Synergetics is an interdisciplinary science explaining the formation and self-organization of patterns and structures in open systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium. It is founded by Hermann Haken, inspired by the laser theory. Haken's interpretation of the laser principles as self-organization of non-equilibrium systems paved the way at the end of the 1960s to the development of synergetics. One of his successful popular books is Erfolgsgeheimnisse der Natur, translated into English as The Science of Structure: Synergetics.[1]
Self-organization requires a 'macroscopic' system, consisting of many nonlinearly interacting subsystems. Depending on the external control parameters (environment, energy fluxes) self-organization takes place.
Order-parameter concept
editEssential in synergetics is the order-parameter concept which was originally introduced in the Ginzburg–Landau theory in order to describe phase transitions in thermodynamics. The order parameter concept is generalized by Haken to the "enslaving-principle" saying that the dynamics of fast-relaxing (stable) modes is completely determined by the 'slow' dynamics of, as a rule, only a few 'order-parameters' (unstable modes). The order parameters can be interpreted as the amplitudes of the unstable modes determining the macroscopic pattern.
As a consequence, self-organization means an enormous reduction of degrees of freedom (entropy) of the system which macroscopically reveals an increase of 'order' (pattern-formation). This far-reaching macroscopic order is independent of the details of the microscopic interactions of the subsystems. This supposedly explains the self-organization of patterns in so many different systems in physics, chemistry and biology.
[...] the statistical properties of laser light change qualitatively at the laser threshold. Below laser threshold noise increases more and more while above threshold it decreases again. [...] Below laser threshold, light consists of individual wave tracks which are emitted from the individual atoms independently of each other. Above laser threshold, a practically infinitely long wave track is produced. In order to make contact with other processes of self-organization let us interpret the processes in a lamp or in a laser by means of Bohr's model of the atom. A lamp produces its light in such a way that the excited electrons of the atoms make their transitions from the outer orbit to the inner orbit entirely independently of each other. On the other hand, the properties of laser light can be understood only if we assume that the transitions of the individual electrons occur in a correlated fashion. [...] Above laser threshold the coherent field grows more and more and it can slave the degrees of freedom of the dipole moments and of the inversion. Within synergetics it has turned out that is a quite typical equation describing effects of self-organization. [...] This equation tells us that the amplitude of the dipoles, which is proportional to A, is instantaneously given by the field amplitude B(t) (and by the fluctuating force). This is probably the simplest example of a principle which has turned out to be of fundamental importance in synergetics and which is called the slaving principle.
— Light: vol. 2; Laser light dynamics, chapter 13.[2]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Haken, H. (1984). The science of structure : synergetics. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0442237030. OCLC 9644102.
- ^ H. Haken (1981). Light: Laser Light Dynamics. North Holland, Amsterdam. ISBN 0444860207. OCLC 6735808.
- Haken, H (1978). Synergetics : an introduction : nonequilibrium phase transitions and self-organization in physics, chemistry, and biology. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-08866-0. OCLC 3966021.
- Haken, H (1983). Advanced synergetics : instability hierarchies of self-organizing systems and devices. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-12162-6. OCLC 9195660.
- Haken, Hermann (2006). Synergetik in der Psychologie Selbstorganisation verstehen und gestalten (in German). Göttingen, Bern, Wien, Toronto, Seattle, Oxford, Prag: Hogrefe. ISBN 3-8017-1686-4. OCLC 181495870.
- Graham, R.; Wunderlin, A., eds. (1987). Lasers and synergetics : a colloquium on coherence and self-organization in nature. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-17940-2. OCLC 15793385.
- A. S. Mikhailov: Foundations of Synergetics I. Distributed active systems (2nd rev. ed. 1994). Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1990, ISBN 3-540-52775-3.
- A. S. Mikhailov, A. Yu. Loskutov: Foundations of Synergetics II. Chaos and Noise, 2nd revised and enlarged edition, Springer Series in Synergetics. Springer, Berlin — Heidelberg 1996 (erste Auflage 1991), ISBN 0-387-53448-2.
- Norbert Niemeier "Organisatorischer Wandel aus der Sicht der Synergetik"; Deutscher Universitätsverlag, Wiesbaden, 2000, ISBN 3-8244-0524-5
- D.S. Chernavskii: "Синергетика и информация: Динамическая теория информации", 2-е изд. М.: УРСС. ISBN 5-354-00241-9