Wikipedia

Law, government, and crime in Winnipeg

Further information: Winnipeg and Manitoba Justice
Winnipeg City Council 2022–2026
Mayor Scott Gillingham
River Heights-Fort Garry John Orlikow
Charleswood-Tuxedo-Westwood Evan Duncan
Waverly West Janice Lukes
St. James Shawn Dobson
Fort Rouge-East Fort Garry Sherri Rollins
North Kildonan Jeff Browaty
St. Boniface Matt Allard
Old Kildonan Devi Sharma
Point Douglas Vivian Santos
Daniel McIntyre Cindy Gilroy
St. Vital Brian Mayes
St. Norbert-Seine River Markus Chambers
Elmwood-East Kildonan Jason Schreyer
Transcona Russ Wyatt
Mynarski Ross Eadie

The municipal government of Winnipeg is represented by 15 city councillors and a mayor elected every four years.

Along with being the current provincial capital of Manitoba, Winnipeg has served as the capital for two other Canadian territories: the North-West Territories, from 1870 to 1876, and the District of Keewatin, from 1876 to 1905.

In the past, Winnipeg has garnered a reputation as the "gang capital" of Canada[1] and, in 2013, the Canadian Police Association claimed that gangs were "a key and distinguishing feature of the urban landscape in Winnipeg."[2] In 2019, there were an estimated 4,000 local gang members in Winnipeg—around 1,500 full members and 2,500 associates—spread out between 25 and 30 separate gangs.[3][4]

From 2018 to 2019, the Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area had the largest Crime Severity Index increase (+22) in the number of homicides in Canada overall.[5][6] Winnipeg in 2019 also dealt with a record breaking year in homicides with 44 and a rise in violent property crimes.[5] Two months before the end of 2022, Winnipeg broke its own record for the most homicides in a year, with 45 homicides by the beginning of October, and 53 being reported by the end of the year, giving the city a homicide rate of 7.1 per 100,000 people.[7] In 2017, Winnipeg had among the highest number (192) of police officers per capita among major Canadian cities (i.e., those with populations of 500,000 or more).[8]

Scott Gillingham was elected as the 44th Mayor of the City of Winnipeg after a very tight race against Glen Murray, on October 26, 2022. Winnipeg is also represented in the Canadian House of Commons by eight Members of Parliament.

Politics

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See also: List of mayors of Winnipeg, Winnipeg City Council, Canadian federal election results in Winnipeg, and Amalgamation of Winnipeg

Early years

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Winnipeg officially became a city on 8 November 1873, with the passing of An Act to Incorporate the City of Winnipeg by the Manitoba Legislature. The Act would outline the essential powers of Winnipeg City Council, and provide a precise description of the city's boundaries (the city itself being 3 square miles at incorporation):[9]

  • Its southern and eastern boundaries were marked by the Assiniboine and Red Rivers
  • Its western boundary was marked by present-day Maryland Street, Notre Dame Avenue, and McPhillips Street
  • Its northern boundary was marked by Burrows Avenue, west of Main Street, and Aberdeen Avenue, east of Main Street.

With 4 city wards in total, Winnipeg's first civic election took place on 5 January 1874, for which voters had to be (1) male; (2) 21 years of age; (3) British subjects by birth or naturalization; (4) resident in the City at least 3 months prior to the election; and (5) own property valued at $100 or more, or pay at least $20 per year in rent. William Nassau Kennedy was the acting City Clerk and Registrar for the first election, and found that only 398 residents of the new City of Winnipeg met the qualifications to vote.[9] With this election, Francis Evans Cornish became the first mayor of Winnipeg.[9]

In 1887, civic suffrage was afforded to women in Winnipeg, 80 of whom would be eligible to vote in that year's civic election and 476 in the election of 1888.[9]

Modern era

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Crowd gathered outside the old City Hall on Main Street and William Avenue, during the 1919 general strike. Visible on the left are the Union Bank building and Leland Hotel.

Starting in 1900, in both provincial and federal elections, central Winnipeg elected politicians from the Labour Party.

While the norm in the city's early years was for local elected officials to be English Protestants, there were still exceptions who won elections: Arni Frederickson (Ward 5, 1891) and Arni Eggertson (Ward 4, 1906) were Icelandic; Moses Finkelstein and Altar Skaletar (Ward 5, 1912) were Jewish; and Theodore Stefanik (Ward 5, 1911) was the first Ukrainian elected to City Council.[9]

Women could not hold office in Winnipeg until 1916, after which Alice A. Holling in 1917 (Ward 7) became the first woman to run for Council. (Holling lost to Alexander McLennan, 693 to 358.) In December 1920, Jessie Kirk became the first woman elected to Council. Kirk served a two-year term on Council for Ward 2, running again in 1922, 1923, 1926, and 1934, but was defeated each time.[9]

From 15 May to 28 June in 1919, Winnipeg was the site of a general strike. There were violent protests during this strikes, several deaths at the hands of the Royal North-West Mounted Police, and the arrest of many of Winnipeg's future politicians. The unrest was adapted into a stage musical in 2005 called Strike!, itself being adapted into a 2019 film directed by Robert Adetuyi, titled Stand!.[10] Though it was not chartered until 1932, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation would be born out of the 1919 labour unrest, as well as out of the Depression. Its successor, the New Democratic Party, has enjoyed much support in Winnipeg since the early 1960s.

 
Manitoba Legislative Building

The 1965 Winnipeg municipal election was held on October 27, 1965.[11] On July 27, 1971, the City of Winnipeg became a unicity by amalgamating the Town of Tuxedo; the rural municipalities of Charleswood, Fort Garry, North Kildonan, Old Kildonan; the cities of East Kildonan, West Kildonan, St. Vital, Transcona, St. Boniface, St. James-Assiniboia; the old City of Winnipeg; and the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg.

The first election for the newly combined city was held on 6 October 1971. The City Council consisted of 50 councillors and one mayor. The councillors were elected on the basis of one councillor per city ward while the mayor was elected by the city-at-large. The term of office was three years. The inaugural meeting of the new council took place on 4 January 1972. Since 50 councillors proved too unwieldy, the city wards were reduced to 29 in 1977. In 1992, the city wards were reduced even further to the present 15 and city councillors became full-time politicians.

On 22 June 2004, Sam Katz was elected as the first Jewish mayor of Winnipeg. He beat out prominent politicians Dan Vandal, Al Golden, and MaryAnn Mihychuk for the job by receiving 42.51% of the vote. This came after the resignation of Glen Murray as mayor of Winnipeg to run in the 2004 federal election. Katz was re-elected to a second term in the 2006 elections on 25 October 2006. After promising in his first election to run for only two terms, Katz ran for a third term in 2010. He was re-elected in the 2010 elections. Brian Bowman, the city's first Indigenous mayor, was elected as the 43rd Mayor of the City of Winnipeg in a landslide victory on 22 October 2014.

Winnipeg federal election results[12]
Year Liberal Conservative New Democratic Green
2021 38% 123,258 29% 91,977 27% 86,747 2% 5,418
2019 36% 119,825 33% 108,048 24% 78,745 5% 15,327
Winnipeg provincial election results[13]
Year PC New Democratic Liberal
2019 36% 100,142 37% 100,386 19% 52,093
2016 43% 108,544 32% 79,063 17% 43,033

Winnipeg is represented in the Canadian House of Commons by eight Members of Parliament: as of 2019, the eight include four from the Liberal Party, two from the Conservative Party, and two from the New Democratic Party. Winnipeg's longest-serving Members of Parliament include J.S. Woodsworth (21 years), Stanley Knowles (38 years), David Orlikow (25 years), Bill Blaikie (almost 27 years and re-elected in the 2006 federal election), and Lloyd Axworthy (21 years).

Winnipeg City Hall

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Winnipeg City Hall
 
The 3rd and current Winnipeg City Hall, erected as a part of the larger civic complex.
Alternative namesWinnipeg Civic Centre
General information
Architectural styleInternational Style (Modernist)
Address510 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB
Construction started1962–63
Opened5 October 1964
Renovated2015–17
Cost
  • $8.2 million CAD (initial)
  • $5.4 million (renovation)

Winnipeg City Hall is the municipal government complex and seat of municipal government of Winnipeg.[14][15]

Built in 1962–63 and officially opened in 1964, the current City Hall of Winnipeg (also known as Winnipeg Civic Centre) is the third municipal administrative facilities to exist for the city.[16] The Civic Centre includes four buildings that were completed in 1964:

The Council and Administrative Buildings are joined by an underground corridor, which also connects the Civic Centre to the Manitoba Centennial Centre.[14][16]

First Hall (1876–83)

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During the initial two years of the city's incorporation in November 1873, city council meetings were held in various buildings in Winnipeg, including a furniture store.[18]

Winnipeg's first City Hall (1876–83) was built for CA$40,000 in 1876, three years after the city was incorporated, and was located on Main Street between William and Market Avenues.[14] Commencing in 1875, the building was constructed by Robert Dewar on top of a creek that was filled-in for that purpose.[14][18]

The placing of the cornerstone of the city hall on 17 August 1875 was celebrated as a "grand civic holiday," with a large procession down Main Street to the ritual of laying the cornerstone.[18] In the cornerstone, a casket (or time capsule) was deposited, containing coins, bills, newspapers, and photographs of the city.[9]

The building was formally opened in March 1876 with a concert in aid of the Winnipeg General Hospital. During these early years, the hall served as a multi-use building.[18] Developing cracks in its walls shortly after it was erected along with other structural flaws for which wooden poles had to be used to prop it up, the building was demolished in 1883.[16]

Second Hall (1886–1962)

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Winnipeg's 2nd City Hall and the Volunteer Monument, 1887

During the construction of the second hall (1884–86), the Mayor and City Council took up residence at 238 King Street in the newly built Coronation Block, which served as an interim "City Hall" between 1883 and 1886. (Eventually needing repairs and becoming a public safety hazard itself, the Coronation Block building was demolished in 2012.)[19] In July 1884, the cornerstone for the second City Hall was laid.[18] This new building, designed by architectural firm Barber and Barber, had a Victorian, Queen Anne Revival style.[16][18]

The second Hall not only served the city government throughout its years, it also provided residence for the city's Board of Trade, the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba's library and reading room, and club rooms of the St. George's and St. Andrew's Societies. The building lasted just under 80 years, being demolished in 1962. While its replacement was initially planned for construction around 1913, the First World War would get in the way of these plans and not resurface until the late 1950s.[16]

Third Hall (1964–present)

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When planning for Winnipeg's third city hall, City Council considered various different sites in and around the core downtown area. However, they would eventually decide to remain in the Exchange District, the city's traditional central business district, adjacent to Old Market Square.[14]

With a modernist, International style, the current City Hall was built in 1962–63 for $8.2 million—the style symbolizing upcoming centennial celebrations: the 1967 Canadian Centennial, the 1970 Manitoba centennial, and the 1973 Winnipeg centennial. The building's cornerstone was laid by Stephen Juba, Winnipeg's first “immigrant” mayor, and it was officially opened on 5 October 1964.[16]

 
The Public Safety Building, 151 Princess Street entrance

The Civic Centre and the Manitoba Centennial Centre were connected by tunnels in 1967. From 2015 to 2017, the two buildings went through $5.4 million in renovations. Its administration building was renamed the Susan A. Thompson Building to recognize the titular first female mayor of Winnipeg, who held office from 1992 to 1998.[16]

In the inner courtyard of City Hall, which was refurbished in 2003,[14] are ceramic crests of each of the rural municipalities that were amalgamated into the City of Winnipeg in 1972. Commemorating the second City Hall is a Historic Winnipeg plaque found behind the City Hall sign near the northwest corner of the Council Building of the current City Hall.[20]

The current Hall consists of two individual buildings: one for Winnipeg City Council and the other for administrative works, both joined by an underground corridor.[14][16] Faced with Tyndall stone and Quebec Granite, the two buildings feature a bronze frame, screen, and hardware elements; with public-area interior wall finishes being limestone, granite, brick, and plaster.[14]

The dedication to the City Hall, dedicated during the official opening ceremony for the City Hall on 5 October 1964, is inscribed into the west wall of the Council Building lobby.[14] The Council Building, located on Princess Street,[20] contains:[14]

  • Council Chamber
  • Public Gallery, with a maximum capacity of 250 people
  • Committee Rooms
  • the Office of the Mayor
  • Councillor offices
  • the City Clerk's Department
  • the Creative Services Branch of the Internal Services Department
  • the Emergency Operations office

The Administration Building, (now called the Susan A. Thompson Building),[16] is seven-stories high and houses:[14]

  • office of the Chief Administrative Officer
  • office of the Corporate Services and Corporate Finance Departments
  • conference rooms
  • a public restaurant

Law enforcement and military

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Main articles: Winnipeg Police Service and RCMP "D" Division
See also: Manitoba Justice

Winnipeg is policed by the Winnipeg Police Service (WPS), which in 2012, had 1,442 police officers.[21] Prior to 2014, Winnipeg Police were headquartered at the Public Safety Building in Winnipeg's Exchange District.

In February 1874, John S. Ingram became Winnipeg's first Chief of Police. Failing to control the city's rise in lawlessness, however, Ingram resigned in July 1875, and replaced by D. B. Murray.[22]

In 2017, Winnipeg had 192 police officers per 100,000 people, being among the highest number of cops per capita among major Canadian cities (i.e., those with populations of 500,000 or more).[8] However, this number would be down from 200 in 2015, a change consistent with an overall decline in police officers per capita across Canada, which saw a 1% drop last year and a 1% decline the year before.[8]

The City of Winnipeg has five distinct police districts.[23]

Winnipeg police districts[23]
District Region Total area
District 1 City Centre 14.22 km2 (5.49 sq mi)
District 2 St. James / Assiniboia 65.11 km2 (25.14 sq mi)
District 3 Lord Selkirk

West Kildonan

65.28 km2 (25.20 sq mi)
East District St. Boniface

St. Vital

Elmwood

East Kildonan

North Kildonan

Transcona

174.37 km2 (67.32 sq mi)
District 6 Assiniboine Park

Fort Rouge

Fort Garry

156.22 km2 (60.32 sq mi)

Military

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Winnipeg-based units/groups belonging to the Canadian Armed Forces include:

Royal Canadian Navy[24]


Canadian Army[25]


Royal Canadian Air Force[26]

Crime

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Between 2009 and 2019, overall crime in Winnipeg has dropped by 4%.[5]

Crime rates in Winnipeg, 1991–2012[27][i][ii]
Year Homicide &

Unlawful Death[C 1]

Attempted

Murder

Assault SexualAssault Robbery Break &Enter Theft[C 2] Motor Vehicle Theft Arson Mischief
1991 2.6 7.0 670.2 129.6 212.5 2,059.5 4,575.1 393.2
1992 1.9 6.0 789.1 146.1 244.8 1,883.8 4,943.8 390.9
1993 2.4 5.8 974.9 122.4 237.5 2,003.9 4,434.7 1,055.1
1994 2.8 4.4 956.2 132.0 278.7 2,110.4 4,523.7 1,272.6
1995 2.6 5.5 859.0 106.9 298.6 1,625.9 4,226.3 1,275.2
1996 4.5 3.9 1,150.2 79.7 303.5 1,596.7 4,071.0 1,349.9
1997 3.6 3.1 1,116.5 83.4 321.3 1,567.9 3,352.4 1,460.5 25.5 1,851.8
1998 2.7 1.5 997.6 75.2 270.0 1,456.0 3,262.7 1,369.5 53.5 1,837.1
1999 2.3 1.3 918.6 74.1 291.8 1,296.9 3,232.5 1,405.9 75.1 2,051.7
2000 2.6 2.3 1,077.6 91.4 273.4 1,283.4 3,189.0 1,527.6 85.9 2,008.4
2001 2.9 2.7 1,042.5 95.9 292.8 1,210.6 3,391.8 1,721.1 78.8 2,352.2
2002 3.4 1.9 1,045.8 108.8 240.7 1,085.5 3,385.0 1,497.8 76.2 2,410.4
2003 2.9 1.6 951.8 114.1 257.8 1,219.3 4,030.4 1,621 88.1 2,785.4
2004 5.4 1.6 925.5 107.0 253.2 1,191.3 3,835.9 2,119.2 92.2 2,760.2
2005 4.0 1.9 965.3 106.6 291.1 1,142.0 3,381.5 1,877.4 50.4 3,100.8
2006 3.5 2.4 935.7 104.8 308.9 1,129.2 3,218.6 2,165.0 75.9 3,033.4
2007 4.2 4.2 781.1 89.4 302.1 1,085.1 2,569.9 1,919.5 28.9 2,786.9
2008 4.5 4.0 863.2 97.6 253.0 822.3 2,343.5 1,059.6 45.4 2,402.6
2009 4.6 2.6 953.4 105.7 346.7 870.4 2,301.0 692.7 61.5 2,264.1
2010 3.3 2.0 920.2 110.6 304.1 852.2 2,287.0 555.8 56.9 2,134.9
2011 6.8 0.8 849.9 108.6 262.8 712.6 1,890.5 341.5 69.3 1,832.8
2012 5.0 0.9 810.9 100.7 250.1 / 272.9 691.7 / 729.8 1,869.3 327.0 / 338.9 63.6 1,736.1

Violent crime

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This map shows each robbery in Winnipeg (one dot per robbery) in 2012. There were 1,811 robberies that year.

In 2019, Winnipeg's Violent Crime Severity Index (VCSI)[iii] rating came to 173, against the national average of 82.44, ranking #13 out of a total 237.[28]

Though the city experiences high rates of violent crime, Winnipeg has witnessed a general decreasing trend in the frequency of these crimes. For example, the assault rate has dropped every year since 2009, from 953.4 per 100,000 residents to 810.9 in 2012. Although this rate is still not as low as the number recorded in 2007 (781.1), it is substantially lower than the years of 1996 to 2002, when the average rate was 1049.8 per 100,000 residents. The robbery rate has also decreased over time, peaking in 2009 at 346.7.[29] In 2012, the robbery rate was at either 250.1 or 272.9, as there were discrepancies between the numbers of the annual crime report (1,660 robberies reported) and of CrimeStat (1,811).[30] Either rate was nonetheless several times higher than the national average of 79.4,[31] though it would be a decrease from 2009 (346.7) and 2007 (781.1).[29] The Winnipeg Transit system is a frequent place of violent crime including assaults on drivers and passengers,[32] and the homicide of a transit driver in 2017.[33]

The only rate that has increased is the homicide rate. From 1981 to 2012, Winnipeg had the highest murder rate among Canada's largest nine cities a total of sixteen times, with a rate of 6.2 per 100,000 residents.[34] There were an additional 4 unlawful deaths, which would bring the rate to 6.8. This rate was around 4 times higher than the national rate (1.7 per capita).[35] The next year, there were 34 known homicides in Winnipeg (5.1 per capita) with an addition 3 unlawful deaths (equating to a rate of 5.6 per 100,000 people), again being a few times higher than the national rate (1.6).[36][37]

From 2018 to 2019, the Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area had the largest VCSI increase (22) in the number of homicides in Canada overall.[5][38] In November 2019, Winnipeg experienced an unprecedented 11 homicides in the span of 30 days.[39] Two weeks before the end of 2019, Winnipeg broke its own record for the most homicides in a year, with 44 homicides. Of those 42, 36 were men or boys and six were women or girls; four were under age 18, with a total of 44 homicides in the year (a homicide rate of 6.2 per 100,000 people).[40][6]

In 2020, gangs were a significant driving force of violence in Winnipeg—with 50% of all 110 shootings and 30% of all 43 homicides that year being gang related. By December that year, 86% of the homicide cases had been solved. Among the victims were more than 93 young Indigenous people (male and female) between the ages of 17 and 25 years old.[41][42]

In 2021, the city nearly tied their homicide record with 43 homicides being reported in the year, along with and a record 186 fatal & non-fatal shootings throughout the city (a shooting rate of 24.8 shootings per 100,000 residents, higher than any other major city in Canada).[43][44]

2022 was the deadliest year in the city's history with a record 54 homicides being reported, a 25.5% increase from the year before, giving the city a homicide rate of 7.2 per 100,000 residents, a rate which is comparable to modern-day Los Angeles, and the second highest homicide rate of all major cities in Canada, after Thunder Bay (13.7 per 100,000).[45][46][47]

2023 saw a decrease in homicides with 46 being reported in the year, a 13.2% decrease from the year before, giving the city a homicide rate of around 6.1 per 100,000 people.[48]

Violent crime, 2018–20[38]
Offence 2020 2019 2018 Total 2018–20 3-year average
Common assault 3,152 2,990 3,124 9,266 3,089
Assault with weapon or causing bodily harm 2,112 1,807 1,948 5,867 1,956
Robbery 1,877 2,078 2,173 6,128 2,043
Uttering threats 1,051 1,104 991 3,146 1,049
Sexual assault (incl. aggravated)[iv] 582 606 697 1,885 628
Assault against peace office 372 367 356 1,095 365
Aggravated assault 182 182 175 539 180
Other sexual offences 165 149 177 491 164
Firearms offences

(use, discharge, point)

72 88 40 200 67
Homicide 44 45 18 107 36
Attempted murder 11 20 14 45 15
Sexual assault with a weapon 22 19 13 54 18
Other assaults 17 4 6 27 9
Total 9,659 9,459 9,732 28,850 740
Note: This is not a total of all violent crimes in Winnipeg, as some offences have been excluded.[iii]

Property and nonviolent crime

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This graph shows the trends for Winnipeg's property crime, from 1991 to 2012

Drug-related offences in Canada are administered by the federal Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA).[55] Criminal traffic violations are facilitated via the Criminal Code.[56]

In 2019, in addition to a significant spike in homicides, violence, and child pornography, Winnipeg dealt with rising violent property crimes, exacerbated by a meth crisis.[4] Contributing to that change was an increase in fraud, theft of $5,000 or under, and breaking & entering.[5]

Property and nonviolent crime, 2020[vi][28]
Property crime[57]
Offence 2020 2019 2018
Theft ($5,000 or under) 17,205 20,684 16,084
Mischief 13,911 13,496 12,852
Breaking & Entering 5,409 6,276 5,641
Fraud 3,050 2,509 2,210
Motor Vehicle Theft 2,905 3,240 2,641
Possession of Stolen Property 599 715 633
Arson 354 282 398
Theft (over $5000) 216 245 265
Total 43,649 47,447 40,724
Criminal traffic offences[56]
Offence 2020 2019 2018
Impaired Operation 308 380 443
Dangerous Operation 364 276 317
Total 672 656 760
Drug offences (CDSA)[55]
Offence 2020 2019 2018
Trafficking, Production, Distribution, Import, Export 416 294 349
Possession 226 208 321
Cannabis trafficking or production[28] 39 — —
Cocaine trafficking or production[28] 171 — —
Total 852 502 670
Other crimes[58]
Offence 2020 2019 2018
Cybercrime[59] — 1,040[vii] 556
Hate Crime[60] — 41[viii] 29
Administration of Justice violation 4,196 3,854 4,454
Offensive Weapons 882 849 762
Counterfeit Money

(making, possessing, uttering)

623 152 82
Other Criminal Code Violations 218 247 303
Disturb the Peace 37 54 33
Child Pornography 30 24 35
Prostitution 1 — 4
Total 5,987 6,261 6,258

Crime severity index

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From 2018 to 2019, the Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area had the largest Violent Crime Severity Index (VCSI) increase (22) in the number of homicides in Canada overall.[5] In 2019, Winnipeg also dealt with rising violent property crimes. Driving that change was an increase in homicide, fraud, shoplifting of $5,000 or under, as well as breaking and entering, and child pornography.[5]

Winnipeg ranked #13 out of 237 on Canada's VCSI in 2019, with a rating of 173 (the national average was 82.44). Its overall Crime Severity Index (CSI) rating came to 125, against the national average of 75.01.[28] With an increase of 12% from the previous year, Winnipeg therefore saw the third largest increase in the 2019 CSI, tied with Thunder Bay, Ontario, but behind Victoria (20%) and Kelowna (13%), BC.[5]

Among municipalities of Manitoba, Winnipeg still fell behind Thompson at #1 (CSI: 366; VCSI: 570), Portage la Prairie at #3 (CSI: 263; VCSI: 316), and Selkirk at #7 (CSI: 193; VCSI: 231).[5]

Crime severity index[61]
Index 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Crime severity index 90.35 103.45 108.58 119.81 131.71
Violent crime severity index 125.98 145.38 155.29 162.40 173.96
Non-violent crime severity index 77.20 88.13 91.53 104.21 116.20
Youth crime, 2020[28]
Crime Actual incidents Rate

(incidents per 100,000)

National average
Youth Criminal Justice Act offences 152 20.17 13.01
CSI comparison, 2003–17[62]
Crime Severity Index
City 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Winnipeg 165.49 170.83 163.93 166.09 150.73 125.82 137.52 117.65 103.55 98.23 83.84 81.12 89.64 102.37 106.93
Regina 221.85 229.09 205.96 196.57 187.00 164.61 143.67 133.18 124.12 117.36 106.05 103.08 109.73 125.76 111.89
Saskatoon 219.50 190.69 183.29 165.24 158.14 138.85 133.48 128.62 114.76 107.26 99.74 110.10 112.82 116.40 114.98
Calgary 102.98 98.55 97.01 96.29 91.80 84.92 80.78 76.39 65.34 61.15 60.99 60.67 79.11 77.47 81.76
Edmonton 141.52 144.32 141.01 129.75 128.64 122.69 114.74 101.81 87.02 84.49 85.41 87.90 102.58 106.51 112.34
Non-violent[vi] Crime Severity Index
City 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Winnipeg 162.66 167.89 154.67 157.17 139.04 110.79 116.86 98.49 81.63 79.72 70.05 68.08 76.59 87.21 89.92
Regina 232.24 244.95 213.78 192.01 188.71 161.97 138.91 125.99 124.86 119.56 105.06 102.74 109.91 125.01 114.27
Saskatoon 216.29 195.30 176.87 149.93 138.76 128.59 124.76 117.94 108.83 100.02 95.59 105.42 112.39 118.27 117.24
Calgary 106.97 102.59 97.88 96.86 90.88 83.11 77.87 74.69 63.49 60.82 60.24 59.32 81.20 82.10 84.52
Edmonton 147.60 154.35 148.34 135.11 128.90 119.52 113.47 99.71 80.42 80.17 83.18 85.44 101.45 107.83 113.99
Violent Crime Severity Index
City 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Winnipeg 172.86 178.47 188.03 189.27 181.16 164.92 191.24 167.48 163.23 148.53 121.26 116.50 124.99 143.86 153.53
Regina 194.82 187.86 185.63 208.41 182.55 171.47 156.03 151.86 121.38 110.63 108.16 103.41 108.59 127.01 104.54
Saskatoon 227.84 178.68 199.98 205.05 208.54 165.52 156.16 156.39 130.39 126.54 110.57 122.34 113.35 110.44 107.93
Calgary 92.61 88.04 94.76 94.80 94.19 89.63 88.36 80.82 70.05 61.70 62.69 64.04 72.92 64.09 73.54
Edmonton 125.69 118.24 121.95 115.80 127.96 130.95 118.04 107.26 104.67 95.88 91.05 94.18 105.09 102.13 106.99

Concentration of crime

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The red area is the geographic location of the cluster of 20 neighbourhoods in Winnipeg with the highest robbery rates

Despite high overall violent crime rates compared to other Canadian cities, crime in Winnipeg is very concentrated. For example, 80 of 234 neighbourhoods had not one robbery in 2012,[63] and 32 others only had one robbery. However, there were 20 neighbourhoods (about 10% of neighbourhoods) that had higher robbery rates than the highest robbery rate in Toronto (Bay Street Corridor; 640 per 100,000 residents),[64][65] such as Lord Selkirk Park with a rate of 4,395.6.,[66] or South Portage at 4,139.8.[citation needed]

The 20 neighbourhoods in Winnipeg with the highest robbery rates, all have boundaries that connect to each other, with a cumulative population of 54,255 in 2006:[67] South Point Douglas, Logan – C.P.R., Lord Selkirk Park, South Portage, Portage – Ellice, Dufferin Industrial, Spence, Central Park, St. John's Park, William Whyte, West Alexander, North Point Douglas, Centennial, Colony, Chinatown, Dufferin, Daniel Mcintyre, St. John's, Portage & Main, and West Broadway[30][63][ix] In 2012, with 918 robberies (1692.9 per capita),[30] this geographical cluster is where the majority of violent crime happened in Winnipeg. 918 of the 1,812 (50.7%) robberies in the city occurred in this area, where only 8.7% of the cities total population lives.[63][67] From 2009 to 2013, 95 of the 145 (65.5%) homicides in Winnipeg occurred in this smaller portion of the city,[68] creating an average homicide rate of 35.0 per 100,000 residents, peaking at 57.1 in 2011. If one were subtract these areas from the city, the homicide rate average in Winnipeg would substantially lower at 1.8 per 100,000 people, and the robbery rate in the city is over 1,000% lower at 156.7.

The two highest rankings are South Point Douglas (11,304.3) and Logan-C.P.R. (6,333.3) but both have lower populations under 1,000 residents. Lord Selkirk Park and South Portage compare to some of the most dangerous neighbourhoods in the US,[69] however no ranking is 100% certain as Canada and the USA have different classifications for crimes, (robbery is one though that both countries use the same), and there are also no recorded assault rates for Winnipeg neighbourhoods.

Crime in Winnipeg by neighborhood,[v] 2011[30][70]
Neighborhood Population (2006) Robberies Rate Auto Thefts Rate Burglaries (Break and Enter) Rate
South Point Douglas 230 26 11304.3 9 3913 57 24782.6
Logan – C.P.R. 300 19 6333.3 6 2000 16 5333.3
Polo Park 285 15 5263.2 14 4912.3 9 3157.9
Lord Selkirk Park 1365 60 4395.6 22 1611.7 20 1465.2
South Portage 1860 77 4139.8 31 1666.7 61 3279.6
Portage – Ellice 1105 43 3891.4 10 905 12 1086
Exchange District 420 14 3333.3 11 2619 25 5952.4
Dufferin Industrial 125 3 2400 4 3200 8 6400
Spence 4260 90 2112.7 23 539.9 68 1596.2
Central Park 3555 72 2025.3 20 562.6 19 534.5
Kensington 255 5 1960.8 1 392.2 1 392.2
St. John's Park 575 11 1913 9 1565.2 7 1217.4
William Whyte 6220 117 1881 59 948.6 158 2540.2
West Alexander 4000 70 1750 54 1350 63 1575
North Point Douglas 2225 38 1707.9 33 1483.1 76 3415.7
Centennial 2225 36 1618 14 629.2 46 2067.4
Colony 715 10 1398.6 9 1258.7 24 3356.6
China Town 605 7 1157 0 0 0 0
Dufferin 2090 24 1148.3 19 909.1 58 2775.1
Daniel Mcintyre 9750 93 953.8 49 502.6 122 1251.3
St. John's 7725 67 867.3 86 1113.3 112 1449.8
West Broadway 5325 45 845.1 32 600.9 87 1633.8
Burrows Central 4805 36 749.2 49 1019.8 74 1540.1
Brooklands 2255 16 709.5 20 886.9 28 1241.7
River – Osborne 4880 34 696.7 16 327.9 56 1147.5
Mission Industrial 150 1 666.7 5 3333.3 13 8666.7
St. Matthews 5795 33 569.5 29 500.4 83 1432.3
Talbot – Grey 2295 12 522.9 9 392.2 12 522.9
Lavalee 1345 7 520.4 6 446.1 7 520.4
Varennes 1170 6 512.8 1 85.5 7 598.3
Airport 205 1 487.8 2 975.6 0 0
Broadway – Assiniboine 5080 24 472.4 14 275.6 26 511.8
Mcmillan 3420 14 409.4 15 438.6 33 964.9
Leila North 750 3 400 2 266.7 4 533.3
West Wolseley 260 1 384.6 3 1153.8 3 1153.8
Chalmers 9475 36 379.9 75 791.6 114 1203.2
Burrows – Keewatin 2760 10 362.3 14 507.2 28 1014.5
Fairfield Park 295 1 339 1 339 11 3728.8
Central St. Boniface 6215 21 337.9 19 305.7 52 836.7
St. Norbert 1290 4 310.1 0 0 5 387.6
Weston 5810 18 309.8 42 722.9 77 1325.3
Shaughnessy Park 2285 7 306.3 14 612.7 39 1706.8
Riverview 4350 13 298.9 15 344.8 32 735.6
Garden City 5760 17 295.1 25 434 38 659.7
North St. Boniface 1775 5 281.7 9 507 22 1239.4
King Edward 5340 15 280.9 28 524.3 57 1067.4
Glendale 1070 3 280.4 4 373.8 3 280.4
Armstrong Point 360 1 277.8 1 277.8 4 1111.1
Rivergrove 1095 3 274 4 365.3 18 1643.8
Glenelm 2195 6 273.3 10 455.6 34 1549
Earl Grey 4410 12 272.1 13 294.8 45 1020.4
Victoria West 2600 7 269.2 12 461.5 21 807.7
Crestview 8855 22 248.4 28 316.2 33 372.7
Worthington 5425 13 239.6 9 165.9 22 405.5
Melrose 1275 3 235.3 7 549 7 549
Munroe West 3020 7 231.8 21 695.4 34 1125.8
Dufresne 435 1 229.9 6 1379.3 2 459.8
Agassiz 435 1 229.9 0 0 0 0
Norwood East 4125 9 218.2 13 315.2 60 1454.5
Roslyn 4145 9 217.1 5 120.6 13 313.6
Vialoux 950 2 210.5 2 210.5 2 210.5
Rossmere – B 3885 8 205.9 8 205.9 44 1132.6
Leila – Mcphillips Triangle 3040 6 197.4 10 328.9 16 526.3
Inkster – Faraday 4135 8 193.5 39 943.2 39 943.2
Robertson 4205 8 190.2 20 475.6 62 1474.4
Grant Park 2700 5 185.2 8 296.3 21 777.8
Wolseley 7610 14 184 30 394.2 82 1077.5
Elm Park 1710 3 175.4 0 0 13 760.2
Rossmere – A 13350 22 164.8 41 307.1 78 584.3
Lord Roberts 4955 8 161.5 17 343.1 32 645.8
Kingston Crescent 620 1 161.3 1 161.3 0 0
East Elmwood 3110 5 160.8 11 353.7 21 675.2
Sargent Park 5845 9 154 30 513.3 69 1180.5
Pulberry 4560 7 153.5 6 131.6 17 372.8
Montcalm 4620 7 151.5 6 129.9 10 216.5
Minto 5360 8 149.3 20 373.1 75 1399.3
Fort Richmond 11610 17 146.4 23 198.1 34 292.9
The Maples 13335 19 142.5 47 352.5 61 457.4
Edgeland 1420 2 140.8 0 0 6 422.5
Margaret Park 2155 3 139.2 16 742.5 7 324.8
Niakwa Park 745 1 134.2 1 134.2 0 0
Jefferson 8280 10 120.8 54 652.2 54 652.2
Rockwood 4205 5 118.9 6 142.7 55 1308
Silver Heights 5100 6 117.6 8 156.9 20 392.2
Varsity View 2600 3 115.4 4 153.8 3 115.4
Heritage Park 5500 6 109.1 19 345.5 30 545.5
Pembina Strip 2815 3 106.6 6 213.1 8 284.2
Munroe East 8460 9 106.4 22 260 28 331
Deer Lodge 3785 4 105.7 9 237.8 30 792.6
Westdale 4770 5 104.8 16 335.4 21 440.3
Seven Oaks 2870 3 104.5 31 1080.1 22 766.6
Point Road 1945 2 102.8 2 102.8 10 514.1
Templeton – Sinclair 5160 5 96.9 23 445.7 22 426.4
Bruce Park 2165 2 92.4 2 92.4 14 646.7
Minnetonka 4340 4 92.2 4 92.2 26 599.1
Southdale 6710 6 89.4 9 134.1 20 298.1
Tyndall Park 12775 11 86.1 37 289.6 72 563.6
Richmond West 8195 7 85.4 14 170.8 12 146.4
Valley Gardens 8250 7 84.8 19 230.3 36 436.4
Beaumont 2360 2 84.7 3 127.1 8 339
Windsor Park 9665 8 82.8 22 227.6 34 351.8
Kildonan Drive 4855 4 82.4 5 103 33 679.7
Glenwood 3650 3 82.2 9 246.6 34 931.5
Luxton 2565 2 78 10 389.9 10 389.9
Mynarski 1350 1 74.1 3 222.2 9 666.7
Crescentwood 2705 2 73.9 6 221.8 25 924.2
River East 8350 6 71.9 12 143.7 46 550.9
Westwood 7120 5 70.2 6 84.3 29 407.3
Wellington Crescent 1605 1 62.3 2 124.6 16 996.9
Sturgeon Creek 3215 2 62.2 4 124.4 18 559.9
St. Vital Perimeter South 1680 1 59.5 3 178.6 8 476.2
Mandalay West 5085 3 59 10 196.7 35 688.3
Alpine Place 3515 2 56.9 7 199.1 3 85.3
River Park South 10820 6 55.5 10 92.4 40 369.7
North River Heights 5660 3 53 4 70.7 65 1148.4
Dakota Crossing 10265 5 48.7 9 87.7 35 341
Betsworth 4220 2 47.4 4 94.8 10 237
Amber Trails 2135 1 46.8 8 374.7 31 1452
Maybank 2335 1 42.8 4 171.3 6 257
Riverbend 4715 2 42.4 6 127.3 17 360.6
Crescent Park 2520 1 39.7 2 79.4 6 238.1
Eric Coy 2540 1 39.4 2 78.7 9 354.3
Meadows 5165 2 38.7 6 116.2 8 154.9
Mathers 2605 1 38.4 9 345.5 12 460.7
Buchanan 2820 1 35.5 9 319.1 8 283.7
Valhalla 2905 1 34.4 1 34.4 6 206.5
Meadowood 5970 2 33.5 18 301.5 26 435.5
Norwood West 3055 1 32.7 12 392.8 16 523.7
Central River Heights 3145 1 31.8 8 254.4 49 1558
Inkster Gardens 3175 1 31.5 9 283.5 15 472.4
Radisson 3355 1 29.8 4 119.2 9 268.3
Island Lakes 6750 2 29.6 3 44.4 14 207.4
Whyte Ridge 7565 2 26.4 4 52.9 13 171.8
Elmhurst 4705 1 21.3 2 42.5 13 276.3
Waverley Heights 5195 1 19.2 10 192.5 19 365.7
Canterbury Park 5410 1 18.5 9 166.4 29 536
Booth 5485 1 18.2 10 182.3 22 401.1
Linden Woods 9550 1 10.5 3 31.4 21 219.9
Tissot 135 0 0 2 1481.5 3 2222.2
Holden 145 0 0 2 1379.3 1 689.7
Ridgewood South 170 0 0 2 1176.5 0 0
Rosser – Old Kildonan 220 0 0 2 909.1 6 2727.3
Stock Yards 415 0 0 3 722.9 3 722.9
Archwood 780 0 0 4 512.8 4 512.8
Maginot 1585 0 0 8 504.7 6 378.5
Wilkes South 595 0 0 3 504.2 3 504.2
Wildwood 1095 0 0 5 456.6 4 365.3
Ebby – Wentworth 720 0 0 3 416.7 15 2083.3
Birchwood 1890 0 0 6 317.5 5 264.6
Peguis 320 0 0 1 312.5 2 625
J.B. Mitchell 2095 0 0 6 286.4 17 811.5
Transcona South 720 0 0 2 277.8 2 277.8
Mission Gardens 3590 0 0 9 250.7 28 779.9
St. George 2530 0 0 6 237.2 31 1225.3
Grassie 2165 0 0 5 230.9 21 970
Kern Park 1735 0 0 4 230.5 8 461.1
Sir John Franklin 2320 0 0 5 215.5 38 1637.9
Springfield North 5245 0 0 11 209.7 22 419.4
Eaglemere 1460 0 0 3 205.5 2 137
Springfield South 1555 0 0 3 192.9 3 192.9
Linden Ridge 1080 0 0 2 185.2 4 370.4
Parc La Salle 2165 0 0 4 184.8 9 415.7
Kirkfield 2770 0 0 5 180.5 15 541.5
Norberry 1295 0 0 2 154.4 11 849.4
Kildare – Redonda 6490 0 0 9 138.7 28 431.4
Marlton 775 0 0 1 129 3 387.1
Old Tuxedo 860 0 0 1 116.3 12 1395.3
South Tuxedo 3790 0 0 4 105.5 15 395.8
Niakwa Place 2385 0 0 2 83.9 7 293.5
South River Heights 2585 0 0 2 77.4 13 502.9
Vista 1385 0 0 1 72.2 4 288.8
Royalwood 2840 0 0 2 70.4 8 281.7
River West Park 1445 0 0 1 69.2 2 138.4
Southboine 1505 0 0 1 66.4 2 132.9
Richmond Lakes 1790 0 0 1 55.9 1 55.9
Tuxedo 2415 0 0 1 41.4 12 496.9
Brockville 705 0 0 0 0 8 1134.8
Cloutier Drive 205 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jameswood 1250 0 0 0 0 2 160
Kil-Cona Park 360 0 0 0 0 3 833.3
Normand Park 700 0 0 0 0 3 428.6
Ridgedale 840 0 0 0 0 4 476.2
Roblin Park 980 0 0 0 0 0 0
Southland Park 1235 0 0 0 0 5 404.9
Victoria Crescent 615 0 0 0 0 1 162.6
Woodhaven 885 0 0 0 0 2 226
Assiniboia Downs N/A 0 3 1
Assiniboine Park N/A 0 1 2
Bridgewater Centre N/A 0 0 0
Bridgewater Forest N/A 0 5 10
Bridgewater Lakes N/A 0 0 11
Bridgewater Trails N/A 0 0 0
Buffalo N/A 0 2 3
Chevrier N/A 0 4 6
Civic Centre N/A 3 2 14
Dugald N/A 0 1 4
Griffin N/A 0 1 1
Inkster Industrial Park N/A 5 11 15
Kildonan Crossing N/A 4 1 0
Kildonan Park N/A 0 0 0
La Barriere N/A 0 0 0
Maple Grove Park N/A 0 0 0
McCleod Industrial N/A 1 4 4
Murray Industrial Park N/A 0 0 0
North Inkster Industrial N/A 0 3 4
North Transcona Yards N/A 0 1 1
Oak Point Highway N/A 0 9 13
Omand's Creek Industrial N/A 0 5 6
Pacific Industrial N/A 4 3 6
Parker N/A 0 0 2
Perrault N/A 0 0 1
Portage and Main N/A 10 1 3
Regent N/A 16 19 17
Sage Creek N/A 1 2 15
Saskatchewan North N/A 0 0 0
South Pointe N/A 0 1 6
St. Boniface Industrial Park N/A 0 5 2
St. James Industrial N/A 17 41 27
St. Vital Centre N/A 4 8 3
Symington Yards N/A 0 1 5
The Forks N/A 10 6 4
The Mint N/A 0 0 0
Transcona North N/A 0 0 0
Transcona Yards N/A 2 0 10
Trappistes N/A 1 0 0
Turnbull Drive N/A 0 0 0
Tyne-Tees N/A 3 3 17
University N/A 0 1 3
Waverly West B N/A 0 0 0
Waverly West D N/A 0 0 0
West Fort Garry Industrial N/A 0 7 5
West Kildonan Industrial N/A 1 0 0
West Perimeter N/A 0 0 0
Weston Shops N/A 1 4 6

Crime by neighborhood (2017–2021)

edit

The table below shows the crime rates of various crimes of each population area of Winnipeg. The crime data spans 5 years from the year 2017 to the year 2021. The rates are crimes per 100,000 residents per year. For more narrow and specific data, there are two more tables below that show the crime rates for each individual neighborhood.

Crime Rates per 100,000 people in Winnipeg Areas, 2017–2021[71]
Area Pop.[72] Homicide Rate [a] Robbery Rate Agr. Aslt. [b] Rate Cmn. Aslt [c] Rate Utt. Threat [d] Rate Property Rate
North End 12,060 44 73.0 1,217 2,018.2 1,800 2,985.1 1,993 3,305.1 511 847.4 9,427 15,633.5
Central 11,625 29 49.9 1,052 1,809.9 1,803 3,101.9 2,639 4,540.2 518 891.2 11,986 20,621.1
West Central 20,905 33 31.6 1,251 1,196.8 1,538 1,471.4 2,043 1,954.6 366 350.2 12,928 12,368.3
South West End 13,185 13 19.7 295 447.5 355 538.5 688 1,043.6 153 232.1 6,928 10,508.9
St. John's 11,435 11 19.2 446 780.1 592 1,035.4 853 1,491.9 194 339.3 5,227 9,142.1
Downtown 8,995 8 17.8 732 1,627.6 812 1,805.4 1,824 4,055.6 358 796.0 12,379 27,524.2
Osborne-Corydon 12,745 8 12.6 221 346.8 212 332.7 395 619.9 99 155.4 5,715 8,968.2
East Inkster 7,660 4 10.4 95 248.0 155 404.7 290 757.2 62 161.9 2,352 6,141.0
Burrows 14,930 4 5.4 291 389.8 243 325.5 372 498.3 113 151.4 4,667 6,251.8
Elmwood 20,570 5 4.9 351 341.3 439 426.8 830 807.0 239 232.4 7,532 7,323.3
Weston 9,055 2 4.4 271 598.6 361 797.3 533 1,177.3 116 256.2 4,219 9,318.6
Fort Rouge East 9,235 2 4.3 74 160.3 76 164.6 178 385.5 58 125.6 2,253 4,879.3
Kirkfield Park 10,920 2 3.7 37 67.8 44 80.6 127 232.6 44 80.6 1,555 2,848.0
West Inkster 17,145 3 3.5 97 113.2 71 82.8 165 192.5 53 61.8 3,808 4,442.1
Fort Garry 13,635 2 2.9 111 162.8 193 283.1 290 425.4 81 118.8 4,410 6,468.6
Fort Rouge West 14,740 2 2.7 164 222.5 128 173.7 234 317.5 91 123.5 6,077 8,245.6
North Main 7,885 1 2.5 5 12.7 11 27.9 20 50.7 9 22.8 231 585.9
North Kildonan 16,735 2 2.4 55 65.7 68 81.3 147 175.7 59 70.5 2,101 2,510.9
Old Kildonan 34,010 4 2.4 219 128.8 223 131.1 533 313.4 187 110.0 6,403 3,765.4
Fort Richmond 17,395 2 2.3 161 185.1 149 171.3 352 404.7 107 123.0 3,067 3,526.3
South St. Vital 11,410 1 1.8 129 226.1 81 142.0 206 361.1 71 124.5 3,183 5,579.3
Sargant-Minto 11,900 1 1.7 118 198.3 104 174.8 233 391.6 72 121.0 4,916 8,262.2
East St. James 12,110 1 1.7 143 236.2 97 160.2 273 450.9 69 114.0 3,076 5,080.1
East St. Boniface 13,015 1 1.5 54 83.0 66 101.4 180 276.6 49 75.3 1,929 2,964.3
East Seine 27,235 2 1.5 39 28.6 52 38.2 114 83.7 54 39.7 2,692 1,976.9
Waverly West 28,865 2 1.4 90 62.4 108 74.8 192 133.0 89 61.7 4,229 2,930.2
West St. James 15,055 1 1.3 56 74.4 104 138.2 255 338.8 72 95.6 2,718 3,610.8
Suburban Kildonan 16,605 1 1.2 71 85.5 106 127.7 195 234.9 72 86.7 2,747 3,308.6
Assiniboia 20,150 1 1.0 187 185.6 127 126.1 348 345.4 117 116.1 3,950 3,920.6
Charleswood 24,990 1 0.8 53 42.4 104 83.2 237 189.7 84 67.2 2,677 2,142.5
North St. Vital 27,170 1 0.7 194 142.8 212 156.1 485 357.0 112 82.4 6,159 4,533.7
East Kildonan 30,710 1 0.7 267 173.9 322 209.7 592 385.5 202 131.6 5,774 3,760.3
River Heights 20,650 0 0.0 63 61.0 50 48.4 163 157.9 30 29.1 6,569 6,362.2
Tuxedo 7,855 0 0.0 43 109.5 45 114.6 200 509.2 66 168.0 1,498 3,814.1
Fort Whyte 20,045 0 0.0 41 40.9 23 22.9 73 72.8 49 48.9 2,680 2,674.0
Transcona 35,545 0 0.0 268 150.8 229 128.9 562 316.2 186 104.7 8,605 4,841.7
St. Norbert 5,530 0 0.0 9 32.5 23 83.2 60 217.0 17 61.5 663 2,397.8
Dakota 27,205 0 0.0 32 23.5 27 19.8 111 81.6 49 36.0 2,102 1,545.3
Garden City 12,265 0 0.0 145 236.4 66 107.6 208 339.2 73 119.0 4,205 6,856.9
West Kildonan 14,195 0 0.0 131 184.6 189 266.3 535 753.8 115 162.0 3,477 4,898.9
Dugald 1,520 0 0.0 7 92.1 6 78.9 23 302.6 10 131.6 312 4,105.3
St. Boniface 16,395 0 0.0 266 324.5 233 284.2 494 602.6 150 183.0 7,761 9,467.5
Winnipeg 727,426 [73][e] 189 5.2 9,958 273.8 11,797 324.3 20,895 574.5 5,368 147.6 206,527 5,678.3

The table below features all of the majorly residential neighborhoods of Winnipeg. It excludes neighborhoods that are majorly or entirely commercial, like Polo Park, Regent, Kildonan Crossing and the vast majority of Downtown. It also excludes neighborhoods that are majorly or entirely industrial, like St. James Industrial, Tuxedo Industrials and South Point Douglas. Finally, it also excludes neighborhoods that are majorly or entirely parks, like Kildonan Park and Assiniboine Park, though just because a neighborhood has "park" in its name does not mean the neighborhood is actually majorly a park in the same sense that just because a neighborhood has "lake" (i.e.: Island Lakes) in its name or "forest" (i.e.: Bridgewater Forest) in its name does not actually mean it's majorly a lake or a forest.

Some neighborhoods here are marked as being residential-commercial (res./com.), and this refers to the fact that some residential neighborhoods also have a large commercial or industrial area forming part of them. The consequence of this is that they will have somewhat inflated crime rates compared to typical residential neighborhoods because commercial and industrial zones are non-residential and thus these non-residential establishments can also be victims to crimes like robbery and theft, so essentially is extra crime occurring in non-residential areas of the neighborhoods that don't necessarily have any effect on the residential parts.

Crime Rates per 100,000 people in Winnipeg Residential Neighborhoods, 2017–2021[71]
Type Area Neighborhood Pop.[72] Homicide Rate [a] Robbery Rate Agr. Aslt. [b] Rate Cmn. Aslt [c] Rate Utt. Threat [d] Rate Property Rate
Residential Burrows Burrows Central 5,415 4 14.8 167 616.8 118 435.8 198 731.3 38 140.4 1,900 7,017.5
Residential North End Dufferin 2,255 7 62.1 134 1,188.5 245 2,172.9 303 2,687.4 69 612.0 1,469 13,028.8
Residential Burrows Inkster-Faraday 4,545 0 0.0 82 360.8 96 422.4 129 567.7 54 237.6 1,556 6,847.1
Residential North End Lord Selkirk Park 1,520 5 65.8 310 4,078.9 340 4,473.7 329 4,328.9 86 1,131.6 1,399 18,407.9
Residential St. John's Luxton 2,575 0 0.0 45 349.5 36 279.6 63 489.3 20 155.3 749 5,817.5
Residential North End North Point Douglas 2,025 4 39.5 145 1,432.1 270 2,666.7 322 3,180.2 80 790.1 1,913 18,893.8
Residential Burrows Robertson 4,970 0 0.0 42 169.0 29 116.7 45 181.1 21 84.5 1,211 4,873.2
Residential St. John's St. John's 8,330 11 26.4 347 833.1 517 1,241.3 721 1,731.1 157 377.0 4,028 9,671.1
Residential St. John's St. John's Park 530 0 0.0 54 2,037.7 39 1,471.7 69 2,603.8 17 641.5 450 16,981.1
Residential North End William Whyte 6,260 28 89.5 610 1,948.9 932 2,977.6 1,029 3,287.5 272 869.0 4,333 13,843.5
Residential Central Centennial 2,830 10 70.7 169 1,194.3 435 3,074.2 517 3,653.7 88 621.9 2,109 14,904.6
Residential Central Central Park 3,775 2 10.6 278 1,472.8 412 2,182.8 537 2,845.0 110 582.8 2,678 14,188.1
Residential Central West Alexander 3,970 3 15.1 393 1,979.8 541 2,725.4 844 4,251.9 154 775.8 4,653 23,440.8
Residential Downtown Broadway-Assiniboine 5,270 1 3.8 85 322.6 106 402.3 224 850.1 36 136.6 2,024 7,681.2
Residential South West End Armstrong Point 370 1 54.1 3 162.2 0 0.0 8 432.4 1 54.1 138 7,459.5
Residential West Central Colony 645 1 31.0 62 1,922.5 63 1,953.5 143 4,434.1 23 713.2 1,072 33,240.3
Residential West Central Daniel McIntyre 10,075 14 27.8 584 1,159.3 637 1,264.5 790 1,568.2 125 248.1 4,436 8,806.0
Residential Sargent-Minto Minto 5,720 0 0.0 70 244.8 52 181.8 112 391.6 37 129.4 2,469 8,632.9
Residential Sargent-Minto Sargent Park 6,180 1 3.2 48 155.3 52 168.3 121 391.6 35 113.3 2,447 7,919.1
Residential West Central Spence 4,415 12 54.4 333 1,508.5 562 2,545.9 686 3,107.6 106 480.2 3,394 15,374.9
Residential West Central St. Matthews 5,770 6 20.8 272 942.8 276 956.7 424 1,469.7 112 388.2 4,026 13,954.9
Residential South West End West Broadway 5,010 4 16.0 214 854.3 282 1,125.7 492 1,964.1 100 399.2 3,807 15,197.6
Residential South West End Wolseley 7,805 8 20.5 78 199.9 73 187.1 188 481.7 52 133.2 2,983 7,643.8
Residential Fort Rouge East Lord Roberts 4,965 1 4.0 33 132.9 56 225.6 126 507.6 38 153.1 1,308 5,268.9
Residential Fort Rouge East Riverview 4,270 1 4.7 41 192.0 20 93.7 52 243.6 20 93.7 945 4,426.2
Residential Fort Rouge West Crescentwood 2,715 0 0.0 16 117.9 17 125.2 32 235.7 16 117.9 1,312 9,664.8
Residential Fort Rouge West Early Grey 4,260 1 4.7 48 225.4 69 323.9 105 493.0 23 108.0 1,654 7,765.3
Residential Fort Rouge West Ebby-Wentworth 795 0 0.0 23 578.6 6 150.9 19 478.0 10 251.6 469 11,798.7
Res./Com. Fort Rouge West Grant Park 2,725 1 7.3 57 418.3 20 146.8 54 396.3 34 249.5 1,448 10,627.5
Residential Fort Rouge West Rockwood 4,245 0 0.0 20 94.2 16 75.4 24 113.1 8 37.7 1,194 5,625.4
Residential Osborne-Corydon McMillan 3,445 1 5.8 34 197.4 71 412.2 105 609.6 31 180.0 1,779 10,328.0
Res./Com. Osborne-Corydon River-Osborne 4,750 7 29.5 97 408.4 122 513.7 235 989.5 55 231.6 2,342 9,861.1
Residential Osborne-Corydon Roslyn 4,550 0 0.0 90 395.6 19 83.5 55 241.8 13 57.1 1,594 7,006.6
Residential River Heights Central River Heights 3,340 0 0.0 5 29.9 5 29.9 22 131.7 2 12.0 927 5,550.9
Residential River Heights J.B. Mitchell 2,270 0 0.0 13 114.5 3 26.4 15 132.2 2 17.6 534 4,704.8
Residential River Heights Mathers 2,680 0 0.0 4 29.9 5 37.3 14 104.5 1 7.5 475 3,544.8
Residential River Heights North River Heights 5,615 0 0.0 10 35.6 3 10.7 18 64.1 9 32.1 1,818 6,475.5
Residential River Heights Sir John Franklin 2,425 0 0.0 3 24.7 10 82.5 41 338.1 5 41.2 774 6,383.5
Residential River Heights South River Heights 2,665 0 0.0 0 0.0 17 127.6 26 195.1 8 60.0 1,171 8,788.0
Residential River Heights Wellington Crescent 1,655 0 0.0 28 338.4 7 84.6 27 326.3 3 36.3 870 10,513.6
Residential Charleswood Betsworth 4,040 0 0.0 1 5.0 7 34.7 17 84.2 6 29.7 228 1,128.7
Residential Charleswood Elmhurst 4,400 0 0.0 5 22.7 5 22.7 24 109.1 7 31.8 474 2,154.5
Residential Charleswood Eric Coy 2,440 1 8.2 2 16.4 4 32.8 12 98.4 5 41.0 154 1,262.3
Residential Charleswood Marlton 635 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 189.0 1 31.5 70 2,204.7
Residential Charleswood Ridgedale 715 0 0.0 0.0 5 139.9 1 28.0 0 0.0 46 1,286.7
Residential Charleswood Ridgewood South 190 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 421.1 5 526.3 3 315.8 102 10,736.8
Residential Charleswood River West Park 1,480 0 0.0 2 27.0 3 40.5 8 108.1 9 121.6 109 1,473.0
Residential Charleswood Roblin Park 945 0 0.0 2 42.3 6 127.0 6 127.0 0 0.0 105 2,222.2
Residential Charleswood Southboine 1,360 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 14.7 11 161.8 4 58.8 113 1,661.8
Residential Charleswood Varsity View 2,685 0 0.0 2 14.9 12 89.4 12 89.4 7 52.1 277 2,063.3
Residential Charleswood Vialoux 950 0 0.0 6 126.3 23 484.2 42 884.2 19 400.0 177 3,726.3
Residential Charleswood Westdale 4,540 0 0.0 33 145.4 31 136.6 84 370.0 23 101.3 707 3,114.5
Residential Charleswood Wilkes South 610 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 98.4 9 295.1 0 0.0 115 3,770.5
Residential Tuxedo Edgeland 1,255 0 0.0 23 366.5 24 382.5 61 972.1 25 398.4 572 9,115.5
Residential Tuxedo Old Tuxedo 915 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 218.6 80 1,748.6 21 459.0 211 4,612.0
Residential Tuxedo South Tuxedo 3,440 0 0.0 4 23.3 2 11.6 12 69.8 4 23.3 340 1,976.7
Residential Tuxedo Tuxedo 2,245 0 0.0 13 115.8 7 62.4 39 347.4 14 124.7 277 2,467.7
Residential Elmwood Chalmers 9,655 4 8.3 204 422.6 251 519.9 462 957.0 122 252.7 3,408 7,059.6
Residential Elmwood East Elmwood 3,425 0 0.0 18 105.1 62 362.0 153 893.4 38 221.9 768 4,484.7
Residential Elmwood Glenelm 2,155 0 0.0 24 222.7 31 287.7 30 278.4 23 213.5 796 7,387.5
Residential Elmwood Munroe West 3,010 0 0.0 32 212.6 20 132.9 58 385.4 18 119.6 857 5,694.4
Residential Elmwood Talbot-Grey 2,325 0 0.0 27 232.3 56 481.7 72 619.4 18 154.8 640 5,505.4
Residential East Kildonan Kildonan Drive 4,695 0 0.0 42 178.9 21 89.5 48 204.5 34 144.8 929 3,957.4
Residential East Kildonan Munroe East 8,500 1 2.4 39 91.8 96 225.9 185 435.3 47 110.6 1,514 3,562.4
Residential East Kildonan Rossmere-A 13,330 0 0.0 163 244.6 190 285.1 316 474.1 105 157.5 2,720 4,081.0
Residential East Kildonan Rossmere-B 4,185 0 0.0 23 109.9 15 71.7 43 205.5 16 76.5 611 2,920.0
Residential North Kildonan River East 7,725 0 0.0 37 95.8 37 95.8 92 238.2 35 90.6 1,208 3,127.5
Residential North Kildonan Springfield North 5,820 0 0.0 12 41.2 22 75.6 32 110.0 15 51.5 513 1,762.9
Residential North Kildonan Valhalla 2,855 2 14.0 6 42.0 6 42.0 21 147.1 8 56.0 321 2,248.7
Residential Suburban Kildonan Eaglemere 1,560 0 0.0 6 76.9 4 51.3 20 256.4 8 102.6 206 2,641.0
Residential Suburban Kildonan Grassie 5,120 0 0.0 2 7.8 17 66.4 29 113.3 17 66.4 365 1,425.8
Residential Suburban Kildonan Springfield South 1,495 0 0.0 1 13.4 11 147.2 5 66.9 1 13.4 231 3,090.3
Residential Suburban Kildonan Valley Gardens 8,430 1 2.4 55 130.5 72 170.8 135 320.3 46 109.1 1,694 4,019.0
Residential Fort Whyte Linden Woods 9,700 0 0.0 24 49.5 7 14.4 27 55.7 21 43.3 1,207 2,488.7
Residential Fort Whyte Linden Ridge 1,655 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 12.1 3 36.3 7 84.6 188 2,271.9
Residential Fort Whyte Whyte Ridge 7,690 0 0.0 10 26.0 9 23.4 22 57.2 13 33.8 565 1,469.4
Residential Fort Whyte Brockville 1,000 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 80.0 7 140.0 3 60.0 208 4,160.0
Residential Fort Garry Beaumont 2,310 0 0.0 28 242.4 43 372.3 60 519.5 16 138.5 1,056 9,142.9
Residential Fort Garry Crescent Park 2,650 0 0.0 18 135.8 29 218.9 57 430.2 10 75.5 559 4,218.9
Residential Fort Garry Maybank 2,500 1 8.0 6 48.0 33 264.0 38 304.0 16 128.0 487 3,896.0
Res./Com. Fort Garry Pembina Strip 3,175 0 0.0 43 270.9 56 352.8 81 510.2 20 126.0 1,219 7,678.7
Residential Fort Garry Point Road 1,870 0 0.0 14 149.7 18 192.5 29 310.2 10 107.0 441 4,716.6
Residential Fort Garry Wildwood 1,130 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 88.5 7 123.9 4 70.8 131 2,318.6
Residential ~ Transcona South 645 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 31.0 6 186.0 0 0.0 70 2,170.5
Residential Transcona Canterbury Park 8,005 0 0.0 5 12.5 34 84.9 87 217.4 23 57.5 571 1,426.6
Residential Transcona Kern Park 1,775 0 0.0 4 45.1 7 78.9 28 315.5 4 45.1 246 2,771.8
Residential Transcona Kildare-Redonda 6,140 0 0.0 20 65.1 26 84.7 61 198.7 24 78.2 937 3,052.1
Residential Transcona Meadows 6,465 0 0.0 19 58.8 10 30.9 29 89.7 17 52.6 638 1,973.7
Residential Transcona Melrose 1,660 0 0.0 13 156.6 24 289.2 35 421.7 13 156.6 356 4,289.2
Residential Transcona Mission Gardens 4,530 0 0.0 12 53.0 29 128.0 69 304.6 23 101.5 488 2,154.5
Residential Transcona Peguis 950 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 252.6 30 631.6 11 231.6 549 11,557.9
Residential Transcona Radisson 3,315 0 0.0 1 6.0 5 30.2 20 120.7 6 36.2 371 2,238.3
Residential Transcona Victoria West 2,705 0 0.0 15 110.9 38 281.0 71 525.0 14 103.5 493 3,645.1
Residential St. Norbert Richmond Lakes 1,620 0 0.0 1 12.3 3 37.0 12 148.1 7 86.4 131 1,617.3
Residential St. Norbert St. Norbert 1,765 0 0.0 5 56.7 6 68.0 26 294.6 3 34.0 306 3,467.4
Residential St. Norbert Parc La Salle 2,145 0 0.0 3 28.0 14 130.5 22 205.1 7 65.3 226 2,107.2
Residential ~ St. Vital Permimeter South 1,820 0 0.0 1 11.0 5 54.9 14 153.8 5 54.9 225 2,472.5
Residential Dakota Dakota Crossing 12,105 0 0.0 15 24.8 8 13.2 34 56.2 15 24.8 1,018 1,681.9
Residential Dakota Normand Park 1,745 0 0.0 3 34.4 1 11.5 4 45.8 4 45.8 166 1,902.6
Residential Dakota River Park South 13,355 0 0.0 14 21.0 18 27.0 73 109.3 30 44.9 918 1,374.8
Residential North St. Vital Alpine Place 3,895 0 0.0 20 102.7 21 107.8 68 349.2 16 82.2 565 2,901.2
Residential North St. Vital Elm Park 1,715 0 0.0 15 174.9 12 139.9 25 291.5 13 151.6 369 4,303.2
Residential North St. Vital Glenwood 3,880 0 0.0 32 164.9 23 118.6 60 309.3 9 46.4 1,942 10,010.3
Residential North St. Vital Kingston Crescent 720 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Residential North St. Vital Lavalee 1,245 0 0.0 8 128.5 14 224.9 43 690.8 7 112.4 226 3,630.5
Residential North St. Vital Norberry 1,340 0 0.0 15 223.9 18 268.7 40 597.0 10 149.3 302 4,507.5
Residential North St. Vital Pulberry 4,705 0 0.0 23 97.8 25 106.3 54 229.5 14 59.5 612 2,601.5
Residential North St. Vital St. George 2,760 0 0.0 9 65.2 17 123.2 41 297.1 20 144.9 471 3,413.0
Residential North St. Vital Varennes 1,070 0 0.0 10 186.9 16 299.1 34 635.5 2 37.4 335 6,261.7
Residential North St. Vital Victoria Crescent 525 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 38.1 0 0.0 36 1,371.4
Residential North St. Vital Worthington 5,315 1 3.8 62 233.3 66 248.4 119 447.8 21 79.0 1,301 4,895.6
Residential South St. Vital Meadowood 5,685 1 3.5 35 123.1 46 161.8 94 330.7 26 91.5 1,344 4,728.2
Residential South St. Vital Minnetonka 4,285 0 0.0 16 74.7 13 60.7 41 191.4 15 70.0 569 2,655.8
Residential South St. Vital Vista 1,440 0 0.0 3 41.7 7 97.2 13 180.6 6 83.3 227 3,152.8
Residential Fort Richmond Agassiz 365 0 0.0 3 164.4 3 164.4 10 547.9 0 0.0 98 5,369.9
Residential Fort Richmond Cloutier Drive 320 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 125.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 24 1,500.0
Residential Fort Richmond Fort Richmond 11,770 2 3.4 72 122.3 84 142.7 198 336.4 52 88.4 1,644 2,793.5
Residential Fort Richmond Montcalm 4,940 0 0.0 86 348.2 60 242.9 144 583.0 55 222.7 1,301 5,267.2
Residential Waverly West Bridgewater Forest 4,520 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 26.5 22 97.3 9 39.8 401 1,774.3
Residential Waverly West Bridgewater Lakes 2,365 0 0.0 2 16.9 3 25.4 21 177.6 8 67.7 263 2,224.1
Residential Waverly West Bridgewater Trails 265 0 0.0 1 75.5 2 150.9 10 754.7 9 679.2 199 15,018.9
Residential Waverly West Fairfield Park 2,885 1 6.9 13 90.1 12 83.2 44 305.0 7 48.5 833 5,774.7
Residential Waverly West Richmond West 8,605 0 0.0 37 86.0 39 90.6 0 0.0 21 48.8 1,341 3,116.8
Residential Waverly West South Pointe 4,795 1 4.2 16 66.7 13 54.2 38 158.5 10 41.7 372 1,551.6
Residential Waverly West Waverly Heights 5,180 0 0.0 10 38.6 32 123.6 47 181.5 22 84.9 525 2,027.0
Residential East Inkster Burrows-Keewatin 3,015 4 26.5 43 285.2 96 636.8 174 1,154.2 35 232.2 648 4,298.5
Residential East Inkster Mynarski 1,900 0 0.0 22 231.6 15 157.9 39 410.5 6 63.2 426 4,484.2
Residential East Inkster Shaughnessy Park 2,745 0 0.0 27 196.7 35 255.0 57 415.3 15 109.3 674 4,910.7
Residential Garden City Garden City 6,255 0 0.0 87 278.2 42 134.3 131 418.9 35 111.9 1,914 6,119.9
Residential Garden City Templeton-Sinclair 6,010 0 0.0 57 189.7 23 76.5 69 229.6 36 119.8 2,156 7,174.7
Residential North Main Riverbend 5,555 1 3.6 3 10.8 11 39.6 20 72.0 9 32.4 222 799.3
Residential North Main Rivergrove 2,330 0 0.0 2 17.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 77.3
Residential Old Kildonan Amber Trails 8,415 0 0.0 8 19.0 13 30.9 61 145.0 27 64.2 612 1,454.5
Res./Com. Old Kildonan Leila North 1,230 1 16.3 52 845.5 35 569.1 69 1,122.0 24 390.2 690 11,219.5
Res./Com. Old Kildonan Leila-McPhillips Triangle 2,980 0 0.0 80 536.9 30 201.3 88 590.6 29 194.6 2,311 15,510.1
Residential Old Kildonan Mandalay West 6,075 0 0.0 13 42.8 14 46.1 51 167.9 22 72.4 701 2,307.8
Residential Old Kildonan Rosser – Old Kildonan 680 1 29.4 1 29.4 6 176.5 12 352.9 5 147.1 143 4,205.9
Residential Old Kildonan The Maples 14,630 2 2.7 65 88.9 125 170.9 252 344.5 80 109.4 1,946 2,660.3
Residential West Inkster Inkster Gardens 4,275 1 4.7 4 18.7 8 37.4 36 168.4 13 60.8 582 2,722.8
Residential West Inkster Tyndall Park 12,560 2 3.2 91 144.9 58 92.4 119 189.5 35 55.7 2,724 4,337.6
Residential West Kildonan Jefferson 8,985 0 0.0 85 189.2 75 166.9 208 463.0 66 146.9 2,234 4,972.7
Residential West Kildonan Margaret Park 2,210 0 0.0 7 63.3 17 153.8 51 461.5 11 99.5 364 3,294.1
Residential West Kildonan Seven Oaks 3,000 0 0.0 36 240.0 96 640.0 269 1,793.3 37 246.7 819 5,460.0
Residential Weston Brooklands 2,820 1 7.1 91 645.4 110 780.1 159 1,127.7 37 262.4 1,019 7,227.0
Residential Weston Weston 6,235 0 0.0 149 477.9 228 731.4 342 1,097.0 72 231.0 2,189 7,021.7
Residential ~ Holden 180 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 444.4 1 111.1 40 4,444.4
Res./Com. Dugald St. Boniface Industrial Park 1,520 0 0.0 7 92.1 6 78.9 21 276.3 9 118.4 211 2,776.3
Residential East Seine Island Lakes 7,525 0 0.0 1 2.7 7 18.6 23 61.1 10 26.6 357 948.8
Residential East Seine Niakwa Place 2,305 0 0.0 1 8.7 3 26.0 12 104.1 7 60.7 158 1,370.9
Residential East Seine Royalwood 4,955 0 0.0 1 4.0 8 32.3 12 48.4 7 28.3 258 1,041.4
Residential East Seine Sage Creek 4,790 0 0.0 4 16.7 5 20.9 10 41.8 3 12.5 514 2,146.1
Residential East Seine Southdale 6,450 1 3.1 31 96.1 26 80.6 53 164.3 24 74.4 1,310 4,062.0
Residential East Seine Southland Park 1,210 1 16.5 1 16.5 3 49.6 4 66.1 3 49.6 89 1,471.1
Residential East St. Boniface Maginot 1,545 0 0.0 1 12.9 15 194.2 26 336.6 3 38.8 269 3,482.2
Residential East St. Boniface Niakwa Park 710 0 0.0 2 56.3 1 28.2 6 169.0 3 84.5 111 3,126.8
Res./Com. East St. Boniface Stock Yards 710 0 0.0 3 84.5 6 169.0 12 338.0 2 56.3 375 10,563.4
Residential East St. Boniface Windsor Park 10,050 1 2.0 48 95.5 44 87.6 136 270.6 41 81.6 1,174 2,336.3
Residential St. Boniface Archwood 740 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
Residential St. Boniface Central St. Boniface 6,165 0 0.0 119 386.1 116 376.3 284 921.3 88 285.5 3,958 12,840.2
Residential St. Boniface Dufresne 370 0 0.0 2 108.1 7 378.4 9 486.5 4 216.2 130 7,027.0
Residential St. Boniface North St. Boniface 2,085 0 0.0 19 182.3 26 249.4 62 594.7 15 143.9 993 9,525.2
Residential St. Boniface Norwood East 4,070 0 0.0 34 167.1 51 250.6 82 402.9 29 142.5 1,515 7,444.7
Residential St. Boniface Norwood West 2,965 0 0.0 14 94.4 24 161.9 48 323.8 9 60.7 1,161 7,831.4
Res./Com. ~ Assiniboa Downs 415 0 0.0 1 48.2 4 192.8 11 530.1 4 192.8 141 6,795.2
Residential Assiniboia Buchanan 2,980 0 0.0 3 20.1 14 94.0 57 382.6 12 80.5 349 2,342.3
Residential Assiniboia Crestview 8,680 0 0.0 130 299.5 67 154.4 164 377.9 73 168.2 1,841 4,241.9
Residential Assiniboia Heritage Park 5,535 0 0.0 16 57.8 30 108.4 78 281.8 21 75.9 652 2,355.9
Residential Assiniboia Sturgeon Creek 2,955 1 6.8 38 257.2 14 94.8 45 304.6 11 74.5 1,053 7,126.9
Residential East St. James Bruce Park 2,135 0 0.0 3 28.1 7 65.6 26 243.6 14 131.1 419 3,925.1
Residential East St. James Deer Lodge 3,875 0 0.0 7 36.1 13 67.1 53 273.5 13 67.1 708 3,654.2
Residential East St. James Kensington 270 0 0.0 33 2,444.4 10 740.7 27 2,000.0 5 370.4 259 19,185.2
Residential East St. James King Edward 5,525 0 0.0 85 307.7 51 184.6 134 485.1 34 123.1 1,503 5,440.7
Residential East St. James West Wolseley 305 1 65.6 15 983.6 16 1,049.2 33 2,163.9 3 196.7 187 12,262.3
Residential Kirkfield Park Glendale 1,040 0 0.0 7 134.6 9 173.1 37 711.5 17 326.9 197 3,788.5
Residential Kirkfield Park Kirkfield 2,785 1 7.2 4 28.7 19 136.4 29 208.3 8 57.5 407 2,922.8
Residential Kirkfield Park Westwood 7,095 1 2.8 26 73.3 16 45.1 61 172.0 19 53.6 951 2,680.8
Residential West St. James Birchwood 2,170 0 0.0 4 36.9 7 64.5 42 387.1 6 55.3 355 3,271.9
Residential West St. James Booth 5,465 1 3.7 22 80.5 60 219.6 137 501.4 35 128.1 990 3,623.1
Residential West St. James Jameswood 1,380 0 0.0 2 29.0 6 87.0 9 130.4 3 43.5 160 2,318.8
Residential West St. James Silver Heights 5,140 0 0.0 28 108.9 30 116.7 64 249.0 26 101.2 1,035 4,027.2
Residential West St. James Woodhaven 900 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 22.2 1 22.2 110 2,444.4

The table below features all of the majorly non-residential neighborhoods of Winnipeg, which includes things like shopping malls, parks, the airport and other commercial and industrial centers. There are no rates in this table because it is not appropriate to compare crime rates in residential areas with rates in industrial-commercial areas, as these areas are largely unpopulated with permanent residents when compared to how many people work there and how many people visit the area.

Crime in Winnipeg Commercial-Industrial Neighborhoods, 2017–2021[71]
Type Area Neighborhood Pop.[72] Homicide Robbery Agr. Aslt. [b] Cmn. Aslt [c] Utt. Threat [d] Property
Ind./Com. North End Dufferin Industrial 0 0 18 13 10 4 313
Ind./Com. Central Chinatown 420 0 34 31 55 19 446
Ind./Com. Central Logan CPR 240 3 85 113 223 53 1,054
Ind./Com. Central South Point Douglas 390 11 93 271 463 94 1,046
Ind./Com. Downtown Civic Center 155 0 29 38 56 11 512
Ind./Com. Downtown Exchange District 630 1 60 97 178 46 2,203
Park Downtown Legislature 0 0 17 16 59 20 410
Ind./Com. Downtown Portage & Main 0 0 25 20 58 9 422
Ind./Com. Downtown Portage-Ellice 1,075 2 190 221 505 67 1,540
Ind./Com. Downtown South Portage 1,865 4 294 275 675 163 4,806
Park Downtown The Forks 0 0 32 39 69 6 462
Park Tuxedo Assiniboine Park 0 0 3 2 8 2 98
Ind./Com. ~ Tuxedo Industrials 545 0 29 14 32 26 1,413
Ind./Com. Elmwood Kildonan Crossing 0 1 22 11 37 15 446
Ind./Com. Elmwood Tyne-Tees 0 0 24 8 18 5 617
Ind./Com. ~ North Transcona Yards 0 0 0 0 4 1 63
Park North Kildonan Kil-Cona Park 335 0 0 3 2 1 59
Ind./Com. Suburban Kildonan McLeod Industrial 0 0 7 2 6 0 251
Ind./Com. Fort Whyte West Fort Garry Industrial 0 0 7 2 14 5 512
Ind./Com. Fort Garry Buffalo 0 1 0 3 4 3 126
Ind./Com. Fort Garry Chevrier 0 0 2 6 12 2 343
Ind./Com. Fort Garry Parker 0 0 0 0 2 0 48
Ind./Com. ~ Griffin 0 0 0 0 1 1 47
Ind./Com. ~ Transcona North 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
Ind./Com. Transcona Regent 0 0 179 41 132 51 3,858
Ind./Com. Transcona Transcona Yards 0 0 0 3 0 0 98
Park ~ Maple Grove Park 0 0 0 0 4 0 21
Ind./Com. South St. Vital St. Vital Centre 0 0 75 15 58 24 1,043
University ~ University (of Manitoba) 0 1 4 7 26 2 440
Ind./Com. Waverly West Bridgewater Centre 250 0 11 1 9 3 282
Undeveloped Waverly West Waverly West B 0 0 0 0 1 0 13
Ind./Com. East Inkster Inkster Industrial Park 0 0 3 9 20 6 604
Ind./Com. Garden City West Kildonan Industrial 0 0 1 1 8 2 135
Ind./Com. West Inkster North Inkster Industrial 310 0 0 5 6 3 173
Ind./Com. West Inkster Oak Point Highway 0 0 2 0 4 2 329
Park West Kildonan Kildonan Park 0 0 3 1 7 1 60
Ind./Com. Weston Omand's Creek Industrial 0 1 3 3 6 1 323
Ind./Com. Weston Pacific Industrial 0 0 19 8 16 2 451
Ind./Com. Weston Weston Shops 0 0 9 12 10 4 237
Ind./Com. ~ Mission Industrial 0 1 1 2 14 1 476
Ind./Com. ~ Symington Yards 0 0 0 1 3 1 137
Ind./Com. Dugald Dugald 0 0 0 0 2 1 101
Ind./Com. East Seine The Mint 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Ind./Com. St. Boniface Tissot 0 0 78 9 9 5 4
Airport ~ Airport 130 0 2 4 17 6 287
Ind./Com. ~ Polo Park 275 2 480 83 192 49 3,429
Ind./Com. ~ St. James Industrial 0 0 218 111 257 44 4,424
Ind./Com. Assiniboia Saskatchewan North 0 0 0 2 4 0 55
Ind./Com. West St. James Murray Industrial Park 0 0 0 1 2 1 68
  1. ^ a b Rate per 100,000 people per year: Figure is calculated by dividing the total incidences of a crime by the neighborhood population, then multiplying by 100,000, and then dividing by 5, as the data spans 5 years
  2. ^ a b c Aggravated assault: Includes assaults which cause bodily harm or utilize weapons; includes the following categories given on Winnipeg CrimeMaps: aggravated assault, aggravated sexual assault, assault against peace officer, assault with weapon or causing bodily harm, attempted murder, firearms offences, sexual assault with a weapon.
  3. ^ a b c Common assault: Excludes assaults which cause bodily harm or utilize weapons; includes the following categories given on Winnipeg CrimeMaps: assault against peace officer, common assault, other assaults, sexual assault.
  4. ^ a b c Abbreviated from: uttering threats
  5. ^ Note that the populations of each area added does not equal the population of Winnipeg here. This is because the areas use the 2016 census, while the population here is an average of the 2016 and 2021 census.

Gangs and terrorism

edit
See also: List of gangs in Canada

The Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium has listed Winnipeg as one of Canada's "vulnerable cities" for terrorism.[74]

By 1998, Winnipeg had garnered a reputation as the "gang capital" of Canada.[1] Accordingly, the Canadian Police Association claimed in 2013 that gangs were "a key and distinguishing feature of the urban landscape in Winnipeg."[2] In 2019, there were an estimated 4,000 local gang members in Winnipeg—around 1,500 full members and 2,500 associates—spread out between 25 and 30 separate gangs.[3][4] This total number of members has remained roughly the same over the years, though the associated gang violence has grown.[3][4]

In 2020, gangs were a significant driving force of violence in Winnipeg—with 50% of all 110 shootings and 30% of the 41 homicides by December 14 that year being gang related.[41]

Criminal organizations (active and inactive) based in Winnipeg include:[4][2][75][76]

Local criminal cells in Winnipeg include Bandidos Motorcycle Club (Los Montoneros), who merged with Rock Machine in 2000;[83] Bloods (Troublesum Bloodz, Westside Bloodz); Crips (East Side Crips, Westside Crips); Los Bravos, which turned into Manitoba's first Hells Angels chapter in 2000;[84] and Triple M.[4][2]

The 2004 film Stryker, directed by Noam Gonick, depicts gang violence in Winnipeg's North End.[85]

History

edit

In 1949, the Dew Drop Gang was formed only to disappeared in April the following year. Other than that, prior to the 1980s, Winnipeg did not have many street gangs.[86]

It was autumn in 1993 when Winnipeg would see its first street gang-related murder: the stabbing of Chris Robichaud, over a pack of cigarettes, by an Indigenous youth nearby Grant Park Shopping Centre.[79][86]: 59  In response, to address the prevalence of youth violence in Winnipeg, Manitoba Minister of Justice Rosemary Vodrey called an emergency violence summit to be held in December 1993.[86]

In March 1993, the suspected leader for a gang based in Winnipeg's Maples area was arrested for uttering threats to school officials. This gang, which supposedly had 200 members around the city, was allegedly running a protection racket in the Seven Oake School Division. Winnipeg saw its first fatal gang-related drive-by shooting in July 1995, when 13-year-old Joseph "Beeper" Spence was shot in the back and killed outside a North End daycare centre. Spence was mistaken for an Indian Posse member by 8 members of the Deuce street gang. By May 1996, there were approximately 730 active street gang members, 75% of whom were Indigenous and 75% adults.[86]

In 2020, gangs were a significant driving force of violence in Winnipeg—with 50% of all 110 shootings and 30% of the 41 homicides by December 14 that year being gang related.[41]

Demographic-based gangs

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Winnipeg's gang activity consists of a number of demographics, primarily of Indigenous peoples, newcomers, and black Canadians, along with other ethnic groups, namely European and East Asian (Filipino and Vietnamese).[4][87][75] Moreover, in 2001, the overwhelming majority of identified female gang members (between 60% and 98%) in Winnipeg were found to be "Aboriginal" (i.e., Indigenous).[1] Nonetheless, poverty and homelessness are much greater indicators of gang involvement than race,[4] as well as addiction, intergenerational trauma, broken families, and social isolation.[75]

Ethnic-criminal organizations (active and inactive) centered in Winnipeg include:[4][2][75][76]

Newcomers have been susceptible to fall into gang associations often due to the lack of access to resources and/or alienation in their new environment.[2][77] The largest proportion of Winnipeg immigrant-gangs in 2013 was African-Canadian—around 35% (including the Mad Cowz and the African Mafia).[2] One reason is that many newcomers come from especially violent backgrounds in war-torn countries (such as Somalia, Kenya, Congo).[3] In early 2018, Winnipeg Police identified at least 2 gangs that were heavily recruiting immigrants.[77]

The African Mafia, which was formed in 2005, is notoriously violent and has since splintered into other factions and regions.[2] As late as 2019, Central Winnipeg is said to be a "stronghold" of Mad Cowz, with an additional presence of TFN and MMM, both gangs being splinters of the African Mafia. Recent shootings in the city are believed to be gang-related, including a fatal double homicide in 2019 in the Exchange District.[75]

Formed in the early 1980s, the now-defunct Main Street Rattlers was the first Indigenous street gang in Winnipeg, chiefly operating as drug traffickers for biker gangs.[79] About one year after the Rattlers' emerged, Asian gangs would begin to appear, engaging in much more serious violent crimes than other gangs of the time, such as extortion and armed robbery, mostly directed at the local Asian community. Around the end of the 1980s came the Vietnamese-Canadian "Halloween Gang", who were reportedly responsible for the 1988 murder of a teenage prostitute named Charlene Orsulak.

Indigenous gangs that followed the Rattlers were the Indian Posse in 1988 and the Manitoba Warriors in the 1990s, the latter beginning primarily as security on reserves and subsequently becoming a key player in the Winnipeg drug trade. The Native Syndicate would emerge soon after, as a prison gang at first.[79]

By May 1996, there were approximately 730 active street gang members, 75% of whom were Indigenous and 75% adults.[86]

In 2012—six years after it first caught the attention of Winnipeg Police Service (WPS)—WPS said the MOB had grown into a major criminal threat with over 100 documented members and associates. In 2008, the MOB began affiliating with the Manitoba Warriors, who would supply them drugs in exchange for committing violence on the Warriors' behalf. However, the two gangs have since become violent rivals.[80]

Crime in Manitoba

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Further information: Manitoba Justice

In 2011, Manitoba had the highest violent crime rate and homicide rate of all Canadian provinces.[88]

Among municipalities of Manitoba in the 2019 Violent Crime Severity Index (VCSI), Thompson ranked #1 out of 237 with a rating of 570 (the national average was 82.44). Its overall Crime Severity Index (CSI) rating came at 366 against the national average of 75.01.[28] Portage la Prairie came at #3 with a CSI of 263 and VCSI of 316); Selkirk at #7 (CSI: 193; VCSI: 231); Winnipeg at #13 (CSI: 125; VCSI: 173); Brandon at #35 (CSI: 115; VCSI: 116); Steinbach at #79 (CSI: 87; VCSI: 80); and Winkler and Stanley at #140 (CSI: 54; VCSI: 52).[5][28]

Social services

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Organizations and initiatives in Winnipeg that serve at-risk, marginalized, and/or rehabilitation-seeking people include:

  • Gang Action Interagency Network — a collection of government and non-profit agencies, community groups, and law enforcement officials who collaborate towards supporting gang members out of a criminal lifestyle and towards grassroots initiatives against gang activity.[75]
  • Immigrant and Refugee Community Organization of Manitoba — a non-profit agency for settling new Canadians.[75]
  • Ogijiita Pimatiswin Kinamatawin — a social service agency that works with at-risk Indigenous youth and adults.[75]
  • Rossbrook House — a neighbourhood drop-in centre active in Winnipeg's Centennial area, offering a safe space for children and young adults.[75]
  • Winnipeg Youth Gang Prevention Fund[89]

In pop culture

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Pop culture depictions of politics and/or crime in Winnipeg include:

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The populations used for the rates were based on trends on the every-5-year census report. For example, the population on the 2001 census was 619,544, and in 2006 it was 633,451. Therefore the population used for 2002 was 622,325 and for 2005 it was 630,670. The populations reported on the annual reports are much higher than the census reports, therefore likely inaccurate by an overestimation.
  2. ^ If there are two rates with a "/" between them, it is because there were two different recorded rates. The rate on the left is from the Annual Crime Report, where as on the right is from CrimeStat.
  3. ^ a b Violence crime, according to Winnipeg Police and the Criminal Code, includes abduction and kidnapping; aggravated assault; aggravated sexual assault; assault against a peace officer; assault with weapon or causing bodily harm; "commodification of sexual activity;"common assault and other assaults; criminal harassment; extortion; firearms offences (including use, discharge, point); indecent/harassing communications; homicide and attempted murder; robbery; uttering threats; sexual assault, including with a weapon; and other violent/sexual offences.
  4. ^ There were 2 cases of aggravated sexual assault in 2020; 4 in 2019; and 9 in 2018. This equates to 15 total offences in 3 years, with an average of 5.
  5. ^ a b Only neighborhoods with over 1,000 people, and more than one homicide are accounted for in this table. There are over 25 other neighbourhoods with homicides, however they did not qualify.
  6. ^ a b Canada's Non-violent Crime Severity Index includes property and other non-violent Criminal Code offences, drug crime, other federal statutes and Criminal Code traffic offences.
  7. ^ The 2019 national rate per capita for cybercrime was 117.8.
  8. ^ The 2019 national rate per capita for hate crimes was 5.2.
  9. ^ Note: This list does not include the commercial areas Polo Park or Kensington and the Exchange District due to its residential development after 2006.
  1. ^ "Other violations causing death" only started showing records in the 2012 report (shows 2011 data as well), meaning from 1991 to 2010, only includes 1st and 2nd degree murders.
  2. ^ Includes all thefts such as over $5,000, under $5,000, possession of stolen goods and fraud. It doesn't include motor vehicle theft however.

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The gangs of Winnipeg". winnipegsun. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
  3. ^ a b c d "Around 4,000 local gang members, associates in city: Winnipeg police – Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca".
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Winnipeg's gangs: Splintered, chaotic and prone to violence | CBC News".
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2019." Statistics Canada.
  6. ^ a b Froese, I. 2019. “Winnipeg homicide record broken with 42nd killing in a year.” CBC News.
  7. ^ https://wfpquantum.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/2024/40544_WPS_2023_Statistical_Report.pdf
  8. ^ a b c "BRODBECK: Winnipeg police force still among largest in Canada". Winnipeg Sun. 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2018-10-09.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "An Act of Imagination Exhibit – Pathways – Archives and Records Control – City Clerk's Department – City of Winnipeg".
  10. ^ a b Stand! (2019) at IMDb  
  11. ^ Winnipeg Free Press, 28–29 October 1965
  12. ^ "Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Winnipeg)". Elections Canada. 7 April 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
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  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Winnipeg City Hall Pamphlet." City of Winnipeg Archives, City Clerk's Department.
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  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "City Hall: The Heart of Winnipeg's Decision Making". Heritage Winnipeg. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  17. ^ "1965 – Public Safety Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba". 22 April 2010.
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  20. ^ a b "Historic Sites of Manitoba: Old City Hall Plaque (Princess Street, Winnipeg)".
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  23. ^ a b "About the Service Winnipeg Police Districts". City of Winnipeg. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
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  26. ^ https://www.canada.ca/en/air-force/corporate/wings-squadrons.html [bare URL]
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  29. ^ a b Every Annual Crime Report, [2]. Retrieved November 28th, 2013
  30. ^ a b c d "CrimStat". City of Winnipeg. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  31. ^ Crimes in Canada, by type of violation, and by province and territory, [3]. Retrieved November 28th, 2013
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  33. ^ "Man who killed Winnipeg Transit driver must spend at least 12 years in prison". CBC News. 7 August 2019.
  34. ^ Latest numbers crown Winnipeg as Canada's murder capital, [4].
  35. ^ Canada Homicide 2011, [5]. Retrieved November 28th, 2013.
  36. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2021-04-13). "Number and rate of homicide victims, by Census Metropolitan Areas". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  37. ^ "Winnipeg Homicide - 2012". www.winnipeghomicide.org. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  38. ^ a b "Violent Crime | October CrimeMaps – Desktop 2020." Winnipeg Police Service. 7 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  39. ^ "11 homicides in 30 days 'is unprecedented for us as a police service, as a city' | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
  40. ^ "Winnipeg Homicide - 2019". www.winnipeghomicide.org. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  41. ^ a b c "Gangs driving much of city's violent crime challenge: Police Chief".
  42. ^ "Winnipeg Homicide - 2020". www.winnipeghomicide.org. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  43. ^ "Winnipeg Homicide - 2021". www.winnipeghomicide.org. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  44. ^ "Winnipeg Police Service Media Conference | Inspector Elton Hall along with CBSA Director Jeryn Peters speak on a 3D printed firearms arrest. | By Winnipeg Police Service | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  45. ^ "Winnipeg Homicide - 2022". www.winnipeghomicide.org. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  46. ^ "Number of Reported Crimes and Crime Rates in Los Angeles County, California". www.laalmanac.com. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  47. ^ "Los Angeles CA Murder/Homicide Rate 1999-2018". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  48. ^ https://wfpquantum.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/2024/40544_WPS_2023_Statistical_Report.pdf
  49. ^ "Winnipeg Homicide Map". CBC News.
  50. ^ "Winnipeg.ca : This page has moved".
  51. ^ "Suspect sought in latest homicide | Winnipeg | News | Winnipeg Sun". Archived from the original on 2013-11-02.
  52. ^ "2 Teens Charged in Baseball Bat Beating Death". CBC News.
  53. ^ "Missing Winnipeg woman's family seeks leads". CBC News.
  54. ^ "Homicide victim's family talks".
  55. ^ a b https://public.tableau.com/shared/YD86ZQRCH?:display_count=y&:origin=viz_share_link [dead link‍]
  56. ^ a b https://public.tableau.com/shared/TGRZFKXT5?:display_count=y&:origin=viz_share_link [dead link‍]
  57. ^ https://public.tableau.com/shared/HZ959YXS9?:display_count=y&:origin=viz_share_link [dead link‍]
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  59. ^ "Table 35-10-0002-01 Police-reported cybercrime, number of incidents and rate per 100,000 population, Canada, provinces, territories and Census Metropolitan Areas." Statistics Canada. January 2021. doi:10.25318/3510000201-eng.
  60. ^ "Table 35-10-0191-01 Police-reported hate crime, number of incidents and rate per 100,000 population, Census Metropolitan Areas." Statistics Canada. January 2021. doi:10.25318/3510019101-eng.
  61. ^ Crime severity index and weighted clearance rates, Canada, provinces, territories and Census Metropolitan Areas
  62. ^ "Statistics Canada, Table Crime severity index". 27 July 2021.
  63. ^ a b c Crime in Winnipeg Neighbourhoods (2012). Retrieved December 3rd, 2013
  64. ^ Crime Map of Toronto. Retrieved November 28th, 2013
  65. ^ Crimes, by type of violation, and by province and territory(Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick)
  66. ^ To get the crime rates, I used the populations from now.Winnipeg [http://now.winnipeg.ca/census and crime figures from CrimeStat retrieved October 2013
  67. ^ a b Winnipeg 2006 Census Profiles Retrieved on 27 February 2014
  68. ^ Winnipeg Homicide Map. Retrieved June-06-2014
  69. ^ NeighborhoodScout's Top 25 Most Dangerous Neighborhoods in America, retrieved in mid-2013
  70. ^ City of Winnipeg Neighbourhood Profiles
  71. ^ a b c "January CrimeMaps – 2022 by Winnipeg Police Service". Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  72. ^ a b c "2016 Census: City of Winnipeg Neighbourhood Profiles". Winnipeg.ca. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  73. ^ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population of Winnipeg". 9 February 2022.
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  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Thorpe, Ryan. 2019 December 6. "Traces of hope under the 'hood'." Winnipeg Free Press. Also available in plain text.
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  85. ^ a b Stryker (2004) at IMDb  
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  89. ^ "Winnipeg Youth Gang Prevention Fund". 21 December 2018.
  90. ^ Seven Times Lucky (2004) at IMDb  
  91. ^ Yoga Hosers at IMDb  

Further reading

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  • Comack, Elizabeth. 2012. Racialized Policing: Aboriginal People's Encounters with the Police. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
  • Comack, Elizabeth, Lawrence Deane, Larry Morrissette, and Jim Silver. 2013. 'Indians Wear Red': Colonialism, Resistance, and Aboriginal Street Gangs. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
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