View source for August Karl von Goeben

{{Short description|Prussian general}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = August Karl von Goeben
| image         = August Karl Von Goeben.jpg
| image_size    = 
| caption       = 
| nickname      = 
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1816|12|10|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Stade]], [[Kingdom of Hanover]]
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1880|11|12|1816|12|10|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Koblenz]], [[German Empire]]
| placeofburial = 
| allegiance    = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]]<br />{{flag|German Empire}}
| branch        = [[Prussian Army]]<br />[[German Army (German Empire)|Imperial German Army]]
| serviceyears  = 1833–1836<br />1844–1880
| rank          = [[General of the Infantry (Germany)|General of the Infantry]]
| unit          = 
| commands      = [[13th Division (German Empire)|13th Division]]<br />[[VIII Corps (German Empire)|VIII (Rhineland Province) Corps]]<br />First Army
| battles       = [[First Carlist War]]<br />[[Second Schleswig War]]<br />[[Austro-Prussian War]]<br />[[Franco-Prussian War]]
| awards        = [[Grand Cross of the Iron Cross]]
| relations     = 
| laterwork     = 
}}

'''August Karl Friedrich Christian von{{efn|{{German title von}}}} Goeben''' (10 December 1816{{snd}}13 November 1880), was a [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] [[infantry]] general, who won the [[Iron Cross]] for his service in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870–71.

==Early career==

Born at [[Stade]] 30&nbsp;km west of [[Hamburg]] in the Kingdom of [[Kingdom of Hanover|Hannover]], he aspired from his earliest years to the Prussian service rather than that of his own country, and at the age of seventeen, enlisted in the [[24th (4th Brandenburg) Infantry "Grand Duke Frederick Francis II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin"|24th Infantry Regiment]], being commissioned as Lieutenant two years later. But there was little scope for the activities of a young and energetic [[Subaltern (military)|subaltern]].
Leaving the service in 1836, he enlisted in the [[Carlist]] [[army]] fighting the [[First Carlist War]] in Spain. In the five campaigns in which he served [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Don Carlos]], he had many turns of fortune. He had not fought for two months when he fell, severely wounded, into the hands of the [[Isabella II of Spain|Spanish royalist]] troops. After eight months' detention, he escaped, but it was not long before he was captured again. This time his imprisonment was long and painful, and on two occasions, he was compelled to draw lots for his life with his fellow captives.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Goeben, August Karl von|volume=12|page=180}}</ref>

When released, Goeben served until 1840 with distinction. In that year, he made his way back, a man without means, to Prussia. The Carlist [[lieutenant colonel]] was glad to be re-admitted into the [[Prussian Army]] as a [[second lieutenant]], but he was still young, and few subalterns could claim five years meritorious war service at the age of twenty-four. In a few years, he was a captain on the [[German General Staff|Great General Staff]], and in 1848, he was transferred to the staff of the [[IV Corps (German Empire)|IV Corps]], where his immediate superior was Major [[Helmuth Graf von Moltke]].
The two men became fast friends, and their mutual esteem was never disturbed. During the [[Baden Revolution]], Goeben distinguished himself on the staff of [[William I, German Emperor|Prince William]], the future emperor. He alternated staff and regimental duty in the Prussian service for some years after this, until in 1863, he was promoted to major-general commanding the 26th Infantry Brigade.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In 1860 he served as military observer with the Spanish troops during the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)|Spanish-Moroccan War]], and was present at the [[Battle of Tetuan]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Military commands==
[[File:Generalsgräber Haupftfriedhof Koblenz.jpg|thumb|Graves of the Prussian generals at the cemetery of [[Koblenz]], on the left side is the memorial stone for August Karl von Goeben]]
In 1864, during the [[Second Schleswig War|Danish-Prussian War]], he distinguished himself at the head of his brigade at [[Rackebüll]] and [[Sonderburg]]. In the 1866 [[Austro-Prussian War]], Lieutenant-General von Goeben commanded the [[13th Division (German Empire)|13th Division]], of which his old brigade formed part, and, in this higher sphere, once more displayed the qualities of a born leader and skilful tactician. He held almost independent command with conspicuous success in the actions of [[Battle of Dermbach|Dermbach]], [[Battle of Kissingen|Kissingen]], [[Battle of Frohnhofen|Laufach]], [[Battle of Aschaffenburg (1866)|Aschaffenburg]], [[Battle of Gerchsheim|Gerchsheim]], [[Battle of Tauberbischofsheim|Tauberbischofsheim]] and [[Würzburg]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

The mobilization of 1870 at the start of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] placed him at the head of the [[VIII Corps (German Empire)|VIII (Rhineland Province) Corps]], forming part of the First Army under [[Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz]]. It was his resolute and energetic leading that contributed mainly to the victory at the [[Battle of Spicheren]] on 6 August, and von Goeben won the only laurels gained on the Prussian right wing at [[Battle of Gravelotte|Gravelotte]] on 18 August. Under [[Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel]], the VIII Corps took part in the operations about [[Battle of Amiens (1870)|Amiens]] and [[Battle of Bapaume (1871)|Bapaume]], and on 8 January 1871, Goeben succeeded that general in the command of the First Army.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Two weeks later, he brought the campaign in northern France to its conclusion by the decisive victory at the [[Battle of St. Quentin (1871)|Battle of St. Quentin]] (19 January 1871). The close of the Franco-Prussian War left Goeben one of the most distinguished men in the victorious army. He was named [[colonel-in-chief]] of the [[28th (2nd Rhenish) Infantry "von Goeben"|28th (2nd Rhenish) Infantry Regiment]], and was awarded the [[Grand Cross of the Iron Cross]]. He commanded the VIII Corps at Koblenz until his death in 1880.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Writings==
General von Goeben left many writings. His memoirs are to be found in his works:
* ''Vier Jahre in Spanien'' (Four Years in Spain) (Hanover, 1841), 
* ''Reise-und Lagerbriefe aus Spanien und vom spanischen Heere in Marokko'' (Hanover, 1863) and 
* ''Darmstadt Allgemeine Militärzeitung''.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Legacy==
The former French [[fort de Queuleu]] at [[Metz]] was renamed Goeben after him, and the 28th Infantry bears his name. A statue of Goeben by [[Fritz Schaper]] was erected at [[Koblenz]] in 1884.<ref name="EB1911"/> The {{SMS|Goeben}}, a {{Sclass|Moltke|battlecruiser}} of the [[Kaiserliche Marine]] (German Navy) launched in 1911, was also named after him.<ref>{{cite book|title=German Battlecruisers 1914-18 |author= Gary Staff|year=2006|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=1-84603-009-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqvrr0RnGuEC&pg=PA17 | page=17}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]]:<ref name="rangliste">{{citation|title=Rangliste de Königlich Preußischen Armee|year=1879|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510024836600&view=1up&seq=84&skin=2021 66]|location=Berlin|publisher=Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn|language=German|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Red Eagle|Knight of the Red Eagle]], 4th Class with Swords, ''1849''; 2nd Class with Oak Leaves, ''1860''; Grand Cross with Swords on Ring, ''2 September 1873''<ref name="prus">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste|volume=1|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=18&skin=2021 14], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=38&skin=2021 34], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=609&skin=2021 597], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=936&skin=2021 924]|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1877|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|Knight of the Crown Order]], 2nd Class with Swords, ''10 March 1864''<ref name="prus"/>
** Service Award Cross
** [[Pour le Mérite]] (military), ''3 July 1864''; with Oak Leaves, ''20 September 1866''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lehmann|first1=Gustaf|title=Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913|year=1913|trans-title=The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite|language=de|url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN135808618?tify={%22pages%22:[482],%22panX%22:0.327,%22panY%22:0.883,%22view%22:%22thumbnails%22,%22zoom%22:0.386}|page=454|volume=2|location=Berlin|publisher=[[E.S. Mittler & Sohn|Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn]]}}</ref>
** Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal [[House Order of Hohenzollern]], with Swords, ''6 January 1871''<ref name="prus"/>
** [[Grand Cross of the Iron Cross|Grand Cross]] of the [[Iron Cross]] (1870), ''22 March 1871''<ref name="prus2">{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|journal=Preussische Ordens-Liste|volume=3|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878856&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878856&view=1up&seq=9&skin=2021 5]|language=German|location=Berlin|year=1877|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Black Eagle|Knight of the Black Eagle]], ''5 July 1875''; with Collar, ''1876''<ref name="prus"/>
* {{flagcountry|Restoration (Spain)}}:<ref name="rangliste"/>
** Knight's Cross of the [[Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand|Military Order of St. Ferdinand]], ''ca. 1840''
** Knight's Cross of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]], ''ca. 1840''
** Cross of Honour
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Charles III]], with Collar, ''27 January 1878''<ref>{{cite book|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000899508&search=&lang=es|chapter=Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1879|page=137|language=es}}</ref>
* {{flag|Baden}}:<ref name="HandbuchBaden">{{citation|title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden|year=1880|chapter=Großherzogliche Orden|chapter-url=https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1875326|pages=[https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1875334 65], [https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1875387 118]|location=Karlsruhe|via=blb-karlsruhe.de}}</ref>
** Knight of the [[Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order]], ''1849''
** [[Order of the Zähringer Lion|Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion]], with Swords, ''1877''
* {{flagicon|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Altenburg}} {{flagicon|Saxe-Meiningen}} [[Ernestine duchies]]: Commander of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]], 1st Class, ''November 1857''<ref>{{citation|title=Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg|year=1869|chapter=Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden|page=[https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243702/Parladrusa_Staatshandbuch_SA_166810592_1869_0043.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00472815 29]}}</ref>
* {{flag|Oldenburg}}: Grand Cross of the [[House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis|Order of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig]], with Swords, ''29 July 1866''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD6sPIakAuMC&pg=PR1 |title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: 1879 |publisher=Schulze |date=1879 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AD6sPIakAuMC&pg=PA42 42]}}</ref>
* {{flag|Mecklenburg-Schwerin}}: [[Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)|Military Merit Cross]], 2nd Class<ref name="rangliste"/>
* {{flag|Schaumburg-Lippe}}: Military Merit Medal<ref name="rangliste"/>
* {{flag|Württemberg}}: Grand Cross of the [[Military Merit Order (Württemberg)|Military Merit Order]], ''20 November 1870''<ref>{{citation|title=Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg|year=1877|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433082071733&view=1up&seq=7&skin=2021|chapter=Königliche Orden|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433082071733&view=1up&seq=91&skin=2021 53]|location=Stuttgart|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russian Empire|1858}}:<ref name="rangliste"/>
** [[Order of St. George|Knight of St. George]], 4th Class, ''27 December 1870''; 3rd Class, ''5 April 1873''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYwWAQAAIAAJ |author=V. M. Shabanov|title=Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George: A Nominal List, 1769-1920|year=2004|location=Moscow|isbn=5-89577-059-2}}</ref>
** [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Knight of St. Stanislaus]], 2nd Class
* {{flag|Kingdom of Saxony}}: Commander of the [[Military Order of Saint Henry]], 1st Class, ''1871''<ref>{{cite book|title=Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1873|year=1873|publisher=Heinrich|page=[http://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/9530888/ft/bsb11041169?page=57 35]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary|1872}} [[Austria-Hungary]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Leopold (Austria)|Imperial Order of Leopold]], with War Decoration, ''1872''<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1879&size=45&page=248|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Oesterreichisch-kaiserlicher Leopolds-orden|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1879|access-date=2 September 2021|page=[https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1879&size=45&page=256 76]|location=Vienna|via=alex.onb.ac.at}}</ref>
}}

== Portrayal in media ==
In the Danish miniseries [[1864 (TV series)|1864]], Goeben was portrayed by Czech actor [[Karel Dobrý]].

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Recipients of the Grand Cross}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goeben, August Karl Von}}
[[Category:1816 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Stade]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Hanover]]
[[Category:German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the First Carlist War]]
[[Category:Generals of Infantry (Prussia)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
[[Category:Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Lower Saxony]]