The Six Gallery reading (also known as the Gallery Six reading or Six Angels in the Same Performance) was an important poetry event that took place on Friday, October 7, 1955,[1] at 3119 Fillmore Street in San Francisco, California.[2][3]
History
editConceived by Wally Hedrick,[4] this event was the first important public manifestation of the Beat Generation and helped to herald the West Coast literary revolution that continued the San Francisco Renaissance. Peter Forakis created the poster for the reading.[5]
At the reading, five talented young poets—Allen Ginsberg, Philip Lamantia, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, and Philip Whalen—who until then were known mainly within a close company of friends and other writers (such as Lionel Trilling and William Carlos Williams), presented some of their latest works. For McClure, it was his first ever public reading.[6] They were introduced by Kenneth Rexroth, a San Francisco poet of an older generation, who was a kind of literary father-figure for the younger poets and had helped to establish their burgeoning community through personal introductions at his weekly salon.[7][8][9]
Lamantia read poems by his dead friend John Hoffman. McClure read five poems, including "Point Lobos Animism" and "For the Death of 100 Whales"; Snyder, "A Berry Feast"; and Whalen, "Plus Ca Change". Most famously, it was at this reading that Allen Ginsberg first presented his poem Howl. The poem was then incomplete, with only a draft of the first part read.[10]
Hedrick, a painter and veteran of the Korean War, approached Ginsberg in the summer of 1955 and asked him to organize a poetry reading at the Six Gallery.[11] At first, Ginsberg refused. But once he'd written a rough draft of Howl, he changed his "fucking mind", as he put it.[12] The large and excited audience included a drunken Jack Kerouac, who refused to read his own work but cheered the other poets on, shouting "Yeah! Go! Go!" during their performances. Still, Kerouac was able to recall much of what occurred at the reading, and wrote an account that he included in his novel The Dharma Bums.
Also in attendance was Lawrence Ferlinghetti, who telegrammed Ginsberg the following day offering to publish his work. Neal Cassady passed around the wine jug and a collection plate.
The Six Gallery, newly re-named by Hedrick, Deborah Remington, John Ryan the poet, Jack Spicer the poet, Hayward King, and David Simpson,[13][14] was previously known as the King Ubu Gallery – a reference to Ubu Roi – which was founded by artist Jess Collins and poet Robert Duncan in 1952. Duncan's play, Faust Foutu, was performed there in January 1965. Before its association with art and poetry, it was an auto repair shop. The gallery was referred to as "The Six Gallery," "The 6 Gallery," "6 Gallery," and "The 6" by its founders and members.[15] In 1995, literary pilgrim Tony Willard wrote of the location, "3119 Fillmore stands in the middle of block's west side, canary yellow with royal blue awnings, black flower boxes full of exuberant geraniums at the second-story windows. It houses a store called Silkroute International, whose rugs and pillows spill onto the sidewalk."[16] The Gallery's 3119 address no longer exists, but a podium and plaque commemorating the 50th anniversary of the reading of "Howl"[17] stand on the sidewalk in front of a restaurant at 3115 Fillmore. The black flower boxes are still there, without exuberant geraniums.
Footnotes
edit- ^ Some sources have erroneously reported the date of the reading as October 13. (One example is Hendin, Josephine G. 2004. Concise Companion to Postwar American Literature and Culture. p. 79. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.) However, most scholars agree on the date October 7, as does the plaque honoring the event, pictured here. (The date is confirmed in Morgan, Bill and Nancy L. Peters, eds. 2006. Howl on Trial: The Battle for Free Expression. p. 1. San Francisco: City Lights Publishers; and Raskin, Jonah. 2006. American Scream: Allen Ginsberg's Howl and the Making of the Beat Generation. p. 154. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.)
- ^ In 1954, Wally Hedrick co-founded The Six Gallery in San Francisco, California with David Simpson, Hayward Ellis King, John Allen Ryan, Deborah Remington and Jack Spicer – and by 1955, had "become the official director". ("Oral history interview with Wally Hedrick", Smithsonian Archives of American Art. The transcribed interview took place at Hedrick's home in San Geronimo, California, June 10, 1974; Interviewer: Paul Karlstrom https://archive.today/20121214235927/http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/oralhistories/transcripts/hedric74.htm [accessed November 24, 2014]. In "Remembering Wally Hedrick", artist and professor Carlos Villa writes, "Wally Hedrick was a chief organizer of the Six Gallery..."[1] (accessed November 25, 2014). The Six Gallery functioned as an underground art gallery for the members and a meeting place for poets and literati alike.
- ^ "Fillmore: The Beats in the Western Addition - FoundSF".
- ^ Matt Theado ed. (2002) The Beats: A Literary Reference, "The Beats in the West", pg. 61:
Ginsberg recalled: "The Six Gallery reading had come about when Wally Hedrick, who was a painter and one of the major people there, asked Rexroth if he knew any poets that would put on a reading.
- ^ "Poster for the 6 Gallery, Poetry Reading". Fine Art Museums of San Francisco. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
- ^ Charters, Ann (1986). Beats & Company. New York: Doubleday. p. 60.
- ^ "Oral history interview with Wally Hedrick, 1974 June 10-24 - Oral His…". www.aaa.si.edu. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ^ "Archived copy". www.stretcher.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Stretcher | Features | Remembering Wally Hedrick".
- ^ Morgan, Bill (2003). The Beat Gen in San Francisco. San Francisco: City Lights. p. 196.
- ^ Wills, David S. (October 7, 2015). "Sixty Years After The Six Gallery Reading". Beatdom Literary Journal.
- ^ Jonah Raskin, American Scream: Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" and the Making of the Beat Generation.
- ^ Smithsonian Archives of American Art: Oral History Interview With Wally Hedrick At His Home, San Geronimo, California, June 10, 1974 [2]
- ^ "Oral history interview with Wally Hedrick, 1974 June 10-24".
- ^ Jones, Caroline (1989). Bay Area Figurative Art, 1950-1965. University of California Press. p. 177.
- ^ "LitKicks: Six Gallery".
- ^ "Michela Alioto-Pier dedicates plaque commemorating HOWL 50th Anniversary".