a pair bred successfully on the Humberhaed levels in 2008 and 2009, rearing one chick each time. Two young hatched in each year but one from each brood was predated, probably by foxes.
• a pair which nested in 2007 at Lakenheath Fen in Suffolk. A second pair was also present, but did not breed.
• a pair bred and reared one young in the nene washes in 2010. (RSPB)
• a pair of cranes from Southern Britain laid the first egg there since 400 years.

The Great Crane Project

In 2009, the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust, The RSPB and the Pensthorpe Conservation Trust, with funding from Viridor Credits Environmental Company, began a partnership project which aims to re-establish a breeding population of cranes at a new wetland site in the UK, helping to secure the crane's future as a breeding species. A rearing facility or "crane school" was set up at WWT Slimbridge; this consists of a 1-acre (4,000 m²) marsh garden designed to rear crane chicks between 2010 and 2014 in as close to a wild environment as possible. A pre-release enclosure was also constructed on the Somerset Levels. Although the cranes are hand-reared, all humans having contact with the birds wear special grey cover-all smocks, complete with hoods, and feed the cranes using plaster cast crane heads mounted onto litter picker handles. Approximately 20 cranes are reared and released each year. The first cranes were released in 2010 with annual releases planned up until 2014. The cranes are released in Somerset, on the Somerset Levels and Moors, where the project is also working with farmers and landowners to create suitable breeding areas for the birds.

Sandhill crane

Sandhill crane is a very rare vagrant in Britain, having been recorded just four times, twice in Shetland:

• a first-summer on Fair Isle on 26 & 27 April 1980
• a first-summer bird at Exnaboe from 17 to 27 September 1991 (this bird was subsequently seen in the Netherlands)
• a bird in Orkney in 2009
• an adult was first spotted in Aberdeenshire on 22 September 2011. It then moved south through Northumberland, Cleveland, North Yorkshire and Lincolnshire before settling again in Suffolk on 2 October 2011.

Elsewhere in Europe, there are records of sandhill crane from Galley Head, County Cork, Ireland in September 1905, and from the Faroe Islands on 14 October 1980.

Demoiselle crane

Demoiselle crane has been recorded a number of times — in Cumbria, Dorset, Hampshire, Kent, Lanarkshire, Lancashire, Lothian, Norfolk, Orkney, the Western Isles and Yorkshire. The origin of these birds is not known, and they have not been accepted onto the British List.

References

Information on the historical status of common crane was sourced from:

• Holloway, Simon (1996) The Historical Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland T. & A. D. Poyser (p. 433)

Information on the recolonisation of the Norfolk Broads was sourced from:

• Gantlett, Steve (1991) The Cranes of Broadland Birding World 4(2): 66-68
• Norwich and Norfolk Naturalists Society (2005) Norfolk Bird and Mammal Reports 1988 - 2004
• Ogilvie, Malcolm and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2001) Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 1999 British Birds 94(8):344-381 (p. 364)
• Ogilvie, Malcolm and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2002) Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2000 British Birds 95(11):542-582 (p. 564)
• Ogilvie, Malcolm and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2003) Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2001 British Birds 96(10):476-519 (p. 502)
• Ogilvie, Malcolm and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2004) Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2002 British Birds 97(10):492-536 (p. 518)
• Taylor, Moss, Michael Seago, Peter Allard and Don Dorling (1999) The Birds of Norfolk Pica Press (pp. 229–231)

Information on sandhill cranes in Europe was sourced from:

• Ellis, Pete (1991) The Sandhill Crane in Shetland Birding World 4(9):322-323

Information on demoiselle crane was sourced from:

• Evans, Lee, G. R. (1994) Rare Birds in Britain 1800-1990

Information on egg laid in Southern Europe since 400 years

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-22593559

External links

• The Great Crane Project
• National Geographic article on the return of Cranes to Broadland
• Crane (Grus grus) at British Trust for Ornithology