Wikipedia

LGBTQ rights in Portugal

(Redirected from Intersex rights in Portugal)

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights in Portugal are among the most advanced in the world; having improved substantially in the 21st century.[1][2] After a long period of oppression during the Estado Novo, Portuguese society has become increasingly accepting of homosexuality,[3] which was decriminalized in 1982,[4] eight years after the Carnation Revolution. Portugal has wide-ranging anti-discrimination laws and is one of the few countries in the world to contain a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution. On 5 June 2010, the state became the eighth in the world to recognize same-sex marriage.[5][6][7] On 1 March 2011, a gender identity law, said to be one of the most advanced in the world, was passed to simplify the process of sex and name change for transgender people.[8] Same-sex couples have been permitted to adopt since 1 March 2016.[9]

LGBTQ rights in Portugal
Location of Portugal (dark green)

– in Europe (light green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (light green)  –  [Legend]

StatusLegal since 1982;
age of consent equalized in 2007
MilitaryGays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve openly
Discrimination protectionsSexual orientation and gender identity protections (see below)
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsDe facto union since 2001,
Same-sex marriage since 2010
AdoptionFull adoption rights since 2016

The country, while still influenced by Roman Catholicism, has progressively become more accepting of same-sex relationships and homosexuality. The 2019 Eurobarometer opinion survey showed that 74% of the Portuguese population supported same-sex marriage and that around 80% believed lesbian, gay and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as heterosexuals. Lisbon, Porto and Faro have visible LGBT scenes, with several gay bars, nightclubs and other venues, as well as their annual pride parades.

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

edit

During the period of the Portuguese Inquisition, female homosexual activity was not actively prosecuted due to a 1645 ruling; one of the few cases of prosecuting a woman (Maria Duran) for same-sex sexual activity came in 1741, but she was prosecuted for causing distress to her sexual partners, not for her activity.[10] Same-sex sexual activity was first decriminalised in 1852, under Mary II and Ferdinand II of the Kingdom of Portugal, but it was made a crime again in 1886, under Louis I, and Portugal gradually became more oppressive of homosexuals until and throughout the dictatorship years.[11] It was not until 1982 that same-sex sexual activity was decriminalised again, and the age of consent was equalized with heterosexual activity at 14 years of age in 2007.

Recognition of same-sex relationships

edit
Main articles: Same-sex marriage in Portugal and De facto union in Portugal

Portugal has recognized unregistered cohabitation since 5 May 2001,[12] and same-sex marriage since 5 June 2010.[13] Same-sex marriage was legalized under the second term of the Sócrates Socialist Government, and passed the Portuguese Parliament with the support of other left-wing parties. Same-sex married couples are granted all of the rights of different-sex married couples. The Penal Code was amended in 2007 to equalize the age of consent and to criminalize domestic violence in same-sex relationships, thus equalizing treatment with opposite-sex couples.[14]

Adoption and family planning

edit
See also: LGBT adoption

Since 2016, Portuguese law has allowed adoption of children by same-sex couples. Prior to that reform, same-sex couples were barred from adopting and informally forbidden from fostering children, although there had been several court rulings allowing children to live with same-sex families.

In the past, Portugal had been forced to pay a fine due to homophobic statements from a court that ruled against a gay father's right for his daughter's custody. The European Court of Human Rights received the case and ruled in favour of the father in 1999, demanding the custody back to him and issuing a penalty for the country.

On 17 May 2013, Parliament rejected a bill allowing same-sex couples to adopt children, in a 104–77 vote. On the same day, Parliament approved a bill, in its first reading, allowing same-sex married couples to adopt their partner's children (i.e. stepchild adoption).[15] However, that bill was rejected in its second reading on 14 March 2014, in a 107–112 vote.[16] Other bills granting adoption rights to same-sex parents and carers, as well as in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for lesbian relationships, were introduced in Parliament by the opposition Socialist and Left Bloc parties on 16 January 2015.[17] On 22 January, Parliament rejected the proposals.[18]

On 23 September 2015, parties from the Left majority in Parliament submitted bills to grant same-sex couples full adoption rights as well as access to IVF.[19][20][21] On 20 November 2015, five proposals regarding adoption rights were approved by Parliament in their first readings.[22] The bills were then moved to the Constitutional Affairs, Rights, Freedoms and Guarantees Committee, where they were merged into one project and approved on 16 December 2015.[19] On 18 December 2015, the bill was approved by Parliament.[23][24] On 25 January 2016, one day after the presidential election, outgoing President Aníbal Cavaco Silva vetoed the adoption bill.[25] The Left majority in Parliament announced their intention to override the veto. On 10 February 2016, the veto was overturned by Parliament.[26] The President begrudgingly signed the bill into law on 19 February 2016.[27] The law was published in the official journal on 29 February, and took effect the first day of the first month after its publication (i.e. 1 March 2016).[28]

On 13 May 2016, Parliament adopted a bill to grant female same-sex couples access to medically assisted reproduction.[29][30][31] It was signed into law by President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa on 7 June.[32][33][34] The law was published in the official journal on 20 June and took effect the first day of the second month after publication (i.e. 1 August 2016).[35][36][37]

Surrogacy was explicitly banned under a law adopted in 2006. In 2016, the Portuguese Parliament passed a law allowing gestational surrogacy under limited circumstances, such as when a woman is born without a uterus or has a serious illness that affects her uterus. Surrogacy, under any of its forms, is still illegal for same-sex couples.[38][39][40]

Discrimination protections and hate crime laws

edit

In 2003, laws against discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment came into effect concerning three particular measures: access to work and employment, protection against discrimination in work and against sexual harassment.[41] Since 2004, the Constitution of Portugal has prohibited any form of discrimination based on sexual orientation, making Portugal one of the only countries in the world to enshrine a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution.[41][42] A new Penal Code came into force in 2007, strengthening the anti-discrimination legislation much further. The Penal Code contains several provisions that relate to sexual orientation in three aspects: recognition of same-sex relationships through protection in the same means as to different-sex relationships, such as against domestic violence and murder; equal age of consent between same-sex and opposite-sex relationships; and sexual orientation being considered an aggravating circumstance in homicide and hate crime cases.[14] Article 13 of the Portuguese Constitution reads as follows:[42]

No one may be privileged, favoured, prejudiced, deprived of any right or exempted from any duty for reasons of ancestry, sex, race, language, territory of origin, religion, political or ideological beliefs, education, economic situation, social circumstances or sexual orientation.

In 2013, the Portuguese Parliament passed a law adding gender identity to the hate crimes provision in the Penal Code.[43] On 19 January 2015, the Portuguese Parliament voted for the inclusion of gender identity as a protected ground of discrimination in the field of employment.[44]

In 2015, the Portuguese Parliament unanimously approved a measure to formally adopt 17 May as the "National Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia". In doing so, the Parliament committed to "engage in fulfilling national and international commitments to combat homophobic and transphobic discrimination".[45]

In 2020, ILGA Portugal recorded 41 cases of discrimination directed at LGBT people and 48 instances of hate crimes.[46] In December 2020, the Court of Arbitration for Sport fined the Portuguese Football Federation €1,000 and ordered them to play four games behind closed doors (each game behind closed doors costing between €10,000 and €25,000) for homophobic insults hurled by fans during a match in October 2018.[47] A survey from December 2020 showed that 79% of young people had witnessed incidents of anti-LGBT bullying and 86% thought that schools should better address LGBT topics.[48]

Transgender and intersex rights

edit

Discrimination against transgender and intersex people is illegal in Portugal.

 
Intersex pride flag in Lisbon, 2023

In March 2011, President Aníbal Cavaco Silva ratified the new Law of Gender Identity (Portuguese: Lei da Identidade de Género), which allows transgender persons to change their legal gender on birth certificates and other identity documents.[49]

On 24 May 2016, the Left Bloc introduced a bill to allow legal gender change solely based on self-determination.[50][51][52] Similar bills were introduced by the People–Animals–Nature party and the Costa Government in November 2016 and May 2017, respectively.[53][54] They were merged into one measure by a parliamentary committee and subsequently approved by the Parliament on 13 April 2018.[55][56] On 9 May, President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa vetoed the bill.[57][58] On 12 July, the Parliament adopted the bill with changes with regards to sex changes by minors aged 16 and 17, suggested by the President in his veto message.[59][60] This time around, the President signed the bill on 31 July.[61][62] It was published in the official journal on 7 August 2018 and took effect the following day.[63][64]

The law (Act No. 38/2018)[65] allows an adult person to change their legal gender without any requirements. Minors aged 16 and 17 are able to do so with parental consent and a psychological opinion, confirming that their decision has been taken freely and without any outside pressure. The law also prohibits both direct and indirect discrimination based on gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics, and bans non-consensual sex assignment treatment and surgical intervention on intersex children.[66] By October 2018, a total of 274 people, including 21 minors, had used the new gender recognition law to change their legal gender.[67]

In July 2019, the Minister of Science, Technology and Higher Education, Manuel Heitor, issued recommendations for universities to amend the certificates of transgender people to properly reflect their gender identity. Similarly, that same month, Education Minister Tiago Brandão Rodrigues published regulations for primary and secondary schools to facilitate transgender and intersex students. This includes using the student's preferred name, raising awareness, and training staff to handle discrimination cases and bullying.[68]

Military service

edit

Portugal allows all citizens to serve openly in the Armed Forces regardless of sexual orientation, as the Constitution explicitly forbids any discrimination on that basis. Lesbian, gay and bisexual people are therefore able to serve in the military on the same basis as heterosexual men and women.[69]

In April 2016, Portugal's armed forces chief General Carlos Jerónimo resigned, days after being summoned to explain comments about gay soldiers made by the deputy head of the military college. President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa accepted the resignation of Jerónimo, who took up the post of chief of staff in 2014. The resignation came after António Grilo, deputy head of the military college, admitted advising parents of young military students in the Portuguese army to withdraw their sons if they were gay "to protect them from the other students". Defence Minister Azeredo Lopes considered any discrimination "absolutely unacceptable".[70]

Conversion therapy

edit

Reports from 10 January 2019 suggested that several psychologists were performing conversion therapy.[71] A few days later, a total of 250 psychologists submitted an open letter to the regulatory Ordem dos Psicólogos demanding an investigation into these pseudoscientific practices. The body affirmed that conversion therapy is malpractice and cannot be justified.[72]

On 22 December 2023, Parliament passed a bill criminalizing conversion therapy with penalties ranging from three to five years for the most aggravated cases.[73] The new law took effect on 1 March 2024.[74]

Asylum recognition

edit

Since 30 August 2008, sexual orientation and gender identity have been recognised as grounds to apply for asylum.[75]

Blood donation

edit

In 2010, Parliament unanimously approved a Left Bloc petition to allow gay and bisexual men to donate blood.[76] The motion was to finally be implemented by the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation (Instituto Português do Sangue e da Transplantação) in October 2015, and a six-month or one-year deferral period was to be enacted.[77][78] However, the motion's implementation was delayed.[79][80] In late September 2016, the new rules came into effect and allow gay and bisexual men to donate blood after one year of abstinence from sex.[81]

In March 2021, in response to controversy in the country after several donations were rejected,[82] the Portuguese Institute of Blood and Transplantation published new guidelines removing all barriers to men who have sex with men from donating blood.[83]

Since the 15th December 2021 is the discrimination based on the sexual orientation, sexual identity and gender expression not allowed, allowing these groups to donate blood.[84]

Living conditions

edit
 
Gay Pride in Lisbon

Although there are several cases of public prejudice against LGBT people, there is a dynamic gay scene in Lisbon,[3] Porto and in the main touristic cities in the Algarve region,[3] such as Faro, Lagos, Albufeira and Tavira, with several gay bars, pubs, nightclubs and beaches. Other smaller cities and regions such as Aveiro, Leiria, Coimbra, Braga, Évora and Madeira have more discreet gay communities. In Lisbon, most LGBT-oriented businesses are grouped around the bohemian Bairro Alto and the adjacent Príncipe Real and Chiado neighbourhoods.[85][86][87] In both Lisbon and Porto, there are also annual pride parades that attract thousands of participants and spectators. Lisbon is also host to one of the largest LGBT film festivals in Europe – Queer Lisboa – the Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival. Some Portuguese beaches are popular among LGBT people, like 19 Beach, near Costa de Caparica, and Barril Naturist Beach (an official naturist beach) or Cacela Velha beach, both of them near Tavira.[86][88]

Portugal is frequently referred to as one of the world's most LGBT-friendly countries, with various groups and associations catering to LGBT people, supportive legislation and high societal acceptance. In 1974, Portugal transitioned from an authoritarian clerical fascist dictatorship to a civilian democracy. During the dictatorship, LGBT people faced oppression at the hands of the state, as well as prejudice and rejection at the hands of society. Since the transition, however, LGBT people, as well as Portuguese people more broadly, have experienced an increased level of rights, freedom and liberty. Over the following years, LGBT individuals began to organize politically and slowly enter the public eye, raising awareness of their cause and movement. Associação ILGA Portugal [pt] was founded in 1995, campaigning for increased legal rights for LGBT people, outlawing discrimination on account of sexual orientation and gender identity and changing societal perceptions. Numerous other groups were established, including Portugal Pride, AMPLOS (Associação de Mães e Pais pela Liberdade de Orientação Sexual) and Pink Panthers (Panteras Rosa),[89] along with a motorcycle group for LGBT people in Porto and an LGBT Catholic association in Lisbon. Owing to their advocacy and work, anti-discrimination laws were expanded to include sexual orientation and gender identity, article 13 of the Constitution of Portugal was similarly amended to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, transgender transition laws were relaxed and civil unions were opened to same-sex couples. In 2010, Portugal legalised same-sex marriage, the eighth country worldwide to do so and the sixth in Europe, and in 2016 same-sex couples became eligible to legally adopt. In 2019, ILGA-Europe ranked Portugal 7th out of 49 European countries in relation to LGBT rights legislation. In March 2019, the country was named the world's best LGBT-friendly travel destination, along with Canada and Sweden.[2]

Public opinion

edit
 
From left, Israeli Ambassador Tzipora Rimon, U.S. Ambassador Robert Sherman, Canadian Ambassador Jeffrey Marder, Danish Ambassador Michael Suhr, Belgian Ambassador Boudewijn Dereymaerker and Dutch Ambassador Govert de Vroe attending the 2016 LGBTI Pride parade in Lisbon[90]

A Eurobarometer survey published in late 2006 showed that only 29% of Portuguese surveyed supported same-sex marriage and 19% supported the right of same-sex couples to adopt (EU-wide average 44% and 33%).[91]

Opinions on same-sex marriage have considerably changed since then. A 2009 survey by the Catholic University of Portugal revealed that 42% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and another survey by Eurosondagem, Rádio Renascença, SIC TV, and the Expresso newspaper stated that about 52% of the Portuguese public were in favour of same-sex marriages.[92][93] An Angus Reid poll on 11 January 2010 showed that 45.5% of those polled were in support of same-sex marriage, but this was less than the 49.3% that opposed. A Eurobarometer survey published in 2015 showed that support for same-sex marriage had risen significantly to 61%.[94]

Views on adoption had not been changed significantly at the time same-sex marriage was passed into law: only 21.7% favored adoption, while 68.4% opposed allowing same-sex couples to adopt.[95] However, in 2014, during parliamentary debates on an initiative to legalize stepchild adoption for same-sex couples, polls showed that a majority of the Portuguese population supported both stepchild adoption and full adoption rights.[96]

A 2020 study found that same-sex couples face significant discrimination in the housing markets of Porto and Lisbon.[97] In similar quality applications for rentals, male same-sex couples received 23 to 26 percent less positive replies than opposite-sex couples, while for female same-sex couples this difference was 10 percent.

Eurobarometer

edit

Below is the share of respondents in Portugal who agreed with the following statements in the 2006, 2015 and 2019 Special Eurobarometer on discrimination.[98] The last column is the change from the previous Eurobarometer. In 2006, respondents were presented with the slightly different statement "Homosexual marriages should be allowed throughout Europe".[99]

The 2023 Eurobarometer found that 81% of Portuguese people thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, and 73% agreed that "there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex".[100]

Year "Gay and lesbian people
should have the same rights
as heterosexual people" 		"There is nothing wrong
in a sexual relationship between
two persons of the same sex" 		"Same-sex marriages should be
allowed throughout Europe" 		Change from
last statement
2006 — — 29% —
2015 71% 59% 61% +32
2019 78% 69% 74% +13
2023 79% 73% 81% +7

Summary table

edit
Same-sex sexual activity legal   (Since 1982)
Equal age of consent (14)   (Since 2007)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment   (Since 2003)
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas   (Since 2004)
Hate crime laws covering sexual orientation   (Since 2007)
Hate crime laws covering gender identity   (Since 2013)
Same-sex marriage   (Since 2010)
Recognition of same-sex unions   (Since 2001)
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples   (Since 2016)
Joint adoption by same-sex couples   (Since 2016)
LGB people allowed to serve in the military   (Since 1999)
Transgender people allowed to serve openly in the military   (Since 2023)[101]
Right to change legal gender  
Right to change legal gender without SRS or forced sterilization  
Right to change legal gender by self-determination   (Since 2018)
Non-binary gender recognition  
Intersex minors protected from invasive surgical procedures   (Since 2018)
Sexual orientation/gender identity for asylum recognition   (Since 2008)
Access to artificial insemination/IVF for lesbian couples   (Since 2016)
Conversion therapy banned on minors   (Since 2024)
Automatic parenthood for both spouses after birth   (Since 2016)
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples   (Banned regardless of sexual orientation)
MSMs allowed to donate blood   (Since 2021)

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Portugal". IGLTA. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b Daniel Avery (6 March 2019). "Canada, Portugal, Sweden Named World's Most LGBTQ-friendly Travel Destinations". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Mark Ellingham, John Fisher, Graham Kenyon: The rough guide to Portugal, Rough Guides, 2002, ISBN 9781858288772, p. 49.
  4. ^ "PortugalPride.org: sabia que..." portugalpride.org. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
  5. ^ "Lei n.° 9/2010 de 31 de Maio Permite o casamento civil entre pessoas do mesmo sexo" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
  6. ^ "Segunda-feira já vai ser possível celebrar casamentos entre pessoas do mesmo sexo". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012.
  7. ^ Portugal's president to ratify same-sex marriage law Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 17 May 2010
  8. ^ "Cavaco promulga diploma que simplifica mudança de sexo – JN". www.jn.pt. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  9. ^ "Lei n.º 2/2016 de 29 de fevereiro" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  10. ^ Soyer, François (2 November 2014). "The Inquisitorial trial of a cross-dressing lesbian: Reactions and responses to female homosexuality in 18th-century Portugal". Journal of Homosexuality. 61 (11): 1529–1557. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.944044. PMID 25022623. S2CID 11150648.
  11. ^ "O Estado Novo dizia que não havia homossexuais, mas perseguia-os". Archived from the original on 29 February 2012.
  12. ^ International: Global Summary of Registered Partnership, Domestic Partnership, and Marriage Laws Archived 7 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine, stand as of November 2003, International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
  13. ^ Portugal's president ratifies gay marriage law Archived 11 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Business Week, Barry Hatton
  14. ^ a b "Vigésima terceira alteração ao Código Penal, Alterações Lei Nº 59/2007 de 4 de Setembro". portugalgay.pt. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018.
  15. ^ "Portugal Expands Adoption Rights for Gay Couples". ABC News. Retrieved 17 April 2020.[dead link‍]
  16. ^ "DetalheIniciativa". www.parlamento.pt. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  17. ^ Duffy, Nick (11 January 2015). "Portugal: Opposition party to table same-sex adoption bill". Pink News. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  18. ^ "Portuguese parliament votes against gay couples adopting". Agence France-Presse. MSN News. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  19. ^ a b "DetalheIniciativa". www.parlamento.pt. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  20. ^ "DetalheIniciativa". www.parlamento.pt. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  21. ^ "DetalheIniciativa". www.parlamento.pt. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  22. ^ "Portugal Allows Same-Sex Adoption, Artificial Insemination". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  23. ^ "Votação final: 17 deputados do PSD votaram a favor da adoção plena – DN". www.dn.pt. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  24. ^ "Cavaco decide promulgação da adopção gay e interrupção da gravidez até ao fim de Janeiro – Renascença". Rádio Renascença. 2 January 2016. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  25. ^ "Portugal's outgoing president vetoes gay adoption bill". news.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  26. ^ "Portugal parliament overturns veto on adoption by gay couples". 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020 – via uk.reuters.com.
  27. ^ "Cavaco promulgou adoção gay e alterações à lei do aborto". TSF Radio Noticias (in Portuguese). 19 February 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  28. ^ "Lei n.º 2/2016 de 29 de fevereiro". Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  29. ^ "DetalheIniciativa". www.parlamento.pt. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  30. ^ Rodrigues, Maria Lopes, Sofia. "AR alarga PMA a mais mulheres e aprova gestação de substituição". PÚBLICO. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ "Parlamento aprova barrigas de aluguer e Procriação Medicamente Assistida – Renascença". Rádio Renascença. 13 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  32. ^ "Presidente da República, alertando para a insuficiente proteção dos direitos da criança, promulga alargamento da Procriação Medicamente Assistida". www.presidencia.pt. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  33. ^ "Marcelo promulga procriação assistida, mas veta gestação de substituição – DN". www.dn.pt. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  34. ^ "Marcelo promulga 35 horas e veta barrigas de aluguer". TVI24. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  35. ^ "Lei 17/2016 de 20 de junho". Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  36. ^ "Lei que alarga a procriação medicamente assistida publicada em Diário da República". TVI24. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  37. ^ "Todas as mulheres com acesso à PMA a 1 de Agosto". PÚBLICO. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  38. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de. "Parlamento aprova gestação de substituição". Parlamento aprova gestação de substituição. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  39. ^ "Portugese [sic] president vetoes surrogacy law". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 September 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  40. ^ "Gestational surrogacy Portugal. Commercial surrogate motherhood in Portugal". 19 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  41. ^ a b "Esquerda.Net – Homossexualidade é crime em 75 países (actualizado)". antigo.esquerda.net. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  42. ^ a b "Constituição da República Portuguesa". www.parlamento.pt. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  43. ^ Littauer, Dan (21 January 2013). "Portugal passes trans hate crime law". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  44. ^ ILGA-Europe
  45. ^ "Portugal formally adopts national anti-discrimination day with unanimous vote". 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  46. ^ "Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People in Portugal Covering the Period of January to December 2020" (PDF). ILGA Europe. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  47. ^ "Tribunal Arbitral do Desporto confirma castigo ao Sporting por homofobia". Desporto.sapo.pt (in Portuguese). 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  48. ^ "relatório do projeto educação lgbti". rede ex aequo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  49. ^ "– Portugal Gender Identity Law". Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  50. ^ "DetalheIniciativa". www.parlamento.pt. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  51. ^ Rodrigues, Sofia. "BE apresenta projecto de lei para permitir mudança de sexo aos 16 anos". PÚBLICO. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  52. ^ "BE quer permitir mudança de sexo aos 16 anos – JN". www.jn.pt. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  53. ^ "DetalheIniciativa". www.parlamento.pt. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  54. ^ "DetalheIniciativa". www.parlamento.pt. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  55. ^ "Portugal passes legal gender change law". 13 April 2018. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
  56. ^ "Parliament approves change of gender on official ID from age 16". www.theportugalnews.com. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  57. ^ "Portugal can still be legislative innovators on LGBTI equality – don't stop now! | ILGA-Europe". www.ilga-europe.org. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  58. ^ "Presidente da República solicita à Assembleia na República que, no decreto sobre identidade de género, preveja relatório médico quando se trate de menores". www.presidencia.pt. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  59. ^ "Parlamento volta a aprovar autodeterminação da identidade de género". Esquerda. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  60. ^ "Parlamento aprova lei da autodeterminação da identidade de género". www.jornaldenegocios.pt. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  61. ^ Lusa, Agência. "Presidente da República promulga lei da autodeterminação da identidade de género". Observador. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  62. ^ Valente, Liliana. "Marcelo promulga lei da Uber e alteração à lei da identidade de género". PÚBLICO. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  63. ^ "Lei da autodeterminação da identidade de género entra em vigor amanhã". ionline. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  64. ^ "Publicada lei que concede direito à autodeterminação de género". Esquerda. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  65. ^ "Act No. 38/2018". Diário da República. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  66. ^ "Lei 38/2018, 2018-08-07". Diário da República Eletrónico. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  67. ^ Silva, Catarina (8 February 2019). "Vasco foi um dos 12 menores que mudou de género em seis meses". JN (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  68. ^ "Despacho n.° 7247/2019". Diário da República Eletrónico (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  69. ^ LGBT world legal wrap up survey. Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ^ "Portugal military chief resigns over remark on gay soldiers". Zee News. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  71. ^ Leal, Ana (10 January 2019). ""Ana Leal": grupo secreto quer "curar" homossexuais". IOL (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  72. ^ "Esclarecimento OPP". Ordem dos Psicólogos (in Portuguese). 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  73. ^ Salerno, Rob (23 December 2023). "One last news round up of 2023". LGBT Marriage News. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  74. ^ https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/2024-03-01/conversion-therapy-ban-begins-in-portugal/86514 [bare URL]
  75. ^ "Rainbow Europe". rainbow-europe.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  76. ^ (in Portuguese) AR aprova diploma que permite a homossexuais dar sangue Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ "Portugal's gay men allowed to give blood". algarvedailynews.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  78. ^ "Homossexuais vão poder doar sangue". PÚBLICO. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  79. ^ "Gays continuam excluídos das doações de sangue – JN". www.jn.pt. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  80. ^ "Portugal's gays still banned from giving blood". algarvedailynews.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  81. ^ "Gay men "finally allowed to give blood in Portugal", says media". Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  82. ^ "Associação recebe cerca de 3 denúncias por semana de homossexuais impedidos de doar sangue". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  83. ^ Kotowicz, Ana. "Doação de sangue. Orientação sexual deixa de ser critério de exclusão". Observador (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  84. ^ "Diário da República - Lei n.º 85/2021" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Assembleia da República. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  85. ^ David J. J. Evans: Cadogan Guides Portugal, New Holland Publishers, 2004, p. 56., ISBN 9781860111266
  86. ^ a b "Gay Lisbon Guide & Map 2020 – Bars, Clubs, Hotels, Events". www.patroc.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  87. ^ (in Portuguese) O que é que o Chiado tem? Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  88. ^ "The natural delights of Faro". Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
  89. ^ "Grupos/Associações". PortugalGay.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  90. ^ "LGBTI Pride parade in Lisbon". 18 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2018 – via Flickr.
  91. ^ "Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage". Archived from the original on 5 September 2008.
  92. ^ "Somos uma sociedade homofóbica?". Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  93. ^ "Bay Windows – New England's largest GLBT newspaper". 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011.
  94. ^ "r/MapPorn – Eurobarometer 2015: Same sex marriage support in the EU [726 x 666]". reddit. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  95. ^ "Portuguese Split on Same-Sex Marriage | Angus Reid Public Opinion". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012.
  96. ^ "Portugueses querem referendo sobre coadoção". Jornal Expresso. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  97. ^ Gouveia, Filipe; Nilsson, Therese; Berggren, Niclas (2020). "Religiosity and discrimination against same-sex couples: The case of Portugal's rental market". Journal of Housing Economics. 50: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jhe.2020.101729. S2CID 225281722. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  98. ^ "Special Eurobarometer 437: Discrimination in the EU in 2015" (PDF). European Commission. October 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016.
  99. ^ "Eurobarometer 66: Public opinion in the European Union" (PDF). European Commission. December 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  100. ^ "Discrimination in the EU_sp535_volumeA.xlsx [QB15_2] and [QB15_3]" (xls). data.europa.eu. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  101. ^ https://ilga-portugal.pt/mais-inclusao-no-servico-militar/ ILGA Portugal - Mais inclusão no serviço militar
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT in Portugal.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Portugal&oldid=1256487987"