Shanghai Communiqué: Difference between revisions

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== Document ==
The United States formally ''acknowledged'' that "all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China". The use of the word "acknowledge" rather than "accept" is often cited as an example of the United States' ambiguous position regarding the future of Taiwan.<ref name="FPRI" /> The communiqué also included wishes to expand the economic and cultural contacts between the two nations, although no concrete steps were mentioned. The communiqué stated that the normalization of relations would contribute "to the relaxation of tension in Asia and the world."<ref name="doc203" />
The Shanghai Communiqué begins by briefly mentioning some of the activities that occurred during Nixon's visit to China. There is then a review of the differences between the two countries.
 
The Chinese side expressed that they supported the sovereignty of [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Vietnam]]. They favored the [[North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] and opposed the [[South Korea|Republic of Korea]]'s entry to the United Nations. They additionally opposed perceptions of growing "Japanese militarism." Concerning the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War]], China supported the continued cessation of hostilities and Pakistan's contested sovereignty over [[Jammu]] and [[Kashmir]].
 
The American side more vaguely mentioned support for the sovereignty of South-East Asian nations, and expressed a commitment to withdraw American soldiers from Vietnam. They affirmed their support for the Republic of Korea, and mirrored China's interest in a continued ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir without asserting partiality for either India or Pakistan.
 
What followed in the communiqué were the mutual interests of the United States and China. Both parties expressed an interest in the full normalization of relations and a reduced risk of international war. They stated that neither country "should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region," and that both countries oppose any other power's attempts at dominating the region. The Soviet Union was the implicit target of the addition due to their [[Cold War|ongoing opposition]] to the United States along with continued frictions with China following the [[Sino-Soviet split]].
 
The communiqué included wishes to expand the economic and cultural contacts between the two nations, although no concrete steps were mentioned. The communiqué stated that the normalization of relations would contribute "to the relaxation of tension in Asia and the world."<ref name="doc203" />
 
=== Taiwan ===
The communiqué acknowledged there were significant disagreements between China and the United States over the status of Taiwan. The Chinese side repeated their longstanding policy that Taiwan "is China's internal affair in which no other country has the right to interfere," and added that "all US forces and military installations must be withdrawn from Taiwan."
 
The United States expressed their own interpretation of the [[One-China policy#United States policy|One-China policy]] by acknowledging that "all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China" and reaffirmed "its interest in a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question by the Chinese themselves" and affirmed "the ultimate objective of the withdrawal of all U.S. forces and military installations from Taiwan", but did not explicitly endorse the People's Republic of China as the whole of China. Kissinger described the move as "[[constructive ambiguity]]," which would continue to hinder efforts for complete normalization.
 
== Legacy ==