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Mumbai Suburban Railway

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The Mumbai Suburban Railway (Marathi: मुंबई उपनगरीय रेल्वे, romanized: Mumbaī Upanagarīya Relve) (colloquially called local trains or simply locals)[2] consists of exclusive inner suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines serving outlying suburbs to serve the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Spread over 450 kilometres (280 mi),[3] the suburban railway operates 2,342 train services and carries more than 7.5 million commuters daily.

Mumbai Suburban Railway
A recently introduced Medha EMU , with exactly the same design as Bombardier rakes.
A recently introduced Medha EMU , with exactly the same design as Bombardier rakes.
Overview
Native nameमुंबई उपनगरीय रेल्वे
OwnerIndian Railways
LocaleMumbai Metropolitan Region
Transit typeSuburban Rail
Number of lines7
Number of stations150
Daily ridership61.95 lakh/6.195 million (2022–23)[1]
Annual ridership2.261 billion
HeadquartersChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CR)
Churchgate (WR)
WebsiteCentral Railway
Western Railway
Operation
Began operation16 April 1853; 171 years ago (1853-04-16)
Operator(s)Central Railways

Western Railways

Train length12 or 15 coaches
Technical
System length450.9 kilometres (280.2 mi) only existing lines running to rapid transit/suburban standards (Western, Central, Harbour and Port Lines).

585.9 kilometres (364.1 mi) including Vasai-Roha Line which currently has only MEMU service.

651.5 kilometres (404.8 mi) all existing and upcoming lines including new under construction greenfield lines (Panvel-Karjat and Kalyan-Murbad)
Track gauge1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)
Electrification25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead catenary
Average speed35 km/h (22 mph)
Top speed110 km/h (68 mph)

The daily commuters constitute around 40% of the daily commuters of Indian Railways.[4][5] By annual ridership (2.64 billion), the Mumbai Suburban Railway is one of the busiest commuter rail systems in the world.[6][7][8][9] Trains run from 04:00 until 01:00, and some trains also run up to 02:30 or 03:00. It is the first suburban rail network in India.

History

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The Mumbai Suburban Railway is an offshoot of the first passenger railway to be built by the British East India Company, and is also the oldest railway system in Asia. The first train was run by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (now Central Railway) between Bori Bunder (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus) and Thane, a distance of 34 km (21 mi), on 16 April 1853 at 15:35. The 14-coach train took 57 minutes to complete the 32 km journey, with a halt at Sion to refill the train's water tanks.[10]

The next major train was run between Virar and Churchgate by the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (now Western Railway), in April 1867. Colaba was also added as a station on this route, but later shut down. On 3 February 1925, the first EMU Service was started from Victoria Terminus (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus) to Coorla Harbour (now Kurla) on the Central line which was run on 1.5 kV DC traction and also started on the Western line from Churchgate to Borivali on 5 January 1928.[11] By 2016, the entire network had been converted to 25 kV 50 Hz AC traction.[12]

  •  
    The first EMU service, launched in 1925
  •  
    An advertisement for the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway
  •  
    A Jessop-built 1.5 kV DC EMU train built in the 1950s. It was one of the first EMU of Mumbai suburban railway. This design was nicknamed the Lovemate, and was discontinued in 2016.

Rolling stock

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A Bombardier EMU, introduced on 18 March 2015. These rakes are more common on the Western line. Each coach has a standard capacity of 400 passengers.
 
Purple and White EMU

The suburban services are run by electric multiple units (EMUs) in 191 rakes (train sets) of 12-car and 15-car composition. To alleviate the problems of overcrowding, the nine-car trains have been phased out and replaced with 12-car ones. 15-coach trains were introduced on 21 November 2009. However, these are few in number. Equipment makers include DMU(Direct Multiple Unit), Jessop, Siemens, Bombardier, and Medha. The trains are manufactured at the Integral Coach Factory in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. All routes are electrified at 25 kV 50 Hz AC power supply from overhead lines. The Indian Railways plans to build a 700 MW gas-based plant in Thakurli to generate electricity to run the Mumbai trains.[13]

Manufacturing

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The current fleet of both the Western and Central railways features a very few old rakes built by BHEL and ICF (Perambur, Chennai) which are capable of a maximum speed of 85 km/h (53 mph), MRVC Siemens Rakes which are capable of and 100 km/h (62 mph), ICF built Bombardier and Medha rakes capable of running at speeds of 120 km/h (75 mph)[14] under light traffic conditions. The actual average speed of the rakes on the slow lines is about 35 km/h (22 mph), while rakes on fast lines average about 40–50 km/h (25–31 mph) on a typical run. The old BHEL non-AC rakes are on the verge of being scrapped.

On 12 November 2007, the first of 129 new 12-coach rakes with upgraded facilities was inducted into the fleet of the Western Railways under the MUTP project. These rakes are popularly called Siemens rakes and have 1xxx and 2xxx numbering system. The coaches are built of stainless steel, and have non-cushioned seats, emergency fluorescent lights, bigger windows with polycarbonate panes, better suspension systems, roof-mounted forced ventilation to reduce carbon dioxide levels in packed trains,[15] and GPS based passenger information systems in all coaches. The new rakes are much cooler and airy than the old EMUs. The motors of the new rakes also make less noise than the older ones. Since 2010, the front of the EMUs is painted yellow so that the maintenance workers on the tracks can see the train easily. These rakes have been procured under the project at a total cost of ₹ 19 billion (US$431.0 million). Siemens 5 rakes that had to be delivered as part of the first phase were sent to the city in early January 2014.

New EMUs with Bombardier Electrical procured under the World Bank-funded Mumbai Urban Transport Project-2 built at the Integral Coach Factory (ICF) in Chennai started arriving into Mumbai by April 2014. They have 5xxx numbering system. The first of these trains, to be run on Western Railway, was flagged off by Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu at Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Kurla on Central Railway on Sunday, 27 October 2013. However, a delay of two years was anticipated due to the demands of automatic sliding doors on the trains. Under the Make in India initiative, the first Indian made rake was made by Medha. They have 6xxx series numbering. 9 car trains have a capacity of 2,628 (876 seated and 1,752 standing). 12 car trains have a capacity of 3,504 (1,168 seated and 2,336 standing).[16] In fall 2013, brand new 12 car rakes were introduced on the railway.[17] On 6 November 2019, the 5533-5536 rake of Mumbai Suburban Railway, called Uttam rake which also manufactured by the ICF was introduced and ran on Western Line.[18]

Air-conditioned rakes

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Air conditioned train in Mumbai

Discussion on AC coaches first began in 2002 and was planned to be introduced in 2013. However, major delays in finalizing the rakes' design and procurement of material deferred the project.[19][20]

The first air-conditioned rake for use on the suburban system was built by the Integral Coach Factory in Chennai–BHEL EMU at a cost of over ₹50 crore (US$6.0 million), and arrived in Mumbai on 5 April 2016. The rake has a seating capacity of 1,028 passengers, and standing room for up to 6,000 passengers. The 12 coach rake is configured as two sets of 6 interconnected bogies, meaning passengers can walk between coaches but only up to a maximum of 6 coaches. The train is also equipped with a new electrical system and software, automatic doors with emergency opening features, and GPS-based destination display on LED indicators. The old system of pulling a chain to halt the train was replaced by four intercoms per coach that enable commuters to communicate with the driver.[21]

Both CR and WR competed to acquire the rake, with WR even announcing a time table for operating the air-conditioned rake. Union Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu announced that the rake would be transferred to CR on 16 March 2016.[21] However, at a height of 4.335 meters the rake exceeds the maximum clearance height of 4.270 meters for EMU coaches on the Central Line. In particular, the rake cannot clear some of the low-height British-era bridges between CSMT and Kurla.[22] Then Central Railway general manager Sunil Kumar Sood insisted that CR was conduct trials and operate the rake on the Harbour Line. After acquiring the rake, CR conducted tests, safety, and mobility checks, and trial runs under the supervision of the RDSO. However, following Sood's retirement, CR abandoned plans to operate the rake in December 2016. CR informed the Railway Board that it could not operate the rake due to the clearance issue, and the Railway Board directed them to transfer the rake to WR. The rake was transferred to WR on 12 May 2017. WR General Manager Anil Kumar Gupta stated that rake would begin commercial operations on the Western Line after WR conducted its own tests and trial runs and receiving regulatory approvals. Although there are some clearance issues on the Western Line as well, Gupta stated that these could be rectified.

The First AC EMU was Flagged off on 25 December 2017 in WR. The first AC local train in Mumbai began operation in December 2017 and crossed the 10 lakh passenger mark within the first five months. The summer months of March and April saw over 3 lakh passengers take the AC local each month. The train, operated by Western Railway (WR), currently plies between Churchgate and Virar. It has a seating capacity of 1,028 seats and can carry 5,964 passengers. The monthly pass on the AC local train will cost (from Churchgate) between ₹570 (US$6.80) (till Mumbai Central) to ₹820 (US$9.80) (till Bandra) to ₹1,235 (US$15) (till Andheri) to ₹1,635 (US$20) (till Borivali) to ₹1,740 (US$21) (till Bhayander) to ₹1,970 (US$24) (till Vasai Road) to ₹2,035 (US$24) (till Virar).[23] New halts were introduced after commuters demand at Marine Lines, Charni Road, Grant Road, Dahisar, Mira Road, Naigaon, Nallasopara. Data shows that among all stations between Churchgate and Virar. Borivali was the highest earner for the AC train. The monthly earning of AC train is approximately ₹7,100,000 (US$85,000) per month after adding seven new halts.[24] Two more AC local rakes were introduced and now, the services run all days of the week.

The fourth air-conditioned rake on Mumbai Suburban Rail Network & first for Central Railway has been commissioned on Trans-harbour line from Thane to Panvel / Vashi from 30 January 2020.[25] The fifth air-conditioned rake on Mumbai Suburban Rail Network & first for Central Railway Main Line was commissioned between Mumbai Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and Kalyan on 17 December 2020.[26] After a gap of 3 years, the first 12-coach fully-vestibuled AC Local Train made by Medha was commissioned on Western Railway on 19 December 2022. This has 8xxx series numbering. Under the MUTP-III and MUTP-IIIA project, Western Railway has decided to procure more AC local trains and convert the entire fleet into AC akin to Kolkata Metro. In 2023, a new Medha rake with 71xx series numbering was introduced in Western Railway. All BHEL Made AC Local Trains in both the networks have 70xx series numbering.

Network

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Heatmap of Mumbai Local Train & Station Density, taking into account the proximity of stations and the frequency of trains. Density scale: Dark red (highest) to light yellow (lowest).
South Mumbai has the highest density (dark red) as it is serviced by 3 railway lines (Western, Central & Harbour) in a narrow land area. Away from the South Mumbai, one can see densities decreasing to yellow-orange – the neighbourhoods within the city limits and those beyond it are serviced by only one railway line. Frequency reduces drastically in remote suburbs beyond Kalyan (light yellow zone).
Main article: List of Mumbai Suburban Railway stations

The Mumbai Suburban Railway system is operated by Indian Railways two zonal divisions Western Railways (WR) and Central Railways (CR). The fast commuter rail corridors on Central Railway as well as Western Railway are shared with long-distance and freight trains, while inner suburban services operate on exclusive parallel tracks. WR operates the Western Line and CR operates the Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans-Harbour Line, Vasai–Roha Line and Neral–Matheran & Panvel–Karjat line.

Central Line

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Main article: Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)
 
A train at Dadar

The Central Line in Mumbai consists of three major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into suburban satellite towns. Two corridors (one local and the other through) of the Central Railway run from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) to Kalyan Junction (53 km (33 mi)), where it bifurcates into two lines – one to Kasara (67 km (42 mi)) in the north-east and the other to Khopoli (61 km (38 mi)) in the south-east. These two corridors constitute the 'Main' Central Line. There is also a 36 km (22 mi) corridor between Kurla and Kalyan Junction stations for exclusive use by outstation and cargo trains.

The Central Line has two interchange stations with the Western Line, at Parel and Dadar and the Harbour line at Sandhurst Road and Kurla. Rolling stock consists of a fleet of AC and alternating current new Bombardier and Siemens EMUs. The major car sheds on this line are at Kurla and Kalwa. There are both fast and slow locals. Slow locals halt at every station, while fast locals' halts vary between Byculla, Dadar, Kurla, Ghatkopar, Vikhroli, Bhandup, Mulund, Thane, Diva Junction, Dombivli and Kalyan Junction. All trains traveling beyond Kalyan run as slow trains and stop at every station.

Western Line

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Main article: Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)
 
A train at Grant Road

The Western Line follows the Western Railway northwards from Churchgate parallel to the west coast. Local services by electric multiple units (EMUs) ply between Churchgate and Dahanu Road (124 km (77 mi)) on exclusive parallel tracks up to Virar (60 km (37 mi)) while MEMUs service the section beyond Virar to Dahanu Road (64 km (40 mi)). On 16 April 2013 EMU has extended up to Dahanu Road. MEMUs also operate between Dahanu Road and Panvel via a branch line from Diva Junction–Vasai Road. There are EMU carsheds at Mumbai Central, Kandivali and Virar. The largest EMU car shed in Asia is located at Virar. A repair shop for EMUs is situated at Mahalaxmi.

Western Railway's EMU fleet consists of EMUs completely powered by alternating current (25 kV) power. Rolling stock consists of a fleet of AC and alternating current new Bombardier EMUs. EMUs are 12 car or 15 car formations and are differentiated as slow and fast locals. Slow trains halt at all stations, while fast ones halt at Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra, Andheri, Borivali, Bhayandar, Vasai Road and Virar stations which are preferable over longer distances.[27]

Harbour Line

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Main article: Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)
 
A train at Dockyard Road

The Harbour Line is part of the Central Railway, and runs from Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (CSMT) to Goregaon and Panvel. All Harbour Line services operate as slow services. The line operates from two separate platforms at CSMT and the tracks cross over the mainline at Sandhurst Road to head towards stations along Mumbai's Eastern dock area. A branch line from Wadala Road joins the Western Line at Mahim Junction and continues towards Goregaon. Further construction is ongoing to extend the Western Line branch to Borivali.

The Harbour Line has an interchange station with the mainline at Kurla, where it turns east towards Navi Mumbai. The Harbour Line further bifurcates at Vashi into two lines – one rejoins the main lines at Thane, while the other continues to Panvel. The shed for these trains is in Sanpada. A partial section of the Harbour Line is elevated from Sandhurst Road to Cotton Green.[28]

Trans-Harbour Line

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Main article: Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)

The Trans-Harbour Line which is another part of Central Railway connects Navi Mumbai and Thane. It operates from two separate platforms at Thane to Nerul, where it joins the Harbour line till Panvel and a small branch line from Turbhe goes to Vashi as it runs parallel with the Harbour line.[29] All services on the trans-harbour line are all-stop services. Freight trains share the tracks through a bypass from Airoli to Kopar Khairane, after which it goes to a siding in Turbhe for the APMC market godowns.

Vasai Road–Roha Line

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Main article: Vasai Road–Roha line

The Vasai Road–Roha line is an Intersection chord rail bypass line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway which connects the Western line, Central line and Harbor line of the Western Railway zone and Central Railway zone. It runs from Vasai Road to Roha which also connects Panvel and the Konkan Railway.[30] Currently this line is used for bypassing freight trains, Express and MEMU Passenger trains. And also construction of a separate Suburban Corridor on this route for more connectivity by the MRVC is going.[31]

Port (Nerul–Uran) line

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Main article: Port line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)

The Nerul–Uran line, also known as the Port line, is another part of the Central Railway connects Navi Mumbai to Uran, which is also in Navi Mumbai, but at its southwestern part. It also operates from the two separate platforms of Nerul and one separate platform of CBD Belapur to Uran, also making connectivity to JNPT in Navi Mumbai directly.[32]

Services

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Mumbai Suburban Railway services have trains with four main designations:

  • Slow trains: (denoted by an S) stop at every station. These are intended for daily commuters.
  • Fast trains: (denoted by an F) run express (skipping stops and going mainly to railway junctions) until a certain station, and from that station onward run like a slow train. These are intended for daily commuters as well as express connectivity to the rest of Indian Railways outbound trains.
  • Air Conditioned trains: (denoted by an AC) which are air-conditioned and can be either fast or slow.

Travel classes

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The interior of MRVC Siemens Rakes

The suburban fleet consists of 12 and 15-coach rakes. There are two main classes of travel; the First and Second classes. The first class fare is approximately 8 times more expensive than second class and therefore tends to be less crowded during the non rush hours, though at times it is equally or more crowded than the general compartments during rush hour, due to most office employees having a first class transport pass provided by their employer. First class and Senior Citizen compartments also have cushioned seating, while the rest are typically plastic. There are following classes of travel:

  • Class I (first class compartment): Commonly known as first class. The coach is designated by red and yellow slant stripes. The location of the same is designated by colouring the platform walls with similar stripes. The price is generally hiked up by eight times to prevent the compartment overcrowding. The seats in this class are leather made.
  • Class II (general compartment): Also called second class. The seats in this class are plastic-made.
  • Class I-L (Ladies first class): similar to normal First Class, reserved solely for females, however male children up to the age of 13 can travel in this compartment. Men are not allowed to travel, and may face a penalty. Some of the coaches of ladies compartments are open to general public between 23:15 and 06:30. These are indicated by a note near the doors of the compartments. The coach is designated by red and yellow slant stripes. The location of the same is designated by colouring the platform walls with similar stripes. This compartment is often adjacent to the ladies general compartment.
  • Class II-L (Ladies second class): This compartment is reserved solely for females, however male children up to the age of 13 can travel in this compartment. Men are not allowed to travel and can face a penalty. Some of the coaches of ladies compartments are open to the general public between 23:15 and 06:30. These are indicated by a note near the doors of the compartments. The coach is designated by green and yellow slant stripes. The location of the same is designated by colouring the platform walls with similar stripes.
  • Divyangjan (Handicapped, Pregnant Ladies and Cancer patients compartment): for people with disabilities or cancer. On a platform, one can locate these by signs or by following a beeping sound indicator for the visually impaired, or also by following a yellow tactile path with a walking stick. These coaches are open to all the genders. One needs a valid certificate of disability to board the compartment. Failure to do so may result in a penalty.
  • Senior citizens: is reserved for passengers above the age of 60. These coaches are open to all the genders. One needs a valid age proof to board the compartment. Failure to do so may result in a penalty.
  • Luggage: heavy goods and luggage can be transported using this compartment. These compartments are spacious and only have seats along the walls and are made to haul goods.

There are also women-only cars (termed ladies special),[33] and since 1992, Ladies Special trains with the entire train seats reserved for women passengers. A semi ladies special is a train with a few (e.g., three) coaches reserved for women. These designations can be combined with fast, slow, etc. with terms such as Slow Ladies Special.

Air-conditioned

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The Mumbai Suburban Railways are known for their open doors and windows. This is because there is no ventilation system on the trains, and the train relies on natural air ventilation. This was introduced as a cost-saving measure, as an air-conditioning system would be rendered useless during rush hour. Leaving the doors open also allows for a fast boarding process, as the trains stop for only 10 seconds, to combat overcrowding. In 2016, the Indian Railways manufactured its first AC local train for providing better journeys in the hot and humid summer season. This rake is manufactured at the Integral Coach Factory, Chennai. It has several new facilities, such as connected vestibules and automatic doors. It runs from Virar to Churchgate and Kalyan to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus. AC trains include fast and slow locals and started their run from 25 December 2017 on WR and 2021 on Central Line.[34][35]

Ticketing

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An Automatic Ticket Vending Machine (ATVM)

The Mumbai Suburban Railway uses a proof-of-payment fare collection system. Tickets can be purchased at every train station. Travelling without a valid ticket is an offence and if caught can result in a penalty. The penalty is steeper for passengers travelling in first class without a valid ticket.

Tickets can be bought for a single journey (one way) or a return journey. A return ticket is valid till the next day on weekdays and till Monday if purchased on a Friday. The ticket counters usually have long queues.

Tourist tickets are valid for one, three, or five days that can be purchased up to three days in advance.

Platform tickets are required to be purchased by those members of the public not boarding trains, but who wish to access the platforms at all stations, perhaps for the purpose of receiving or seeing off a passenger and also to use footbridges. These cost ₹10 (12¢ US). A person can be penalised for non-possession of this ticket.[36]

 
A 2017 Mumbai Suburban Railway ATVM ticket, from Virar to Churchgate
 
A 1981 Bombay Suburban Railway ticket from Malad to Vile Parle
CVMs and ATVMs

To save time, a Coupon Booklet can be purchased and the coupons can be punched for the designated fare at Coupon Validating Machines (CVMs) at every station. The ticket fares matrix is pasted above the CVM. As of October 2012, there are approximately 575 CVMs on Mumbai Suburban Railway stations. The Central Railway network has 350 and the Western Line has 225.[37]

In early 2015, the authorities decided to discontinue CVMs w.e.f 1 April 2015. This decision was taken due to extensive duplication of the coupons, and the lack of transparency. The coupons were also lacking a way to trace them.[38]

There are also reloadable Smart Cards, and riders can use it to print tickets for themselves from an Automatic Ticket Vending Machine (ATVMs). A seasonal ticket is available for regular commuters. Riders can choose the validity of these tickets from 1-month, three months to a year. Season Tickets are the most cost-effective and time-efficient option for regular commuters.[39]

In 2022, the ATVM added new payment methods. Initially, it has only the Railway Smart Card payment option. But with the new payment methods, ticketing has become much faster. It has two features, first one is BHIM UPI QR CODE (Pay by Paytm) and the second one is BHIM UPI QR CODE (Pay by Freecharge). The process is very simple, we just have to select the destination station, where we want to go and then by selecting the QR CODE option, and the displayed QR CODE needs to be scanned through the passengers with the help of any of the payment application (like Gpay, Paytm, BharatPe, Phonepe, etc). and can further proceed by making the payment and getting the ticket in your hands. Smart cards can also be recharged similarly by placing the card on the slot and accessing the QR CODE for payment. And passengers are requested to make use of Digital QR CODE based payment facility in ATVMs installed at stations for hassle free cashless payments, saving time by avoiding queues at UTS counters. It may be noted that a discount of 0.5% can be availed on renewal of suburban season tickets using UPI QR CODE.

Mobile app

The ticket counters usually have long queues. In order to bring a solution to this problem, the UTSOnMobile app was launched by railways minister Suresh Prabhu at Dadar railway station in December 2014. This app was launched initially for Android and Windows Phone, with the iOS version developed later.[40][41]

After signing up, the user has the option to load the prepaid RWallet built in the app, using credit/debit cards, net banking, IMPS or private mobile-based apps. After the RWallet is loaded, the app can be used to book tickets on the entire network. Alternatively, the user may book tickets directly using credit/debit cards, net banking, IMPS, UPI, or various digital wallets such as PayTM, MobiKwik etc. for payments within the app without having to load the prepaid RWallet.[42]

Initially, the ticket booked on the app had to be printed from the ATVMs. This step was found tedious by the commuters and was criticized. Later, in July 2015, an update for the app was launched, which made e-tickets acceptable. The update also brought technical changes, like, the tickets could be booked only within a radius of 30m to 5 km of the origin station, and not from the platform. This move was well received by commuters, which resulted in over 50,000 downloads on the launch day.[43]

Security

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The Railway Protection Force (RPF) and the Government Railway Police (GRP) are responsible for the Security of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.

The RPF is a security force under the authority of the Indian Ministry of Railways established by the Railway Protection Force Act, 1957[44] has the power to search, arrest, investigate and prosecute, though the ultimate power rests in the hands of the GRP.[45]

The GRP is the main police force established by the Railways Act, 1989. The GRP's responsibility is to observe law and order on all railway property. The force is under joint-control of the Indian Ministry of Railways and the Maharashtra Police. Its duties correspond to those of the District Police in the areas under their jurisdiction, such as patrolling, but only on railway property. It also aids and provides assistance to the Railway Protection Force[46]

Safety issues

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Doors

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The Mumbai Suburban Railway is known for its open doors and windows. This is because there is no ventilation system on the trains and the train relies on natural air ventilation. This was introduced as a cost-saving measure, as an air-conditioning system would be rendered useless during rush hour. Leaving the doors open also allows for a fast boarding process and turnaround time, as the trains stop for only 10 seconds, and are at most 5 minutes apart, to combat overcrowding. Passengers often end up hanging off the edge of the footboard, off door ledges, and during rush hour can lose balance and fall to their death. Teenagers and adults also attempt to perform stunts of the doorway and door ladders, thus risking their lives. Windows also have a wired grill on them, to prevent theft and chain snatching. However, passengers frequently spit paan, mava and gutka while hanging off doors, which ends up entering through the open window grilles. There are also numerous records of people tripping and falling down every day while getting on and off the train, when the train is in motion, thus resulting in injury.[47]

Overcrowding

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Due to its extensive reach across the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, and its intensive use by the local urban population, the Mumbai Suburban Railway suffers from the most severe overcrowding in the world.[48] Over 4,500 passengers are packed into a 12-car or 15-car rake during peak hours, as against the rated carrying capacity of around 2,000.[48] This has resulted in what is known as Super-Dense Crush Load of 14 to 16 standing passengers per square metre of floor space.[49]

Fatalities

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On average, about 2,000 people are killed on the Mumbai Suburban Rail network; between 2002 and 2012, more than 36,152 people died and 36,688 people were injured.[50] A record 17 people died every weekday on the city's suburban railway network in 2008.[51] Overcrowding is frequently blamed for the incidents. Another cause of death is passengers crossing the tracks on foot to avoid footbridges. Some passengers die when they sit on train roofs to avoid the crowds and are electrocuted by overhead electric cables, or fall while hanging from doors and window bars. Deaths declined in 2018. To reduce the risk of such fatalities, longer platforms, and more frequent trains are being implemented.[52]

Central Railways in association with a behaviour architecture firm deployed psychology-based interventions at the Wadala station, reducing fatalities by about 75%.[53][54]

In 2010, Western Railway has pledged that its trains will stop running if "even a single person" is seen travelling on the roof.[55]

In mid-2011, a viral video depicted a youth performing stunts while dangling from the compartment of a Harbour Line train.[56] Following this, a boy was killed while imitating the actions performed in the video.[57]

The Western and Central Railways have been using the Auxiliary Warning System (AWS), a type of Train Protection & Warning System (TPWS), since 1996, not dissimilar to the Automatic warning system of England.[58]

The Central Railway and Western Railway introduced a Blue Light (Virtual Gate) concept, The Blue beam light unit which will be mounted on the top of each Gate, which Guide the Commuter for Safe Boarding, avoid overcrowding and Safe clearance in the Platforms. It also helps to create a Cultural Transformation in the Behavior of the Commuter.[59]

Terrorism

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The Mumbai Suburban Railway has suffered eight explosive attacks and around 368 people are believed to have died as a result.

Tourism

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Tourist usage of the Mumbai Suburban Railways has seen popularity as a way to explore the day-to-day life of the city, and as such, the Central Railway has issued circulars advising tourists not to travel in the trains from 07:00 to 11:00 and 17:00 to 22:00 during weekdays because of overcrowding.[33]

Expansion

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Main article: Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation

To enable the Mumbai Suburban Railway to meet the demands of the ever-growing passenger traffic, the federal Government of India's Ministry of Railways and the state Government of Maharashtra have jointly envisioned the constitution of a separate corporate entity to operate the system.

The Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation (MRVC), a public sector unit of the Government of India under the Ministry of Railways, was incorporated under the (Indian) Companies Act, 1956 on 12 July 1999, with an equity capital of ₹250 million (US$3.0 million) to implement the rail component of an integrated rail-cum-road urban transport project, called Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP). The cost of the rail component of the project is to be shared equally by the Ministry of Railways and the Government of Maharashtra.[65]

MRVC under the Mumbai Urban Transport Project-II is completed the Harbour Line up to Goregaon.[66] Further extension of this line has been accepted under MUTP-III till Borivali.[67]

CR has constructed a 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi) line linking Nerul / CBD Belapur with Uran. The line would have 10 stations.[68] This project is divided into two phases.

  • In Phase-I, Bamandongari and Kharkopar are fully operational and Targhar station is still under construction. But the construction of Sagar Sangam railway station is temporarily postponed due to completing the railway line within the time limit of October 2018 till the later phase.[69]
  • In Phase-II, the Construction of all stations lying between Kharkopar and Uran is completed & flagged of by PM Narendra Modi on 12 January 2024.[70]

CR has proposed a service from Kalyan to Nasik Road, giving a boost to commuters to and from Nasik, since there are currently only three Intercity trains to Manmad (GLokmanya Tilak Terminus–Manmad Godavari Express, Panchvati Express and Manmad Rajya Rani Express) operating from Mumbai.[71] This distance is 132 km regular, meeting the Indian Railways criteria for EMU services CR has announced that it will carry out trial runs, however it has difficulty due to the Kasara Ghat tunnels.[72]

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Film

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The Mumbai Suburban Railway has regularly been used for film shoots. Some movies that have used the Mumbai Suburban Railway for filming are:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Network map

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Is Mumbai Local Losing Popularity? Report Shows 20% Decline in Daily Commuters Using Suburban Trains". News18. 15 April 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  2. ^ "Local train derails in Mumbai". Press Trust of India. India Today. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  3. ^ Study of Development and Expansion Plan for Mumbai Suburban Rail Network (PDF).
  4. ^ Nirmala Rao (20 November 2014). Reshaping City Governance: London, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-58151-2.
  5. ^ "It's not getting any better! Despite metro and monorail, Mumbai local trains getting more overcrowded". mid-day. 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  6. ^ Bhaswati Mondal; Gopa Samanta (26 July 2021). Mobilities in India: The Experience of Suburban Rail Commuting. Springer Nature. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-3-03-078350-1.
  7. ^ Aakriti Grover; R.B. Singh (25 October 2019). Urban Health and Wellbeing: Indian Case Studies. Springer Nature. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-981-13-6671-0.
  8. ^ Cecile Sandten; Annika Bauer (27 September 2016). Re-Inventing the Postcolonial (in the) Metropolis. BRILL. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-90-04-32876-1.
  9. ^ Suresh Chandra Satapathy; Amit Joshi (30 December 2018). Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems: Proceedings of ICTIS 2018, Volume 1. Springer. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-981-13-1742-2.
  10. ^ Satardekar, Anvaya (17 October 2012). "Central Railway puts 15-car locals on track". DNA India. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  11. ^ "Multiple Units (EMU/DMU) and other self-propelled vehicles". IRFCA. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  12. ^ "End of an era: Mumbai bids goodbye to last DC local". 11 April 2016.
  13. ^ Aklekar, Rajendra (26 March 2012). "Power plant for Mumbai railways gets a fillip". DNA India. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  14. ^ Saurabh Raut (17 October 2014). "First Time On Youtube: New Sensation High Speed Bombardier EMU Local Skips Umroli In Its Full Speed". YouTube. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  15. ^ Aklekar, Rajendra (29 December 2011). "Fresh blueprint for AC locals on anvil". DNA India. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  16. ^ Aklekar, Rajendra (7 December 2011). "Railway think tank rules out Metro-like seats in locals". DNA India. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  17. ^ "(home)". Bombay Railway History Group. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015.
  18. ^ Western Railway Introduces Uttam Rakes for Mumbai Local, economictimes.com, Retrieved 22 September 2020
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  20. ^ Shashank Rao (19 April 2015). "Mumbai: AC-coach trials to begin in September". MiD DAY. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  21. ^ a b "WR local passengers, get ready for a cool commute". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  22. ^ "Western Railway handed over first AC local for trials, Diwali launch likely". The Times of India. 13 May 2017. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  23. ^ Mishra, Kamal (18 July 2018). "Nine more AC locals in Mumbai by next summer". The Economic Times.
  24. ^ "Mumbai: New stops add Rs 34 lakh to WR earnings from single AC local". The Times of India. 26 December 2018.
  25. ^ Mumbai AC local ply on Central Railway Route, indianexpress.com, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  26. ^ "Central Railway starts 10 AC locals, check timetable here; revised timings of 8 suburban services given here | Mumbai News Updates".
  27. ^ Western Suburban Line Information, Western Railway, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  28. ^ System Map, Central Railway, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  29. ^ Trans Harbour AC train Operation, Free Press Journal, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  30. ^ Milestones, Central Railways, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  31. ^ Data Sheet of MUTP, World Bank, Retrieved 3 October 2020
  32. ^ Nerul Uran Rail Line, CIDCO, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  33. ^ a b Lonely Planet: Goa & Mumbai (6th ed.). Lonely Planet. 2012. p. 68.
  34. ^ First Ever Broad Gauge AC Local train in Mumbai Launched, business-standard.com, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  35. ^ CR Passengers to Finally Get AC local in Next Month, Mumbai Mirror, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  36. ^ "ADMISSION TO PLATFORMS AND CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS". Indian Railways. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  37. ^ "Coupons with bar codes for train travel". Hindustan Times. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  38. ^ Railway Ministry to Scrap CVM's, Indian Express, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  39. ^ Indian Railways Introduces ATVM's in this Festive Season, Financial Express, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  40. ^ Soon Local Trains to Have Paperless Tickets, Indian Express, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  41. ^ Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu to launch new Mobile App, Indian Express, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  42. ^ Railways UTS App to Buy Unreserved Tickets are now available, Economic Times, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  43. ^ Indian Railways Registers New Record with over 8.33 Lakh tickets booked through UTS App, Financial Express, Retrieved 22 September 2020
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  45. ^ Press Trust of India. "MoS Railways dubs Railway Protection Force as 'toothless', demands more power for it". economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  46. ^ Press Trust of India. "Security heightened at AP railway stations after Chennai bomb blasts". economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
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  51. ^ Blakely, Rhys (18 February 2010). "India's rail authorities crackdown on rooftop travel to stop deaths". The Times. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010.[dead link‍]
  52. ^ Deaths Drop by 10 percent in Mumbai Local, timesofindia.com, Retrieved 22 September 2020
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  60. ^ Six Terror Attacks that Shook India, Economic Times, Retrieved 22 September 2020
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  64. ^ Revisiting the Night of Mumbai, When 10 Terrorists Attacked India's Financial Capital, Economic Times,Retrieved 22 September 2020
  65. ^ Mamta to Open MRVC on 29 April, Times of India, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  66. ^ Harbour line extension to operate from Today, DNA, Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  67. ^ Railway Miniter Wants Mumbai's Harbour line to head to Borivli, Hindustan Times, Retrieved 22 September 2020
  68. ^ "Seawoods-Uran project: CR wants carshed plot near station on route, CIDCO says difficult". The Indian Express. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
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  70. ^ "pm modi will show green light to nerul uran railway route". News 18 lokmat. 12 January 2024.
  71. ^ "कल्याण-नाशिक लोकलप्रवास टप्प्यात". Maharashtra Times. 16 January 2017.
  72. ^ "Nashik–Mumbai local train test run to begin in 15 days". Mumbai Live. 19 November 2018.
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