Α-Carotene

α-Carotene
Names
	IUPAC name β,ε-Carotene
Identifiers
CAS Number	7488-99-5 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:28425 ;
ChemSpider	3571861 ;
PubChem CID	6419725;
UNII	45XWE1Z69V ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID00893691 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-23,25-28,37H,15-16,24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+ Key: ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-JLTXGRSLSA-N ; InChI=1/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-23,25-28,37H,15-16,24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+ Key: ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-JLTXGRSLBQ;
	SMILES C\C2=C\CCC(C)(C)C2/C=CC(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(/C)CCCC1(C)C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C40H56
Molar mass	536.873
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

α-Carotene is a form of carotene with a β-ionone ring at one end and an α-ionone ring at the opposite end. It is the second most common form of carotene.

Human physiology

In United States adults and Chinese adults the mean concentration of serum α-carotene was 4.71 µg/dL, including 4.22 µg/dL among men and 5.31 µg/dL among women (to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.01863).^[1]

Health effects

Dietary intake affects blood levels of α-carotene, which in one study was associated with significantly lower risk of premature death.^[1]^[2]

Dietary sources

The following vegetables are rich in alpha-carotene:^[1]

Yellow-orange vegetables : Carrots (the main source for U.S. adults), Sweet potatoes, Pumpkin, Winter squash
Dark-green vegetables : Broccoli, Green beans, Green peas, Spinach, Turnip greens, Collards, Leaf lettuce, Avocado, Parsley (10.7 microgram/gram dried parsley leaf)^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Balluz LS, Giles WH, Liu S (March 2011). "Serum α-carotene concentrations and risk of death among US Adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study". Arch. Intern. Med. 171 (6): 507–15. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440. PMID 21098341. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
^ Alpha-carotene Linked to Lower Mortality Rates Archived 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, Tufts Health and Nutrition Letter, March 2011
^ Nutritional Data, Parsley, accessed 2013.08.05

[Li2010-1] Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Balluz LS, Giles WH, Liu S (March 2011). "Serum α-carotene concentrations and risk of death among US Adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study". Arch. Intern. Med. 171 (6): 507–15. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440. PMID 21098341. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)

[2] Alpha-carotene Linked to Lower Mortality Rates Archived 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, Tufts Health and Nutrition Letter, March 2011

[3] Nutritional Data, Parsley, accessed 2013.08.05

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