Trent and Mersey Canal

The Trent and Mersey Canal is a 93+12-mile (150 km) canal in Derbyshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire in north-central England. It is a "narrow canal" for the vast majority of its length, but at the extremities to the east of Burton upon Trent and north of Middlewich, it is a wide canal.

Trent and Mersey Canal
The Trent and Mersey Canal near Branston Water Park
Specifications
Locks76
StatusOpen
Navigation authorityCanal and River Trust
History
Principal engineerJames Brindley
Other engineer(s)Hugh Henshall
Date of act1766
Date of first use1777
Geography
Start pointRiver Trent, Derwent Mouth
End pointRiver Mersey
(via Bridgewater Canal)
Connects to
Map
Trent and Mersey Canal
Bridgewater Canal
Preston Brook Tunnel (North end)
Preston Brook Tunnel (South end)
Dutton Stop Lock No76
213
Lodge Lane Bridge
Site of 2012 breach
(River Weaver)
209
 A49  Acton Bridge
203
Saltersford Tunnel (West end)
Saltersford Tunnel (East end)
202
Barnton Tunnel (West end)
Barnton Tunnel (East end)
 A533  Barnton Road Bridge
Anderton Boat Lift
Uplands and Anderton Marinas
193
Marston Bridge  B5075 
(River Weaver)
190
Wincham Brook Aqueduct
189
 A559  Manchester Road Bridge
Wincham Wharf
184
 B5082  Broken Cross Bridge
182A
 A556  Northwich Bypass Bridge
Orchard Marina
Billinge Green Flash
180A
Railway Bridge
(River Dane)
Croxton Flash
174
Croxton Aqueduct
173
 A530  Croxton Lane Bridge
Middlewich Big Lock No 75
172
 A54  Town Bridge
Middlewich Bottom Lock No 74
Middlewich Lock No 73
Middlewich Top Lock No 72
Middlewich Top Wharf
King's Lock Wharf
Junction with Wardle Canal
King's Lock No 71
Rumps Lock No 70
165
 A533  Tetton Bridge
Booth Lane Bottom Lock No 69
Booth Lane Middle Lock No 68
Crows Nest Lock No 67
158
Rookery Railway Bridge
154
Wheelock Wharf Bridge
153A
Arclid Aqueduct
153
Wheelock Aqueduct
152A
 A534  Bridge
Wheelock Bottom Lock No 66
Wheelock Lock No 65
Wheelock Lock No 64
Wheelock Lock No 63
Wheelock Lock No 62
Wheelock Lock No 61
Wheelock Lock No 60
Wheelock Flight Top Lock No 59
147A
 M6  Motorway Bridge
Hassall Green Bottom Lock No 58
Hassall Green Top Lock No 57
Pierpoint Bottom Lock No 56
Pierpoint Top Lock No 55
143
Chellshill Aqueduct\ B5078 
Lower Thurlwood Lock No 54
Upper Thurlwood Lock No 53
138
 A50  Knutsford Road Bridge
Snapes Aqueduct
Lawton Bottom Lock No 52
Lawton Lock No 51
Lawton Top Lock No 50
Halls Lock No 49
Church Lawton Bottom Lock No 48
Church Lawton Top Lock No 47
135
 A50  Coopers Bridge
Red Bull Bottom Lock No 46
Red Bull Lock No 45
Red Bull Lock No 44
134
 A34  Red Bull Bridge
Red Bull Lock No 43
Poole Aqueduct Macclesfield Canal
Red Bull Lock No 42
Red Bull Top Lock No 41
Hardings Wood Junction
Hardings Wood Railway Bridge
Kidsgrove Railway Bridge
Harecastle Tunnel (North end)
2,919 yards (2,669 m)
Harecastle Tunnel (South end)
129B
 A527  Goldendale Bridge
126
 A527  Longport Road Bridge
Stoke Marina
117A
 A53  Etruria Road Bridge
Etruria Junction
Stoke Top Lock No 40
(Bedford Street Staircase)
Stoke Lock No 39
Stoke Lock No 38
115
 B5045  Newcastle Road Bridge
(Caldon Canal)
Stoke Lock No 37
114B
Cockshute Railway Bridge
114A
Cockshute Railway Bridge
114
Stoke Bottom Lock No 36
 A5006 
Newcastle-under-Lyme Canal
 A5007 
 A50 
106
 A5035  Hemheath Bridge
Trentham Lock No 35
Meaford Top Lock No 34
Meaford Road Lock No 33
Meaford House Lock No 32
Meaford Bottom Lock No 31
Stone Top Lock No 30
95A
Railway Bridge
Stone Lock No 29
Stone Lock No 28
Stone Bottom Lock No 27
93
 A520  Stafford Road Bridge
91
 A51 
Aston Lock No 26
Sandon Lock No 25
80
 A518  Weston upon Trent Bridge
Weston Lock No 24
Hoo Mill Lock No 23
Great Haywood Junction
Haywood Lock No 22
72A
Colwich Railway Bridge
Colwich Lock No 21
70
 A51  Wolseley Bridge
Brindley Bank Aqueduct
65B
Rugeley Railway Bridge
63
 A51 
62A
 A513 
61A
 A513  Rugeley Road Bridge
59A
Armitage Railway Bridge
King's Bromley Marina
King's Bromley Wharf
54
 A515  King's Bromley Bridge
Wood End Lock No 20
Shade House Lock No 19
Fradley Middle Lock No 18
Fradley Junction
Junction Lock No 17
Keeper's Lock No 16
Hunts Lock No 15
Common Lock No 14
Fradley Marina
49A
 A513  Alrewas Bypass Bridge
Bagnall Lock No 13
Alrewas Lock No 12
River Trent Joins T&M
River Trent Leaves T&M
Wychnor Lock No 11
Barton Turns Marina
Barton Turn Lock No 10
Tatenhill Lock No 9
Branston Lock No 8
33E
 A38  Ordish Bridge
Shobnall Basin
33
 B5017  Shobnall Road Bridge
Dallow Lane Lock No 7
Horninglow Basin
32
 A511  Horninglow Bridge
29A
 A5121 
Clay Mills Aqueduct
River Dove Aqueduct
24A
 A5132 
22A
Willington Railway Bridge
20A
Railway Bridge
Mercia Marina
Sewage works
Stenson Marina
Stenson Lock No 6
Derby Canal extension to River Trent
Swarkestone Junction - Derby Canal
Swarkestone Lock No 5
13A
Swarkestone Railway Bridge
13
 A514  Cuttle Bridge
8
Weston Lock No 4
7A
Weston Railway Bridge
Aston Lock No 3
4
 A50 
Shardlow Lock No 2
(River Derwent)
The Clock Warehouse
Shardlow
(Shardlow Marina)
Derwent Mouth Lock No 1
Derwent Mouth
River Trent
 M1 

The narrow locks and bridges are big enough for a single narrowboat 7 feet (2.1 m) wide by 72 feet (22 m) long, while the wide locks can accommodate boats 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, or two narrowboats next to each other.

History

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The Trent and Mersey Canal (T&M) was built to link the River Trent at Derwent Mouth in Derbyshire to the River Mersey, and thereby provide an inland route between the major ports of Hull and Liverpool. The Mersey connection is made via the Bridgewater Canal, which it joins at Preston Brook in Cheshire. Although mileposts measure the distance to Preston Brook and Shardlow, Derwent Mouth is about 1 mile (1.6 km) beyond Shardlow.

Trent and Mersey Canal Act 1766
Act of Parliament
 
Long titleAn Act for making a Navigable Cut, or Canal, from the River Trent, at or near Wilden Ferry in the County of Derby, to the River Mersey at or near Runcorn Gap.
Citation6 Geo. 3. c. 96
Dates
Royal assent14 May 1766

The plan of a canal connection from the Mersey to the Trent ("The Grand Trunk") came from canal engineer James Brindley. It was authorised by an act of Parliament, the Trent and Mersey Canal Act 1766 (6 Geo. 3. c. 96) and the first sod was cut by Josiah Wedgwood in July that year at Brownhills, Burslem.[1] In 1777, the canal was completed,[2] including more than 70 locks and five tunnels, with the company headquarters in Stone.

The first known idea to build a canal between the River Mersey and the River Trent was put forward in 1755, though no action was taken at that time.[citation needed] In 1760, Lord Gower, a local businessman and brother-in-law of the Duke of Bridgewater, drew up a plan for the Trent and Mersey Canal. If his plan had gone ahead, this would have been the first modern canal constructed in England. James Brindley, the engineer behind many of the canals in England, did his first canal work on the Trent and Mersey, though his first job in charge of construction was on the Bridgewater Canal.

In 1761, Josiah Wedgwood showed an interest in the construction of a canal through Stoke-on-Trent, the location of his Wedgwood pottery, as his business depended on the safe and smooth transport of his pots. Pots transported by road were liable to be damaged and broken, and a canal near to his factory would provide fast and safe transport for his wares. Wedgwood's plan was not to connect the two rivers by canal, but to connect the potteries to the River Mersey.

There was much debate about possible routes that a canal could take. Coal merchants in Liverpool felt threatened about a canal that could bring coal in from Cheshire. The owners of the River Weaver Navigation were also not happy about the proposals, because the route would almost parallel that of the river. Yet another route was published which, much to the shock of Wedgwood, did not at all include the potteries.

Wedgwood, intent on having a waterway connection to his potteries, managed to send his proposal to Parliament, with the help of two of his friends, Thomas Bentley and Erasmus Darwin. John Gilbert's plan for the "Grand Trunk" canal met opposition at the eastern end where, in Burton on Trent, the locals objected to the canal passing parallel to the upper Trent navigation. In 1764, Wedgwood managed to convince Gilbert to include the Potteries in his route. In 1766, Gilbert's plan was authorised by an Act of Parliament. Later that year, "[o]n July 26th a massive celebration was held in the Potteries where Josiah Wedgwood cut the first sod of soil. James Brindley was employed as engineer and work got under way."[3]

Six years before the complete opening of the Trent and Mersey Canal in 1771, Wedgwood built the factory village of Etruria on the outskirts of Stoke-on-Trent, close to the canal. By this time, much of the canal had been built towards Preston Brook. The only obstacle that still had to be tackled by the canal company was the hill at Kidsgrove, through which a tunnel was being dug. Up until 1777, pots had to be carried on the short journey from Etruria, over the top of Kidsgrove Hill, and to the other side, where the canal had been constructed to Preston Brook.

On 15 January 1847 the Trent and Mersey Canal was acquired by the North Staffordshire Railway Company (NSR). This was done to stifle the opposition of the Canal Company to the creation of the Railway Company. In particular, the NSR had plans for a railway from Stoke-on-Trent to Liverpool, however, this line was abandoned because of opposition from other rail interests.

In 1891 the North Staffordshire Railway Company obtained statutory powers to raise £400,000 (equivalent to £55,180,000 in 2023)[4] to widen and improve the canal.[5] By 1893 the section between the Anderton Boat Lift and Middlewich had been widened and deepened to allow an increase in the maximum tonnage of boats using this section to be increased from 30 tons to 60 tons. The basin at Middlewich was widened from 16 feet (4.9 m) to 50 feet (15 m) with the erection of a concrete wall and an extension to the wharfage. The canal was dredged by a Priestman-type steam dredger which removed between 80,000 and 100,000 tons.[6]

The Grand Trunk was a part of a larger scheme of James Brindley's to link the four main rivers of England (Trent, Mersey, Severn and Thames) in a project known as the "Grand Cross".[7] The Trent and Mersey Canal provided the northwestern arm of the cross (to the Mersey), and the northeastern arm (to the Trent). It also provided the central hub of the cross, between Great Haywood, and Fradley Junctions. The southwestern arm, to the Severn, was built as the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, whilst the southeastern arm (to the Thames) traversed the Coventry and Oxford Canals.

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Map the Trent and Mersey Canal (marked in dark blue)

Features

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Anderton Lift

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The Anderton Boat Lift

On the Cheshire stretch of the canal, between Middlewich and the northern end of the canal in Preston Brook Tunnel, is the Victorian Anderton Boat Lift, which lowers boats fifty feet from the T&M to the River Weaver. It was restored to full operation in 2002 after twenty years of disuse, and was then the only operational boat-lift in the United Kingdom until the construction of the Falkirk Wheel in Scotland.

Harecastle Tunnel

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The south portal of the Harecastle Tunnel

Another major feature is the Harecastle Tunnel, near Kidsgrove in the city of Stoke-on-Trent, north Staffordshire. There are actually two tunnels; the first was built by Brindley and was 2,880 yards (2,630 m) long, and boats were moved through by men lying on their backs and pushing against the roof with their feet. This was a physically demanding and slow process and created major delays, so civil engineer Thomas Telford was commissioned to provide a second, wider, parallel tunnel with a towpath. This 2,926-yard-long (2,676 m) tunnel was opened in 1827.

In the 1900s, the Brindley tunnel was closed because of severe subsidence, but the Telford Tunnel – although also prone to the same problems – remains in use, and is the fourth-longest navigable canal tunnel in the United Kingdom.

Flyover Junction

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Poole Lock aqueduct

Just north of Harecastle Tunnel, the T&M features a 'flyover' junction. The Hall Green Branch leaves the T&M mainline (which runs east–west here) on the south side, but then crosses over the main line and travels a short distance north to join the Macclesfield Canal at Hall Green Stop lock (some guides do not refer to the Hall Green branch, simply treating it as part of the Macclesfield Canal).

The actual junction where the branch leaves the main line is a normal right-angle junction called Hardings Wood Junction. The branch leaves the main line on the south side, then immediately turns 90 degrees clockwise. It runs westwards alongside the main line, maintaining the original level while the main line drops through two locks. At the Red Bull settlement, the branch turns 90 degrees right, to head north and cross the main line on Poole Lock aqueduct. It then immediately crosses the A50 on Red Bull aqueduct, carrying boats north to join the Macclesfield Canal at Hall Green.

Stoke-on-Trent

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The junction of the Trent and Mersey Canal with the Caldon Canal

The canal passes through the city of Stoke-on-Trent, where it meets the Caldon Canal.

The canal formed an integral part of the 1986 Stoke-on-Trent Garden Festival and in 1988 was declared a linear Conservation Area.[8] The towpath was upgraded in the 1990s and forms part of the National Cycle Network (Route 5).

Burslem Port Trust

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A charity, the Burslem Port Trust, has been established to renovate the short Burslem arm of the Trent & Mersey Canal which will extend 3/8 mile into Burslem.[9]

Route

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The route is conveniently divided into a northern and southern section by the Harecastle Tunnel.

Northern Trent and Mersey

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The northern end of the canal makes an end-on junction with the Bridgewater Canal within Preston Brook Tunnel, from which one can access Runcorn (but no longer the Mersey or Ship Canal) in one direction and Manchester (with its many canal links) in the other direction.

From the junction with the Bridgewater Canal, the T&M travels south through Preston Brook Tunnel (one-way operation, alternating each half-hour) and two smaller tunnels at Saltersford (since 2008 also one-way operation, alternating each half-hour), and Barnton to the "junction" with the River Weaver at Anderton Boat Lift near Northwich.

After Anderton, the next major destination is Middlewich, where a junction with the 50-yard-long (46 m) Wardle Canal leads to the Middlewich Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal which gives access to Chester, Llangollen and ( heading south on the Shropshire Union) a parallel route to Birmingham via Wolverhampton.

South of Middlewich, having passed through Wheelock, the T&M climbs out of the Cheshire Plain via the 'Heartbreak Hill' locks (more traditionally known as the 'Cheshire Locks') to the summit-level and the junction with the Hall Green Branch, leading to the Macclesfield Canal at Red Bull Kidsgrove. Most of the locks in this flight are doubled, although not all of the duplicates are still usable. Of particular note was lock 53 where, because of subsidence from brine pumping, the 'spare' lock was replaced by a steel contrivance with guillotine gates. Theoretically, this was adjustable to compensate for further subsidence although, in practice it was less than successful and was ultimately removed altogether. Little evidence of 'Thurlwood Steel Lock' remains today. The boater can use the Macclesfield Canal to head for Marple, and the junction with the Peak Forest Canal (and hence, via the Ashton, Rochdale and Bridgewater canal) to complete the 'Cheshire Ring'.

2012 breach at Dutton Hollow

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In September 2012 a serious breach occurred at Dutton Hollow near Preston Brook, which cost around £2.1 million to repair.[10][11] The breach was south of bridge 213 and the canal was unusable between there and Middlewich Big Lock 75.[12] The canal was officially reopened on 2 May 2013.[13]

Southern Trent and Mersey

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After the Harecastle Tunnel (one way, alternating roughly every two hours), the canal emerges in the outskirts of Stoke-on-Trent, and is soon in the middle of the city and then at Etruria, and the junction with the Caldon Canal.

Leaving Etruria, the canal is soon back in open country. It is now in the upper valley of the River Trent, which the canal follows until the river becomes navigable and the canal is no longer needed. The next sizeable place is the market town of Stone.

After more countryside, the canal reaches Great Haywood Junction and the towpath bridge across the junction with the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, which heads south to skirt Wolverhampton and join with the River Severn at Stourport-on-Severn, thus connecting the Mersey with the Severn.

The next event is a right-angle bend, of no apparent significance from the boat, but this is where the canal (and the Trent itself) changes its basic direction from south-east to north-east (heading towards Nottingham).

Very near is Fradley Junction (with the Coventry Canal's "detached portion"). The Coventry soon leads to the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal and branches off to Birmingham or (via another stretch of the Coventry Canal) to Coventry and a junction with the Oxford Canal and thence to the Thames and the 'Southern Half' of the English canals.

The canal now heads directly to its terminus, passing through Burton upon Trent, Mercia Marina at Findern, the largest inland waterway marina in the United Kingdom, and then through wide locks (the first being at Stenson) to Shardlow and finally Derwent Mouth.

It is not far from Derwent Mouth, via the River Trent, to Trentlock, the four-way junction with the Erewash Canal (dead end at Great Northern Basin, formerly a link with the Cromford Canal), Cranfleet Cut (bypassing Thrumpton Weir to continue navigation towards Nottingham) and the River Soar Navigation (linking via Leicester to the Grand Union Canal). Beyond the Cranfleet Cut the Trent is navigable all the way to its mouth at Trent Falls on the Humber Estuary.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Ward, John (1843). The Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent in the Commencement of the Reign of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria, Comprising Its History, Statistics, Civil Polity, & Traffic, with Biographical and Genealogical Notices of Eminent Individuals and Families; Also the Manorial History of Newcastle-under-Lyme, and Incidental Notices of Other Neighbouring Places & Objects;. London, UK: W. Lewis & Son. p. 154. The first clod of the Grand Trunk Canal was dug the 26th July, 1766, on the declivity of Brownhills, in a piece of land, now belonging to Mr. Wood, within a few yards of the bridge which crosses the canal, by Mr. Josiah Wedgwood, then of Burslem, (the gentleman who afterwards rose to such eminence as a Potter), in the presence of Brindley, the Engineer, and many respectable persons of the neighbourhood, who each cut a sod to felicitate the work.
  2. ^ "Navigation from the Trent to the Mersey". Chester Courant. England. 29 July 1777. Retrieved 1 June 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  3. ^ Hardcastle, Peter. "The Trent and Mersey Canal". Canals & Waterways: Routes and Roots. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012.
  4. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  5. ^ "The Trent and Mersey Canal". Manchester Courier. England. 6 March 1891. Retrieved 22 June 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  6. ^ "Improvement of the Trent and Mersey Canal". Birmingham Daily Post. England. 5 May 1893. Retrieved 22 June 2024 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  7. ^ Stevens, Mike. "Waterways Of England And Wales, 1760 to 1770". Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  8. ^ "The Trent & Mersey Canal Conservation Area Review" (PDF). Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  9. ^ "Home page". Burslem Port Trust. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  10. ^ "Diary of a breach". Canal & River Trust. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  11. ^ "Canal network 'needs millions in investment'". BBC News. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  12. ^ "Stoppage: Between Middlewich Big Lock 75 and Lodge Lane, Bridge 213 Preston Brook". Waterscape. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  13. ^ "Trent and Mersey canal to reopen today". Northwich Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
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Further reading

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