Apache CouchDB

Not to be confused with Couchbase Server.

Apache CouchDB is an open-source document-oriented NoSQL database, implemented in Erlang.

Apache CouchDB

CouchDB's Fauxton Administration Interface, User database
Original author(s)	Damien Katz, Jan Lehnardt, Naomi Slater, Christopher Lenz, J. Chris Anderson, Paul Davis, Adam Kocoloski, Jason Davies, Benoît Chesneau, Filipe Manana, Robert Newson
Developer(s)	Apache Software Foundation
Initial release	2005 (2005)
Stable release	3.4.2  / 20 October 2024 (20 October 2024)
Repository	github.com/apache/couchdb
Written in	Erlang, JavaScript, C, C++
Operating system	Cross-platform
Type	Document-oriented database
License	Apache License 2.0
Website	couchdb.apache.org

CouchDB uses multiple formats and protocols to store, transfer, and process its data. It uses JSON to store data, JavaScript as its query language using MapReduce, and HTTP for an API.

CouchDB was first released in 2005 and later became an Apache Software Foundation project in 2008.

Unlike a relational database, a CouchDB database does not store data and relationships in tables. Instead, each database is a collection of independent documents. Each document maintains its own data and self-contained schema. An application may access multiple databases, such as one stored on a user's mobile phone and another on a server. Document metadata contains revision information, making it possible to merge any differences that may have occurred while the databases were disconnected.

CouchDB implements a form of multiversion concurrency control (MVCC) so it does not lock the database file during writes. Conflicts are left to the application to resolve. Resolving a conflict generally involves first merging data into one of the documents, then deleting the stale one.

Other features include document-level ACID semantics with eventual consistency, (incremental) MapReduce, and (incremental) replication. One of CouchDB's distinguishing features is multi-master replication, which allows it to scale across machines to build high-performance systems. A built-in Web application called Fauxton (formerly Futon) helps with administration.

History

Couch is an acronym for cluster of unreliable commodity hardware. The CouchDB project was created in April 2005 by Damien Katz, a former Lotus Notes developer at IBM. He self-funded the project for almost two years and released it as an open-source project under the GNU General Public License.

In February 2008, it became an Apache Incubator project and was offered under the Apache License instead. A few months after, it graduated to a top-level project. This led to the first stable version being released in July 2010.

In early 2012, Katz left the project to focus on Couchbase Server.

Since Katz's departure, the Apache CouchDB project has continued, releasing 1.2 in April 2012 and 1.3 in April 2013. In July 2013, the CouchDB community merged the codebase for BigCouch, Cloudant's clustered version of CouchDB, into the Apache project. The BigCouch clustering framework is included in the current release of Apache CouchDB.

Native clustering is supported at version 2.0.0. And the new Mango Query Server provides a simple JSON-based way to perform CouchDB queries without JavaScript or MapReduce. Also in version 2.0.0 was the introduction of Fauxton, the new built-in web interface, to replace Futon, the old built-in web interface.

Main features

ACID Semantics

CouchDB provides ACID semantics. It does this by implementing a form of Multi-Version Concurrency Control, meaning that CouchDB can handle a high volume of concurrent readers and writers without conflict.

Built for Offline

CouchDB can replicate to devices (like smartphones) that can go offline and handle data sync for you when the device is back online.

Distributed Architecture with Replication

CouchDB was designed with bi-directional replication (or synchronization) and off-line operation in mind. That means multiple replicas can have their own copies of the same data, modify it, and then sync those changes at a later time.

Document Storage

CouchDB stores data as "documents", as one or more field/value pairs expressed as JSON. Field values can be simple things like strings, numbers, or dates; but ordered lists and associative arrays can also be used. Every document in a CouchDB database has a unique id and there is no required document schema.

Eventual Consistency

CouchDB guarantees eventual consistency to be able to provide both availability and partition tolerance.

Map/Reduce Views and Indexes

The stored data is structured using views. In CouchDB, each view is constructed by a JavaScript function that acts as the Map half of a map/reduce operation. The function takes a document and transforms it into a single value that it returns. CouchDB can index views and keep those indexes updated as documents are added, removed, or updated.

HTTP API

All items have a unique URI that gets exposed via HTTP. It uses the HTTP methods POST, GET, PUT and DELETE for the four basic CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on all resources.

CouchDB also offers a built-in administration interface accessible via Web called Fauxton.

Use cases and production deployments

Replication and synchronization capabilities of CouchDB make it ideal for using it in mobile devices, where network connection is not guaranteed, and the application must keep on working offline.

CouchDB is well suited for applications with accumulating, occasionally changing data, on which pre-defined queries are to be run and where versioning is important (CRM, CMS systems, by example). Master-master replication is an especially interesting feature, allowing easy multi-site deployments.

Users

Users of CouchDB include:

• CERN uses CouchDB as database for the Data Management System at the Large Hadron Collider.
• Red Cross use the application iDAT for completing casework electronically in disaster areas. Here CouchDB is used as multi-node peer-to-peer offline-first database.
• IBM Cloud services are based at a fundamental level on CouchDB.
• United Airlines uses CouchDB for the in-flight entertainment systems in over 3,000 planes.
• Amadeus IT Group, for some of their back-end systems.
• Credit Suisse, for internal use at commodities department for their marketplace framework.
• Meebo, for their social platform (Web and applications). Meebo was acquired by Google and most products were shut down on July 12, 2012.
• npm uses CouchDB as replicating database for their package registry.
• Sophos, for some of their back-end systems.
• BBC, for a dynamic CMS-Platform.
• Canonical began using it in 2009 for its synchronization service "Ubuntu One", but stopped using it in November 2011.
• CANAL+ for international on-demand platform at CANAL+ Overseas.
• Protogrid, as storage back-end for their rapid application development framework

Data manipulation: documents and views

CouchDB manages a collection of JSON documents. The documents are organised via views. Views are defined with aggregate functions and filters are computed in parallel, much like MapReduce.

Views are generally stored in the database and their indexes are updated continuously. CouchDB supports a view system using external socket servers and a JSON-based protocol. As a consequence, view servers have been developed in a variety of languages (JavaScript is the default, but there are also PHP, Ruby, Python and Erlang).

Accessing data via HTTP

Applications interact with CouchDB via HTTP. The following demonstrates a few examples using cURL, a command-line utility. These examples assume that CouchDB is running on localhost (127.0.0.1) on port 5984.

Action	Request	Response
Accessing server information	curl http://127.0.0.1:5984/	{ "couchdb": "Welcome", "version":"1.1.0" }
Creating a database named wiki	curl -X PUT http://127.0.0.1:5984/wiki	{"ok": true}
Attempting to create a second database named wiki	curl -X PUT http://127.0.0.1:5984/wiki	{ "error":"file_exists", "reason":"The database could not be created, the file already exists." }
Retrieve information about the wiki database	curl http://127.0.0.1:5984/wiki	{ "db_name": "wiki", "doc_count": 0, "doc_del_count": 0, "update_seq": 0, "purge_seq": 0, "compact_running": false, "disk_size": 79, "instance_start_time": "1272453873691070", "disk_format_version": 5 }
Delete the database wiki	curl -X DELETE http://127.0.0.1:5984/wiki	{"ok": true}
Create a document, asking CouchDB to supply a document id	curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" --data \ '{ "text" : "Wikipedia on CouchDB", "rating": 5 }' \ http://127.0.0.1:5984/wiki	{ "ok": true, "id": "123BAC", "rev": "946B7D1C" }
get a list of databases	curl http://127.0.0.1:5984/_all_dbs	["_replicator","_users","wiki"]

Open source components

CouchDB includes a number of other open source projects as part of its default package.

Component	Description	License
Erlang	Erlang is a general-purpose concurrent programming language and runtime system. The sequential subset of Erlang is a functional language with strict evaluation, single assignment, and dynamic typing	Apache 2.0 (Release 18.0 and later) Erlang Public License (Earlier releases)
ICU	International Components for Unicode (ICU) is an open-source project of mature C/C++ and Java libraries for Unicode support, software internationalization and software globalization	Unicode License
jQuery	jQuery is a lightweight cross-browser JavaScript library that emphasizes interaction between JavaScript and HTML	MIT License
OpenSSL	OpenSSL is an open-source implementation of the SSL and TLS protocols. The core library (written in the C programming language) implements the basic cryptographic functions and provides various utility functions	Apache 1.0 and the four-clause BSD License
SpiderMonkey	SpiderMonkey is a performant JavaScript engine maintained by the Mozilla Foundation. It contains an interpreter, a JIT compiler and a garbage collector	MPL 2.0

See also

• Document-oriented database
• XML database

Bibliography

• Anderson, J. Chris; Slater, Noah; Lehnardt, Jan (November 15, 2009), CouchDB: The Definitive Guide (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 300, ISBN 978-0-596-15816-3
• Lennon, Joe (December 15, 2009), Beginning CouchDB (1st ed.), Apress, p. 300, ISBN 978-1-4302-7237-3, archived from the original on December 5, 2010, retrieved November 1, 2009
• Holt, Bradley (March 7, 2011), Writing and Querying MapReduce Views in CouchDB (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 76, ISBN 978-1-4493-0312-9
• Holt, Bradley (April 11, 2011), Scaling CouchDB (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 72, ISBN 978-1-4493-0343-3
• Brown, MC (October 31, 2011), Getting Started with CouchDB (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 50, ISBN 978-1-4493-0755-4
• Thompson, Mick (August 2, 2011), Getting Started with GEO, CouchDB, and Node.js (1st ed.), O'Reilly Media, p. 64, ISBN 978-1-4493-0752-3

External links

• Official website
• CouchDB: The Definitive Guide
• Complete HTTP API Reference
• Simple PHP5 library to communicate with CouchDB
• Asynchronous CouchDB client for Java
• Asynchronous CouchDB client for Scala
• Lehnardt, Jan (2008). "Couch DB at 10,000 feet". Erlang eXchange 2008. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
• Lenhardt, Jan (2009). "CouchDB for Erlang Developers". Erlang Factory London 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
• Katz, Damien (January 2009). "CouchDB and Me". RubyFringe. InfoQ. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2012.