View source for Śuri

{{Short description|Etruscan deity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}

{{Infobox deity
|type = Etruscan
|name = Śuri
|god_of = {{ubl|[[Solar god]] of light, volcanic fire, [[volcanic lightning|thunder and lightning]], health and plague, and the [[underworld]]}}
|member_of = the [[Novensiles]]
|other_names = {{hlist|[[Aita]]|[[Apulu|Apulu/Aplu]]|[[Calu]]|[[Manth]]|Rath|{{lang|la|[[Summanus]]}}|[[Usil]]|[[Vejovis|Vetis/Veivis]]}}
|script_name = [[Etruscan alphabet]]
|script = 𐌉𐌛𐌖𐌑
|cult_center = {{hlist|[[Monte Soratte|Mt. Soratte]]|<!-- [[Monte Summano|Mt. Summano]] -->}}
|world = {{hlist|[[Sun]]|[[Underworld]]}}
|weapons = {{hlist|[[volcanic lightning]]|[[fire]]|[[lava]]|<!-- sword -->}}
|animals = {{hlist|[[wolf]]|[[goat]]}}
|symbols = {{hlist|solar disc|[[halo (religious iconography)|halo]]|bow and arrows|[[pilum]]|[[lead]]}}
|adherents = {{lang|la|Hirpi Sorani}}
|consort = [[Catha (mythology)|Catha]]
|father = [[Tinia]]
|mother = [[Semla (mythology)|Semla]]
|siblings = {{hlist|[[Artume]] (twin)|[[Fufluns]]}}
|texts = 
|gender = male
|region = [[Italy]]
|ethnic_group = {{hlist|[[Etruscans]]|[[Capenates]]|[[Faliscans]]|[[Latins]]|[[Sabines]]}}
|festivals = 
|Greek_equivalent = {{hlist|[[Hades]]|[[Apollo]] ([[Apollo Smintheus|Smintheus]])}}
|Roman_equivalent = {{hlist|[[Dīs Pater]]|[[Apollo]]}}
|Norse_equivalent = [[Surtr]]
|Christian_equivalent = <!-- [[Satan]]{{efn|name=Satan}} -->
|Hinduism_equivalent = [[Sūrya]]
}}

'''Śuri''' ({{lang-ett|rtl=1|𐌉𐌛𐌖𐌑||black}}), [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] as '''{{lang|la|Soranus}}''', was an ancient [[Etruscan mythology|Etruscan]] deity, also venerated by other populations of central Italy – [[Capenates]], [[Faliscans]], [[Latins]] and [[Sabines]] – and later adopted into [[religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman religion]].

== Name and attributes ==
The Etruscan [[theonym]]{{sfn|De Simone|2012}} Śuri ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌉𐌛𐌖𐌑}}), [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] as {{lang|la|Soranus}}, means both 'black' and 'from the black [place]', i.e. the Underworld.{{sfn|Colonna|2009}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}}{{sfn|Di Silvio|2014}}{{sfn|Romano Impero|2021}}
The root is {{lang-ett|rtl=1|𐌛𐌖𐌑|Śur|black}}.{{sfn|Colonna|2009}}{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}}{{sfn|Di Silvio|2014}}{{sfn|Romano Impero|2021}}

Primarily the god of [[volcano]]es and [[fire god|fire]], which were associated with the [[underworld]],{{sfn|Obnorsky|1900}} Śuri also was the [[chthonic]] [[sun god|god of the Sun]] and [[god of light|light]],{{efn|name="Tinia Calusna"|A black sun, i.e. a sun god of the underworld,{{sfn|Di Silvio|2014}}{{sfn|Romano Impero|2021}} rather that a celestial god, was also defined by the Etruscans as ''[[Tinia]] [[Calu]]sna'' (Jupiter of the Underworld {{=}} [[Zeus Chthonios]]).{{sfn|Romano Impero|2021}}}} as well as an [[oracle|oracular]] god, with powers over health and plague;{{sfn|Obnorsky|1900}} as god of [[volcanic lightning]], he's thought to have been among the [[Novensiles]], the nine Etruscan [[thunder god]]s.{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Romano Impero|2021}}

His sacred animals were [[wolf|wolves]] and [[goat]]s.{{efn|See {{§l||Worshippers}}.}}

=== Epithets and Greco-Roman equivalents {{anchor|Epithets|Greco-Roman equivalents}} ===
Because of his multiple attributes, the Etruscan god bore many epithets/theonyms,{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}} among them the infernal epithets '''[[Manth]]''' ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌈𐌍𐌀𐌌}}),{{sfn|Colonna|2006|p=141}}{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}} '''[[Vejovis|Vetis]]''' ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌔𐌉𐌕𐌄𐌅}}){{sfn|Kenney|Clausen|1983}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}} and '''[[Calu]]''' ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌖𐌋𐌀𐌂}}),{{sfn|Bouke van der Meer|2013|pages=323–341}}{{sfn|Rissanen|2013}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}} {{lit|dark|darkness|underworld}},{{sfn|Zavaroni|1996}}{{sfn|Mc Callister|Mc Callister|1999}}{{efn|name="Tinia Calusna"}} as well as solar epithets like '''Rath''' ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌈𐌀𐌛}}){{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}}{{sfn|Bonfante|Bonfante|2002|p=204}} and '''[[Usil]]''' ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌋𐌉𐌔𐌖}}),{{sfn|Nonoss|2015}} {{lit|light|sun}}.{{sfn|Babelon|1963}}

Śuri's multiple attributes were also associated with [[Greco-Roman mythology|Greco-Roman]] epithets.
By {{lang|la|[[interpretatio graeca]]}}, he was identified with both the underworld god [[Dīs Pater]]/[[Hades]] ({{lang-ett|rtl=1|𐌀𐌕𐌉𐌀|'''[[Aita]]'''}}, from {{lang-grc-ion|label=[[Epic Greek]]|Ἄϊδης|Áïdēs}}){{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}}{{sfn|Servius|380b|loc=11.785}}{{sfn|De Grummond|2004|p=359}}{{sfn|Obnorsky|1900}} and the sun god [[Apollo]] ({{lang-ett|rtl=1|𐌖𐌋𐌖𐌐𐌀|'''[[Apulu]]'''}}).{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Maras|2010}}{{sfn|Virgil|loc=11.786}}{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|loc=7.2}}{{sfn|Bouke van der Meer|2013|pages=323–341}}{{sfn|Obnorsky|1900}}{{sfn|Myth Index}}
Their names are associated on [[Pyrgi]] inscriptions too.{{sfn|Colonna|2009|pp=101–126}}{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}
Later on, after his cult had been [[syncretised]] with Apollo, the Romans also nicknamed him '''{{lang|la|Apollo Soranus}}'''{{sfn|Rissanen|2013}} or '''{{lang|la|Apollo Soractis}}'''.{{sfn|Virgil|loc=11.786}}

== Worship ==
=== Cult centers ===
The center of his cult was [[Mount Soracte]],{{sfn|Virgil|loc=11.786}}{{sfn|Servius|380b|loc=11.785}}{{sfn|Rissanen|2013}}{{sfn|Di Fazio|2013}}{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Di Silvio|2014}}{{sfn|Romano Impero|2021}} a sacred mountain located north of [[Rome]]<!-- and distinguished by the fact that it stands isolated in the middle of the countryside -->, in an area characterized by deep [[karst]] cavities and secondary [[volcano|volcanic phenomena]]; these phenomena were associated in antiquity with [[underworld]] deities,{{sfn|Obnorsky|1900}} hence the area was sacred to underworld gods, such as the Roman {{lang|la|[[Dīs Pater]]}}, with whom {{lang|ett|Śuri}} ({{lang-la|Soranus}}) is sometimes identified.{{sfn|Servius|380b|loc=11.785}}

Other centers dedicated to this deity were the [[Etruscan cities|ancient twin cities]] of [[Surina (Soriano)]] and {{ill|Surina (Viterbo)|it|Surina|display=1}}, in the present-day [[province of Viterbo]], Lazio, and the city of [[Sorano]], in the [[province of Grosseto]], Tuscany.{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}{{sfn|Di Silvio|2014}}{{sfn|Romano Impero|2021}}
Furthermore, his epithet {{lang|ett|Manth}} ({{lang-la|Mantus}}) is thought to be the eponymous of {{lang|la|[[Mantua]]}} ({{lang-it|Mantova}}), the birthplace of [[Virgil]],{{sfn|Colonna|2006|p=141}} who also mentioned the volcanic god in the ''[[Aeneid]]''.{{sfn|Virgil|loc=11.786}}

=== Worshippers ===
{{see also|Calu|divination|augury}}
The priests of Soranus were called {{lang|la|Hirpi Sorani}}, {{lit|Wolves of Soranus}} (from {{lang-sbv|hirpus||wolf}}).{{sfn|Rissanen|2013}}{{sfn|Di Fazio|2013}}{{sfn|Di Silvio|2014}}{{sfn|Romano Impero|2021}}
They were considered skillful [[ornithomantist]]s{{sfn|Obnorsky|1900}} and [[fire-walking|firewalkers]]; during the ceremonies, they walked on hot coals, holding the entrails of sacrificed goats.{{sfn|Servius|380b|loc=11.785}}{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|loc=7.2}}{{sfn|Silius Italicus|loc=5.175}}{{sfn|Strabo|loc=5}}{{sfn|Romano Impero|2021}}
During the annual festivities in honor of [[Apollo Soranus]] and [[#Partners|Feronia]], they walked barefoot among burning logs without being burned, for which they were forever released by the [[Roman Senate]] from military service and other liturgies.{{sfn|Obnorsky|1900}}
The {{lang|la|[[Lupercalia]]}}, in the Roman religion, probably derive from these priests.{{sfn|Rissanen|2013}}

[[Servius the Grammarian|Servius]] has preserved the following legend about them: once, during a sacrifice to [[Dīs Pater]], several wolves ran up to the altar and stole the sacrificial pieces. The shepherds gave chase and ran to a cave – into Mount Soracte – from which such suffocating fumes emanated that those who pursued fell dead. The pestilence that soon spread throughout the country was connected with the death of the shepherds, while the oracle, to whom they turned for advice on how to get rid of the plague, replied that the plague would stop as soon as the inhabitants, like wolves, began to lead a robber life. These people took the name {{lang|la|Hirpi Sorani}} (from {{lang-sbv|hirpus||wolf}}) and devoted themselves to the cult of Soranus, later identified with Dīs Pater due their volcanic and underworld attributes.{{sfn|Servius|380b|loc=11.785}}{{sfn|Obnorsky|1900}}

== Partners ==
Śuri has been historically associated with two female partners: the aforementioned Faliscan goddess [[Feronia (mythology)|Feronia]], considered to be his sister-in-law,{{efn|Feronia was considered to be the consort of Śuri/Apulu's brother [[Fufluns]], god of growth, vital energy and wine.}} whose major sanctuary ({{lang-la|Lucus Feroniae}}) was located near Mount Soracte;{{sfn|Strabo|loc=5}}{{sfn|Myth Index}} and the Etruscan goddess [[Catha (mythology)|Catha]] ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌀𐌈𐌀𐌂}}), considered to be his consort, [[lunar deity|goddess of the moon]] and [[Etruscan death deities|the underworld]].{{sfn|De Grummond|2004|p=359}}{{sfn|De Grummond|2008|pages=422, 425}}{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}

Since Śuri bore multiple solar and infernal theonyms ({{§l||Epiteths}}), Catha's ones varied accordingly, e.g.: {{lang|ett|Manth}} ({{lang-la|Mantus}}) was paired with [[Mania (deity)|Mania]] ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌀𐌉𐌍𐌀𐌌}}); and {{lang|ett|Aita}} was paired with [[Persipnei]] ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌉𐌄𐌍𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌛𐌄𐌐}}), also spelled [[Phersipnai]] ({{lang-ett|label=none|rtl=1|𐌉𐌀𐌍𐌐𐌉𐌔𐌛𐌄𐌘}}), equivalent to the [[Greco-Roman mythology|Greco-Roman]] theonym [[Persephone]] ({{lang-la|Proserpina}}).{{sfn|De Grummond|2004|p=359}}{{sfn|National Etruscan Museum}}

Under the solar theonym Usil ({{lit|light|sun}}), Śuri is named alongside Catha on the right lobe (convex face) of the bronze [[Liver of Piacenza]], which is separated into two lobes.{{sfn|Bonfante|Swaddling|2006|p=11}}{{sfn|Nonoss|2015}}
In the beginning, some researchers argued that the first lobe, where the gods of the lights and heavens are listed, could represent Śuri/Usil, whereas the second an hypothetical partner named Tiur.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-03-26|title=La religion étrusque|url=http://www.arretetonchar.fr/la-religion-étrusque|website=Arrête ton char}}</ref>
Infact, his name appears next to the word {{lang|ett|tiur}} ({{lit|moon|month}}),{{sfn|Bonfante|Swaddling|2006}} that was hence believed to be the name of a lunar goddess and consort of Usil, but since {{lang|ett|tiur}} actually meant "moon" and "month" ([[lunar month]], equivalent to Greek ''[[Mene (goddess)#Etymology|mēnē]]''), that inscription was most likely meant as a datation, as confirmed by the [[Pyrgi Tablets]],{{sfn|Adiego|2016|p=155}} while Usil's consort was actually named [[Catha (mythology)|Catha]].{{sfn|Jannot|2005|p=146}}

== Further connections ==
=== Norse mythology ===
{{main|Surtr}}
[[File:Surtur mit dem Flammenschwerte.jpg|thumb|''Surtr with the Flaming Sword'' (1882) by F. W. Heine, based on a plaster frieze designed by Friedrich Wilhelm Engelhard (1859)]]
The Etruscan theonym {{lang|ett|Śuri}}, {{lit|black}}, is somehow [[cognate]] to [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|Surtr}}, {{lit|black}}.{{sfn|VV.AA.|2023}}{{sfn|Orchard|1997}}
In [[Norse mythology]], [[Surtr]] – king of the [[fire giant]]s of [[Múspell]],{{efn|<!-- from [[Norse cosmology]] -->Drawing in part on various eddic poems, the ''Gylfaginning'' section of the ''Prose Edda'' contains an account of the development and creation of the cosmos: Long before the Earth came to be, there existed the bright and flaming place called [[Muspell]] – a location so hot that foreigners may not enter it – and the foggy land of [[Niflheim]]. In Niflheim was a spring, [[Hvergelmir]], and from it flow numerous rivers. Together these rivers, known as Élivágar, flowed further and further from their source. Eventually the poisonous substance within the flow came to harden and turn to ice. When the flow became entirely solid, a poisonous vapor rose from the ice and solidified into [[Rime ice|rime]] atop the solid river. These thick ice layers grew, in time spreading across the void of [[Ginnungagap]].{{sfn|Sturluson|1995}}
}}{{efn|<!-- from [[Muspelheim]] -->The etymology of "Muspelheim" is uncertain, but may come from ''Mund-spilli'', "world-destroyers", "wreck of the world".{{sfn|Tilton|1897|p=705}}{{sfn|Vigfússon|Powell|1883|p=471}}
}}{{efn|<!-- from [[Muspelheim]] -->The ''[[Prose Edda]]'' section ''[[Gylfaginning]]'' foretells that the sons of Muspell will break the [[Bifröst]] bridge as part of the events of [[Ragnarök]]:
{{poemquote|In the midst of this clash and din the heavens are rent in twain,
and the sons of Muspell come riding through the opening. 
Surtr rides first, and before him and after him flames burning fire. 
He has a very good sword, which shines brighter than the sun. 
As they ride over Bifrost it breaks to pieces, as has before been stated. 
The sons of Muspel direct their course to the plain which is called Vigrid ...{{nbs}}. 
The sons of Muspel have there effulgent bands alone by themselves.
}}}} birthplace of the Sun and other stars{{sfn|Encyclopedia Britannica|2006|p=803}} – is "a mighty giant who ruled the volcanic powers of the underworld"<!-- "in Iceland Surtr was obviously thought of as being a mighty giant who ruled the powers of (volcanic) fire of the Underworld" -->{{sfn|Simek|1993|pages=303–304}} and will cover the Earth in fire during [[Ragnarök]], causing the entire world to burn.{{sfn|Sturluson|2005|pages=73–75}}
[[Rudolf Simek]] notes that [[jötnar]] – frost and fire giants – are usually described as living to the east in Old Norse sources, yet Surtr is described as being from the south.{{sfn|Simek|1993|pp=303–304}}
Indeed, Surtr is mentioned twice in the poem ''[[Völuspá]]'', where a [[völva]] divulges information to the god [[Odin]]. The völva says that, during Ragnarök, Surtr will come from the south with [[List of mythological objects#Substances from Norse mythology|flames]], carrying a very bright sword:
{{Verse translation|lang=non|head1=Old Norse|head2=English
|Sutr ferr sunnan
með sviga lævi:
skinn af sverði
sól valtiva.{{sfn|Dronke|1997|loc=21}}
|Surtr moves from the south
with the [[fire|scathe of branches]]:
there shines from his sword
the sun of Gods of the Slain.{{sfn|Dronke|1997|loc=21}}}}
These and other apparent coincidences{{sfn|Crawford|2021}} inspired the hypothesis that Surtr's mythic south could be identified in Śuri's Etruscan Italy,{{sfn|VV.AA.|2023}} but, despite the archaeological findings confirm ancient exchanges among the [[Tyrrhenians]] and the Proto-Germanic peoples,{{efn|Examples include the [[Negau helmet]], the [[Meldorf inscription]] and the [[spearhead of Kovel]].}} systematic studies of compared mythology and linguistics, as well as additional archaeological [[survey (archaeology)|survey]]s, may still be needed to confirm deeper connections.{{sfn|VV.AA.|2023}}

== See also ==
* [[Apollo Smintheus]]
* [[Etruscan civilization]]
* [[List of Etruscan mythological figures]]
; Annotated links
* {{anl|Dīs Pater}}
* {{anl|Catha (mythology)}}
* {{anl|Feronia (mythology)}}
* {{anl|Fufluns}}
* {{anl|Orcus}}
* {{anl|Surtr}}

== Notes and references ==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}
=== References ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Adiego|first=Ignasi-Xavier|year=2016|volume=I-X|contribution=The Etruscan Texts of the Pyrgi Golden Tablets: Certainties and Uncertainties|title=Le lamine di Pyrgi: Nuovi studi sulle iscrizione in etrusco e in fenicio nel cinquantenario della scoperta|editor-first=Vincenzo|editor-last=Bellelli|editor-first2=Paolo|editor-last2=Xella|location=Verona|page=155|url=https://www.academia.edu/21480948|via=Academia.edu}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bonfante|first1=Giuliano|last2=Bonfante|first2=Larissa|edition=2|year=2002|orig-year=1983|title=The Etruscan Language: An Introduction|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719055409}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bonfante|first1=Larissa|last2=Swaddling|first2=Judith|year=2006|title=Etruscan Myths|series=The Legendary Past (77)|publisher=British Museum/University of Texas|isbn=9780714122380}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Bonnefoy|editor-first=Yves|orig-year=1991|year=1992|title=Roman and European Mythologies|translator-last=Doniger|translator-first=Wendy|publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=30, 36|isbn=9780226064550}}
** {{harvc|in=Bonnefoy|year=1992|anchor-year=1992a
|last=Pallottino|first=Massimo|author-link=Massimo Pallottino|c=Pre-Roman Italy|p=30}}
** {{harvc|in=Bonnefoy|year=1992|anchor-year=1992b
|last=Pallottino|first=Massimo|author-link=Massimo Pallottino|c=Etruscan Religion|p=36}}
* {{cite book|last=Bouke van der Meer|first=Lammert|author-link=L. Bouke van der Meer|year=2013|contribution=Lead Plaque of Magliano|title=Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino|series=Quaderni di Acme (134)|location=Milan|pages=323–341 (335)|url = https://www.academia.edu/4006969|via=Academia.edu}}
* {{cite book|last=Briquel|first=Dominique|year=1997|lang=fr|title=Chrétiens et haruspices: La religion étrusque, dernier rempart du paganisme romain|publisher=Presses de l'Ecole normale supérieure |isbn=9782728802326}}
* {{cite book|last=Capella|first=Martianus|author-link=Martianus Capella|year=1836|orig-date=Carthage, {{circa|420}}|lang=la|title=De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii|volume=II|location=Frankfurt am Main|publisher=Varrentrapp|at=164|url=https://archive.org/details/denuptiisphilolo00martuoft/page/218|ref={{harvid|Capella}}}}
* {{cite book|author=Classical Association|year=1918|title=Classical Quarterly|translator-first=John Percival|translator-last=Postgate|editor-first=John Percival|editor-last=Postgate|editor-first2=Edward Vernon|editor-last2=Arnold|editor-first3=Frederick William|editor-last3=Hall|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u4LAAAAIAAJ&q=vediovis}}
* {{cite journal|last=Colonna|first=Giovanni|year=2001|lang=it|title=Divinazione e culto di Rath/Apollo a Caere (a proposito del santuario in loc. S. Antonio)|journal=Archeologia Classica|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider|volume=LII|issue=2|pages=151–173|doi=10.1400/258393}}
* {{cite journal|last=Colonna|first=Giovanni|lang=it|title=L'Apollo di Pyrgi, Śur/Śuri (il «Nero») e l'Apollo Sourios|journal=Studi Etruschi|volume=LXXIII|year=2009|pages=101–134|issn=0391-7762}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Cristofani|editor-first=Mauro|year=2000|orig-year=1984|lang=it|contribution=Apulu/Aplu|title=Etruschi: una nuova immagine|location=Florence|publisher=Giunti Editore|pages=161–162|isbn=9788809017924}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Cristofani|editor-first=Mauro|year=1985|lang=it|contribution=Aplu|title=Dizionario illustrato della civiltà Etrusca|location=Florence|publisher=Giunti Editore|pages=12–13|isbn=978-88-09-21728-7}}
* {{cite journal|last=De Grummond|first=Nancy Thomson|author-link=Nancy Thomson de Grummond|year=2004|title=For the Mother and for the Daughter: Some Thoughts on Dedications from Etruria and Praeneste|journal=Hesperia Supplements|volume=33|pages=351–370|publisher=The American School of Classical Studies at Athens|jstor=1354077|isbn=9780876615331|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1354077}}
* {{cite book|last=De Grummond|first=Nancy Thomson|author-link=Nancy Thomson de Grummond|year=2006|title=Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend|location=Philadelphia, PA|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|isbn=9781931707862}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=De Grummond|editor1-first=Nancy Thomson|editor2-last=Simon|editor2-first=Erika|year=2006|title=The Religion of the Etruscans|isbn=9780292782334|location=Austin|publisher=University of Texas Press|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hQtbJyFCd40C}}
** {{harvc|in=De Grummond|in2=Simon|year=2006
|last=Bonfante|first=Larissa|c=Etruscan Inscriptions and Etruscan Religion}}
** {{harvc|in=De Grummond|in2=Simon|year=2006
|last=Colonna|first=Giovanni|c=Sacred Architecture and the Religion of the Etruscans}}
** {{harvc|in=De Grummond|in2=Simon|year=2006
|last=Krauskopf|first=Ingrid|c=The Grave and Beyond|p=vii, pp. 73–75}}
** {{harvc|in=De Grummond|in2=Simon|year=2006
|last=Simon|first=Erika|c=Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon}}
* {{cite journal|last=De Grummond|first=Nancy Thomson|author-link=Nancy Thomson de Grummond|year=2008|title=Moon Over Pyrgi: Catha, an Etruscan Lunar Goddess?|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=112|number=3|pages=419–428|doi=10.3764/aja.112.3.419|s2cid=193046316|via = University of Chicago Press}}
* {{cite journal|last=De Grummond|first=Nancy Thomson|author-link=Nancy Thomson de Grummond|date=2016-11-01|title=Thunder versus Lightning in Etruria|journal=Etruscan Studies|volume=19|issue=2|pages=183–207|doi=10.1515/etst-2016-0011}}
* {{cite journal|last=De Simone|first=Carlo|year=2012|lang=it|title=Il teonimo Šuri: riflessioni ad alta voce|journal=Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici|issue=32–33}}
* {{cite book|last=Di Fazio|first=Massimiliano|year=2013|lang=it|contribution=Gli Hirpi del Soratte|contribution-url=https://www.academia.edu/5111722|via=Academia.edu|editor-last=Cifani|editor-first=Gabriele|title=Tra Roma e l'Etruria. Cultura, identità e territorio dei Falisci|pages=231–264|publisher=Edizioni Quasar|isbn=978-88-7140-519-3}}
* {{cite web|last=Di Silvio|first=Paola|date=2014-11-18|lang=it|title=Suri: L'Apollo Nero Degli Etruschi|url=https://www.ereticamente.net/2014/11/suri-lapollo-nero-degli-etruschi.html|website=EreticaMente}}
* {{cite journal|last=Elliott|first=John|date=1995-01-01|title=The Etruscan Wolfman in Myth and Ritual|journal=Etruscan Studies|volume=2|issue=1|pages=17–33|doi=10.1515/etst.1995.2.1.17|s2cid=194102662}}
* {{cite book|last=Haynes|first=Sybille|year=2000|title=Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History|location=Los Angeles|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=9780892366002}}
* {{cite book|last=Jannot|first=Jean-René|year=2005|title=Religion in Ancient Etruria|translator-first=J.K.|translator-last=Whitehead|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=9780299208448}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kenney|first1=Edward John|author-link=E. J. Kenney|last2=Clausen|first2=Wendell Vernon|year=1983|title=The Cambridge History of Classical Literature|volume=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521273732}}
* {{cite news|last=Lecce|first=Vittoria|lang=it|title=Novembre e il dio Suri - Il Nero Signore|publisher=[[Museo Nazionale Etrusco]]|url=https://www.museoetru.it/etru-a-casa-aiser/novembre-e-il-dio-suri|ref={{harvid|National Etruscan Museum}}}}
* {{cite book|date=1981–1999|title=[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]]|volume=I–VIII|location=Zurich, Munich, Düsseldorf|publisher=Artemis & Winkler Verlag|isbn=3-7608-8751-1|ref={{harvid|LIMC}}}}
** {{cite book|title=''In'' {{harvnb|LIMC}}
|last=Krauskopf|first=Ingrid|year=1988|contribution=Aita/Calu|volume=IV|pages=394–399}}
** {{cite book|year=1994|title={{harvnb|LIMC}}|volume=VII}}
* {{cite book|last=Lübker|first=Friedrich|author-link=Friedrich Lübker|year=1855|title=Real Lexicon of Classical Antiquity|location=Leipzig|publisher=B. G. Teubner Verlag|quote=Sorānus|quote-pages=[https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003599381?page=630 1303]-[https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003599381?page=631 1304]|lang=de,ru|url=https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003599381}}
* {{cite magazine|last=Maras|first=Daniele F.|year=2010|lang=it|title=Suri. Il nero signore degli inferi|magazine=Archeo|number=305|url=http://www.archeo.it/rivista/2010/Luglio/suri-il-nero-signore-degli-inferi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210200639/http://www.archeo.it/rivista/2010/Luglio/suri-il-nero-signore-degli-inferi|archive-date=2014-12-10}}
* {{cite journal|last=Moore|first=Daniel|year=2018|title=The Etruscan Goddess Catha|journal=Etruscan Studies|volume=21|issue=1–2|pages=58–77|doi=10.1515/etst-2017-0030|s2cid=188353013}}
* {{cite web|year=2015|language=fr-FR|last1=Nonoss|title=Turan, Aritimi, Usil et l'énigmatique Letham...|url=http://arossf.over-blog.com/2015/03/turan-aritimi-usil.html|website=Au Fil du Temps|access-date=2016-03-25}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Obnorsky|first=Nikolai Petrovich|date=1900|lang=ru|title={{ws2|ЭСБЕ/Соран, прозвище Аполлона|Соран, прозвище Аполлона|ru}}|encyclopedia=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|volume=XXXa|page=895|publisher=Brockhaus–Efron|location=Saint Petersburg}}
* {{cite book|author=Pliny the Elder|author-link=Pliny the Elder
<!-- |year=077|ref={{harvid|Pliny the Elder}} -->
|lang=en|title=Naturalis Historia|volume=VII|at=2|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=7.2&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137|via=Perseus Digital Library}}
* {{cite journal|last=Rissanen|first=Mika|orig-date=2012|date=2013|title=The Hirpi Sorani and the Wolf Cults of Central Italy|journal=Arctos: Acta Philologica Fennica|volume=46|publisher=Klassillis-filologinen yhdistys|location=Helsinki|issn=0570-734X|url=https://www.academia.edu/2177407|via=Academia.edu}}
* {{cite book|author=Servius|author-link=Servius (grammarian)|year=380|title=Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil|volume=I–XII|publisher=Georgius Thilo|lang=la|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053|via=Perseus Digital Library}}
** {{cite book|author=Servius|author-link=Servius (grammarian)|year=380a|title=Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil|volume=X|at=199|lang=la|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=10.199&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053|via=Perseus Digital Library}}
** {{cite book|author=Servius|author-link=Servius (grammarian)|year=380b|title=Commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil|volume=XI|at=785|lang=la|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=11.785&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053|via=Perseus Digital Library}}
* {{cite book|author=Silius Italicus|author-link=Silius Italicus
<!-- |editor-last1=Summers|editor-first1=Walter Coventry|editor-last2=Postgate|editor-first2=John Percival|location=London|year=1905|orig-year={{circa|90}}|ref={{harvid|Silius Italicus}} -->
|lang=la|title=Punica|volume=V|at=175|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=5.175&fromdoc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0674|via=Perseus Digital Library}}
* {{cite journal|last=Simon|first=Erika|year=1998|lang=it|title=Apollo in Etruria|journal=Annali della Fondazione C. Faina di Orvieto V|pages=119–141}}
* {{cite book|author=Strabo|author-link=Strabo|title=Geography|volume=V|lang=en|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=5&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239|via=Perseus Digital Library}}
* {{cite book|author=Virgil|author-link=Virgil|title=Aeneid|volume=XI|at=786|lang=en|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=11.786&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0054|via=Perseus Digital Library}}
{{refend}}

=== Further reading ===
==== About the epithets ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Babelon|first=Ernest|date=1963-01-01|isbn=9781291327748|language=fr|title=Description Historique Et Chronologique Des Monnaies de La République Romaine Vulgairement Appelées Monnaies Consulaires|volume=1|publisher=Lulu.com|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2KlBAAAQBAJ}}
* <!-- {{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} -->{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Summanus|volume=26|pages=77–78}}
* {{cite book|last=Gellius|first=Aulus|author-link=Aulus Gellius|lang=la|title=[[Noctes Atticae]]|volume=V|at=12|chapter=De nominibus deorum populi Romani Diovis et Vediovis|chapter-url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/gellius/gellius5.shtml#12}}
* {{citation|editor1-last=Mc Callister
|editor1-first=Rick
|editor2-last=Mc Callister
|editor2-first=Silvia
|year=1999
|title=Etruscan Glossary
|chapter=CA-CE
|chapter-url=https://etruscans1.tripod.com/Language/EtruscanCA.html
|quote=Calu
}}
* {{citation|last=Scarborough|first=John|year=1969|title=Roman Medicine|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801405259|pages=144, 238|quote=Vediovis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5c1AAAAIAAJ&q=vediovis}}
* {{cite book|last=Zavaroni|first=Adolfo|date=1996|lang=it|title=I documenti etruschi|publisher=Sherpa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nx1SAQAAIAAJ|quote=Calu}}
{{refend}}

==== About the equivalents ====
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Cartwright|first=Mark|contribution-url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Hades/|contribution=Hades|title=World History Encyclopedia|date=2012-07-19|access-date=2023-07-22}}
* {{cite book|last=Chhawchharia|first=Ajai Kumar|year=2015|title=The Chariot of God: Dharma Rath|isbn=9781516953776}}
* {{cite AV media|last=Crawford|first=Jackson|date=2021-07-14|lang=en|title=Word Origins: Coincidence vs. Correspondence|url=https://youtube.com/9Qbgp8z77FM}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Dronke|editor-first=Ursula|editor-link=Ursula Dronke|translator-last=Dronke|translator-first=Ursula|translator-link=<!--Ursula Dronke-->|year=1997|title=The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-811181-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Religions|year=2006|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|isbn=978-159339266-6|page=803|ref={{harvid|Encyclopedia Britannica|2006}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Hart|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0L83uBijeZwC&pg=PA133|title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses|date=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-34495-1|page=133|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Orchard|first=Andy|year=1997|title=Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend|publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]]|isbn=0-304-34520-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Simek|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Simek|year=1993|title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology|translator-first=Angela|translator-last=Hall|publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer|D.S. Brewer]]|isbn=0-85991-513-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Sturluson|first=Snorri|author-link=Snorri Sturluson|year=c. 1220|lang=non|title=[[Prose Edda]]|section=[[Gylfaginning]]}}
** {{cite book|last=Sturluson|first=Snorri|author-link=Snorri Sturluson|translator-last=Faulkes|translator-first=Anthony|date=1995-04-06|orig-year=1987|title=Edda|publisher=Dent|location=London|isbn=978-0460876162}}
** {{cite book|last=Sturluson|first=Snorri|author-link=Snorri Sturluson|translator-last=Faulkes|translator-first=Anthony|date=1998-10-01|title=Edda|publisher=Viking Society for Northern Research University College|location=London|isbn=978-0903521345}}
** {{cite book|last=Sturluson|first=Snorri|author-link=Snorri Sturluson|translator-last=Byock|translator-first=Jesse|year=2005|title=[[The Prose Edda]]|series=[[Penguin Classics]]|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0140447552}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Tilton |first=Theodore |author-link=Theodore Tilton
 |year=1897
 |title=The complete Poetical Works of Theodore Tilton in One Volume
 |location=London, UK
 |publisher=[[T. Fisher Unwin]]
 |page=705
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m381AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA705
}}
* {{cite book
 |last1=Vigfússon |first1=Guðbrandur |author1-link=Guðbrandur Vigfússon
 |last2=Powell |first2=Frederick York
 |year=1883
 |title=Corpus Poeticum Boreale: Court poetry
 |volume=II
 |location=Oxford, UK
 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]
 |page=471
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymQJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA471
}}
* {{cite book|author=[[VV.AA.]]|year=2023|orig-year=1992|lang=it|title=Gli Etruschi e l'Europa|publisher=Fabbri & Bompiani|isbn=9788845045554|contribution=Śuri|pp=317–319}}
{{refend}}

=== External links ===
* {{cite web|date=July 2021|lang=it|title=Culto di Soranus|url=https://www.romanoimpero.com/2021/07/culto-di-soranus.html|website=Romano Impero|ref={{harvid|Romano Impero|2021}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Soranus|website=Myth Index|url=http://www.mythindex.com/roman-mythology/S/Soranus.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921213253/http://mythindex.com/roman-mythology/S/Soranus.html|archive-date=2017-09-21|ref={{harvid|Myth Index}}}}
* {{citation|contribution-url=https://latinlexicon.org/definition.php?p1=2062261&p2=v|contribution=Definition of Vejovis, Vediovis, Vediiovis|title=The Latin Lexicon|ref={{harvid|Latin Lexicon}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.novaroma.org/calendar/januarius.html#Vediovis|title=Vediove|work=Nova Roma: Calendar of Holidays and Festivals|ref={{harvid|Nova Roma}}}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri}}
[[Category:Śuri| ]]
[[Category:Etruscan mythology]]
[[Category:Etruscan gods]]
[[Category:Sabine gods]]
[[Category:Roman gods]]
[[Category:Roman underworld]]
[[Category:Jovian deities]]
[[Category:Planetary gods]]
[[Category:Chthonic beings]]
[[Category:Sky and weather gods]]
[[Category:Thunder gods]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Fire gods]]
[[Category:Volcano gods]]
[[Category:Earth gods]]
[[Category:Health gods]]
[[Category:Plague gods]]
[[Category:Death gods]]
[[Category:Underworld gods]]
[[Category:Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology]]