The Toubon Law (full name: law 94-665 of 4 August 1994 relating to usage of the French language) is a French law mandating the use of the French language in official government publications, in all advertisements, in all workplaces, in commercial contracts, in some other commercial communication contexts, in all government-financed schools, and some other contexts.[1]
The law does not concern private, non-commercial communications, such as non-commercial web publications by private bodies. It does not concern books, films, public speeches, and other forms of communications not constituting commercial activity. However, the law mandates the use of the French language in all broadcast audiovisual programs, with exceptions for musical works and "original version" films.[2] Broadcast musical works are subject to quota rules under a related law whereby a minimum percentage of television shows and 35%[3] of songs on the radio must be in the French language.[2]
The law takes its common name from Jacques Toubon, who was Minister of Culture when it was passed, and who proposed the law to the National Assembly of France. A nickname is Loi Allgood – "Allgood" is a morpheme-for-morpheme translation of "Toubon" into English ("All Good" being a translation of "Tout bon") – as the law can largely be considered to have been enacted in reaction to the increasing usage of English in advertisements and other areas in France. As the law sought to strengthen French as the dominant language within the country and its territories, the law also 'came under considerable attack from the European Commission which regarded its provisions as particularly offensive to the concept of free competition across national borders.'[4]
Provisions of the law
editOne broad provision of the law applying to workplaces is that "any document that contains obligations for the employee or provisions whose knowledge is necessary for the performance of one's work must be written in French." Among other things, this means that computer software developed outside France must have its user interface and instruction manuals translated into French to be legally used by companies in France. The law includes an exception that "these provisions do not apply to documents coming from abroad", but this exception has been interpreted narrowly by the appellate courts. For example, in 2006 a French subsidiary of a US company was given a hefty fine for delivering certain highly technical documents and software interfaces to its employees in the English language only, and this was upheld by the appellate court.[5][6]
Another broad provision of the law is that it makes it mandatory for commercial advertisements and public announcements to be given in French. This does not rule out advertisements made in a foreign language: it is sufficient to provide a translation in a footnote. This was justified as a measure for the protection of the consumer. Additionally, product packaging must be in French, though, again, translation in multiple languages can be provided.
A similar restriction—though implemented by primary legislation regulations and not as application of the Loi Toubon—applies to product labeling: product labels should be intelligible and in French, though additional languages may be present.[7] Some linguistic restrictions on product labeling were found to be incompatible with European law,[8] particularly the directives concerning the freedom of movement of goods within the European Union. The French government then issued interpretation notes and amended regulations in order to comply.[9]
In another provision, the law specifies obligations for public legal persons (government administrations, et al.), mandating the use of French in publications, or at least in summaries of publications. In France, it is a constitutional requirement that the public should be informed of the action of the government. Since the official language of France is French, it follows that the French public should be able to get official information in French.
Under the Toubon law, schools that do not use French as the medium of instruction are ineligible for government funding. This excludes the Breton language schools of Brittany.[10][11]
Other restrictions concern the use of French in academic conferences. These are largely ignored by many public institutions, especially in the "hard" scientific fields.[12][13] The original restrictions on colloquia also applied to private bodies, but that was found unconstitutional prior to enactment,[14] on grounds that they violated freedom of speech, and the final form of the law was modified accordingly.
Enforcement against French subsidiaries of US-based organizations
editIn the mid-1990s, soon after the Toubon Law came into force, two French lobbying groups—the Association pour la Défense de la Langue Française and the L'Avenir de la Langue Française—filed a complaint against Georgia Tech Lorraine, the Metz campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology. At the time of the complaint, all classes at this Lorraine school were conducted in English, and all course descriptions on its French Internet web site were in English only. The complaint invoked the Toubon Law to demand that the school's web site must be in French because the web site was effectively a commercial advertisement for the school's courses.[15] Although the case was dismissed by the court on a minor legal technicality,[16] and the lobbying groups chose to drop the matter, the school was moved to offer its French website in the French language in addition to English, although classes continued to be in English only.[17]
In 2006, the French subsidiary of the US company General Electric Medical Systems was fined €500,000 plus an ongoing fine of €20,000 per day for not complying with the Toubon law.[5]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ See the text of the Toubon Law in English at La Délégation Générale à la Langue Française.
- ^ a b See Television Regulation in France a 2005 report sponsored by the Open Society Institute.
- ^ Chua, Amy (18 January 2022). "How the English Language Conquered the World". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ E., Ager, D. (1999). Identity, insecurity and image : France and language. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. p. 44. ISBN 1853594431. OCLC 44961967.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "American Bar Association Report on GE Medical Systems case: French court fines US company for not using French language in France". Archived from the original on 6 August 2009.
- ^ Ruling from the Versailles Court of Appeal, 2 March 2006
- ^ Code de la consommation R112-8
- ^ Ruling C-366-98 of 12 September 2000, Court of Justice of the European Communities
- ^ Marc Frangi, Le consommateur français entre loi Toubon et droit communautaire, Revue internationale de droit économique, De Boeck Université, t. XVII, 1 2003/1, pp. 135-144, ISBN 2-8041-4232-9, doi:10.3917/ride.171.0135
- ^ See Breton language for a summary of the Toubon Law's impact on the Breton language.
- ^ Ruling 238653 of 29 November 2002 from the Council of State: 50/50 French/Breton education cannot be publicly funded.
- ^ Question from senator Danielle Bidard-Reydet and answer by the Minister of Research Hubert Curien, 1991: the conclusion of a commission of the French Academy of Sciences is that enforcing the use of French in scientific conferences, through the use of simultaneous translations, would be not only costly but useless, and would damage the reputation of France among the international scientific community. The Ministry thus does not envision coercive measures, which would have the result of reducing the number of internal scientific conferences in France. Thus, the use of simultaneous translation is recommended (not imposed).
- ^ 2008 Report from the General delegation to French language to Parliament, pp. 33-39. The National Centre for Scientific Research indicates that strict observance of the law would pose considerable problems. Page 39: 78% of research laboratories have organized or co-organized seminars, in France during the 2006-2007 school year. Out of that number, 62% organized sittings that took place essentially in a foreign language: 47% in humanities and social sciences, 71% in exact sciences. The operators indicated that sometimes sittings took place in a foreign language even though all participants were francophone. This situation took place within 35% of relevant laboratories (thus 16% of all laboratories), in approximately the same proportion in exact sciences and humanities and social sciences.
- ^ Constitutional Council, 94-345 DC
- ^ Giussani, Bruno (31 December 1996). "Georgia Tech Is Sued For Non-French Web Site". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2008.
- ^ "Victory in France". Findlaw. 9 June 1997. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ See Georgia Tech Lorraine website today.
External links
edit- (in French) Text of the Toubon law
- (in French) Reports of the general delegation for the French language, from the French Ministry of Culture