View source for July 1915

{{short description|Month of 1915}}
{{Events by month|1915}}
{{calendar|year=1915|month=July}}
[[File:WWI - Second Battle of the Isonzo - 20th Cavalleggeri di Roma Cavalry Regiment position in the Carso.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Italian soldiers during the [[Second Battle of the Isonzo]] on the [[Italian front (World War I)|Italian Front]].]]

The following events occurred in '''July 1915''':

== [[July 1]], 1915 (Thursday) ==
[[File:Général Botha, dédicassé.jpg|right|thumb|upright|{{centre|General [[Louis Botha]]}}]]
[[Image:Sanke Card Portrait of Kurt Wintgens.jpg|thumb|right|upright|{{centre|War ace [[Kurt Wintgens]]}}]]
[[File:Others Vol. 5, No. 2 January 1919.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''[[Others: A Magazine of the New Verse|Others]]'' literary magazine]]
* Forces with the [[Union of South Africa]] under command of General [[Louis Botha]] defeated German colonial forces at the [[Battle of Otavi]] in [[German South West Africa]] with assistance from [[Canada]], [[Great Britain]], [[Portugal]] and [[Portuguese Angola]]. The result would soon put an end to German resistance in southwest Africa and allow [[South Africa]] to occupy the region until March 1990.<ref>{{cite book |last=Strachan |first=Hew |title=The First World War: To Arms |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |location=New York |pages=266–267 |isbn=9780199261918 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv8Zrrt6vqgC&q=Battle+of+Otavi&pg=PA566}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Gully Ravine]] — Ottoman forces under command of officer Faik Pasa and Albay Refet launched counterattacks to prevent British forces from encircling their right flank on the [[Gallipoli]] peninsula.<ref>{{cite book| first=Edward |last=Erickson |title=[[Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War]] |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2001a |orig-year=2000 |isbn=0-313-31516-7 |page=89}}</ref> During the intense, bloody fighting, Captain [[Gerald Robert O'Sullivan]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 29281|date=31 August 1915 |pages=8699–8700|supp=y}}</ref> and Corporal [[James Somers]] of the [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]] were both awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for recapturing a trench taken by the Ottomans during a counterattack.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue= 29281|date=31 August 1915 |page=8700|supp=y}}</ref>
* German fighter pilot [[Kurt Wintgens]] became the first person to shoot down another plane using a [[machine gun]] equipped with [[synchronization gear]], which allowed him to shoot through a turning propeller without hitting its blade. His victory started a period referred to as the "[[Fokker Scourge]]," as [[Fokker M.5]] airplanes outfitted with machine guns took a heavy toll on [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] aircraft over the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Wintgens himself would down two more enemy planes in July.<ref>Franks, Norman, ''Aircraft vs. Aircraft: The Illustrated Story of Fighter Pilot Combat From 1914 to the Present Day'', London: Grub Street, 1998, {{ISBN|1-902304-04-7}}, p. 20.</ref> 
* A Russian naval squadron under command of [[Rear admiral|Rear Admiral]] [[Mikhail Bakhirev]] intercepted a message that a German squadron was laying mines around [[Åland]] in the [[Baltic Sea]] and moved to engage them.<ref name="Gotland Raid">{{cite web|url=http://1914ww.ru/sobyt/1900sob/1915gotland.php |title=Gotland Raid|access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref>
* A second inquiry into the [[sinking of the RMS Lusitania|sinking of the RMS ''Lusitania'']] was held at the urging of survivor Joseph Marichal who threatened to sue the [[Cunard]] ocean line for "poor handling" of the disaster, but was soon discredited when the British government found unfavourable details of his background and leaked them to the press.<ref>Preston, D. (2003) ''Wilful Murder. The Sinking of the Lusitania''. London : Black Swan. {{ISBN|978-0552998864}}. pp. 132-33</ref>
* The [[French Navy]] [[seaplane tender|seaplane carrier]] ''Pas-de-Calais'' was commissioned, the first [[paddle steamer]] to serve as an aviation vessel.<ref>Layman, R.D., ''Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1849-1922'', Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1989, {{ISBN|0-87021-210-9}}, p. 20.</ref>
* The [[United States Department of the Navy]] established an Office of Naval Aeronautics, the first formal recognition of naval aviation within the [[United States Navy]].<ref>Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, ''United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, Second Edition'', London: Putnam, 1976, {{ISBN|0-370-10054-9}}, p. 2.</ref>
* The [[Royal Australian Survey Corps]] of the [[Australian Army]] was established.<ref>Coulthard-Clark, CD, 2000, ''Australia's Military Mapmakers – The Royal Australian Survey Corps 1915–96'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-551343-6}}</ref>
* The [[Burg Giebichenstein University of Art and Design]] was established in [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]], [[Germany]].<ref>Staatliche Galerie Moritzburg Halle; Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe; Burg Giebichenstein Hochschule für Kunst und Design Halle (Hrsg.): ''Die hallesche Kunstschule von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.'' Halle/Saale und Karlsruhe, 1993, S. 21.</ref>
* The [[United States Forest Service]] combined the [[Jemez National Forest]] and [[Pecos National Forest]] in northern [[New Mexico]] to establish the [[Santa Fe National Forest]].<ref name=Davis>{{Cite report| title=Appendix I: National Forests of the United States |url=http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf |date=September 29, 2005 |author=Davis, Richard C. |publisher=The Forest History Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028014355/http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf |archive-date=October 28, 2012}}</ref>
* The [[Moapa National Forest]] was absorbed into the [[Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest|Toiyabe National Forest]] in [[Nevada]].<ref name=Davis/>
* [[New York City]] established in the Child Welfare Board.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Municipal year book of the City of New York |publisher=[[Bureau of Municipal Research]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jhAAAAAYAAJ&q=New+York+City%27s+%22Child+Welfare+Board%22&pg=PA102 |access-date=2009-11-29 |year=1915}}</ref>
* American poet [[Alfred Kreymborg]] launched ''[[Others: A Magazine of the New Verse]]'' with [[Skipwith Cannell]], [[Wallace Stevens]], and [[William Carlos Williams]]. The magazine — which featured poetry, other writing and visual art — ran until [[1917 in poetry|1917]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Symons|first1=Julian|title=Makers of the New: The Revolution in Literature, 1912–1939|date=1987|publisher=Andre Deutsch|isbn=0-233-98007-5|page=122}}</ref>
* The [[association football]] club [[FC Avenir Beggen|Avenir Beggen]] was formed as "Daring Beggen" before changing to its current name a year later, in [[Beggen]], [[Luxembourg City]], [[Luxembourg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/luxembourg/fc-avenir-beggen/1421/|title=FC Avenir Beggen|publisher=Soccerway|language=en|access-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> 
* The [[association football]] club Japonês was formed in [[Rio de Janeiro]], but renamed a year later as [[Olaria Atlético Clube|Olaria]] after the neighbourhood it was established in to attract more supporters.<ref>[http://www.olariaatleticoclube.com.br/interna.php?nivel1_idfk=11&nivel2_idpk=33 Club history at the official website]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Lierne Municipality]], [[Norway]] was divided into the municipalities of [[Nordli Municipality]] and [[Sørli Municipality]]. Also, [[Leirfjord Municipality]] was created when it was split off from [[Stamnes Municipality]]. All three were amalgamated again in 1964.<ref name="Dag">{{Cite web |last=Jukvam |first=Dag |year=1999 |title=Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen |url=http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf |publisher=[[Statistics Norway|Statistisk sentralbyrå]] |language=no |isbn= 9788253746845 }}</ref>
* The [[Wharton Reef Light]]house officially began operating in [[Princess Charlotte Bay]] off [[Cape York Peninsula]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. It was deactivated in 1990 and donated to the region's museum, making it the only surviving lighthouse during the "Golden Age of Australian Lighthouses" from 1913 to the early 1920s.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Victorian Historical Journal | title = The Golden Age of Australian Lighthouses | volume = 48 | number=2|date=May 1977|first=Michael B |last=Komesaroff}} reprinted in {{cite journal|journal=Lighthouses of Australia Inc. Bulletin| number=5| date=September 2003| title=The Golden Age of Australian Lighthouses| url=http://www.lighthouse.net.au/lights/Bulletin/0309/Bulletin%20Sep%2003.htm#Golden| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103212951/http://www.lighthouse.net.au/Lights/Bulletin/0309/Bulletin%20Sep%2003.htm#Golden| archive-date=2010-11-03}}</ref> 
* '''Born:''' [[Nguyễn Văn Linh]], Vietnamese state leader, [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] from 1986 to 1991, in [[Hưng Yên]], [[Vietnam]] (d. [[1998]]); [[Rolf Hauge (officer)|Rolf Hauge]], Norwegian army officer, commander of the [[No. 10 (Inter-Allied) Commando|No. 10 Commando]] unit with the [[Free Norwegian forces]] during [[World War II]], recipient of the [[St. Olav's Medal with Oak Branch]], [[Defence Medal 1940–1945|Defence Medal]], [[Military Cross]] and [[France and Germany Star]], in [[Bergen]], [[Norway]] (d. [[1989]]) 
* '''Born:''' [[Jean Stafford]], American writer, recipient of the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for the anthology ''[[The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford]]'' (d. [[1979 in literature|1979]]); [[Willie Dixon]], American blues musician, known for his collaborations with [[Muddy Waters]], [[Howlin' Wolf]], [[Chuck Berry]] and [[Buddy Guy]], in [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]] (d. [[1992]])
* '''Died:''' [[William M. Walton]], American politician, 13th [[Texas Attorney General]] (b. [[1832]])

== [[July 2]], 1915 (Friday) ==
[[File:Senate Bombing July 2, 1915.jpg|thumb|[[United States Senate|Senate]] reception room bombed at the [[United States Capitol]] building.]]
* The [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the [[Munitions of War Act 1915|Munitions of War Act]] to address the [[Shell Crisis of 1915|shortage of artillery shells]] in [[Great Britain]] needed for the war effort. [[David Lloyd George]] was appointed [[Minister of Munitions]] to oversee the effort.<ref>{{cite journal |author=[[R. J. Q. Adams]] |title=Delivering the Goods: Reappaising the Ministry of Munitions: 1915–1916 |journal=[[Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies]] |date=1975 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=232–244 |jstor=4048178}}</ref>
* The Russian naval squadron of the [[Baltic Sea]] attacked a German squadron laying mines in the [[Baltic Sea]] at the [[Battle of Åland Islands]]. The German cruiser {{SMS|Albatross|1907|6}} was hit and ran aground, with 27 sailors dead and another 49 wounded.<ref name="Gotland Raid"/> German cruisers {{SMS|Prinz Adalbert|1901|6}} and {{SMS|Prinz Heinrich||2}} sailed to assist the German squadron, but British submarine {{HMS|E9||6}} torpedoed ''Prinz Adalbert'' and forced it to limp to shore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Newspapers|url=http://wwi.rhga.ru/sobi/1915/index.php?SECTION_ID=349|access-date=25 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Gully Ravine]] — The Ottoman 1st Division led by Lieutenant Colonel (''Kaymakam'') [[Cafer Tayyar Eğilmez]] staged a second counterattack and got within 30 metres of British trenches before losses became unbearable to continue.<ref>T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 129 {{in lang|tr}}</ref> Ottoman commanding officer Faik Paşa then ordered Ottoman to dig defenses to prevent further losses, violating orders from General [[Otto Liman von Sanders]]. As a result, Paşa was replaced with Mehmet Ali Paşa.<ref>{{cite book |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Military Operations Gallipoli: May 1915 to the Evacuation |volume=II |last=Aspinall-Oglander |first=Cecil Faber |year=1992 |orig-year=1932 |publisher=Heinemann |location=London |edition=Imperial War Museum and Battery Press |isbn=0-89839-175-X |page=95}}</ref>
* German-American anarchist [[Eric Muenter]] planted a timed bomb with three sticks of dynamite in the [[United States Senate|Senate]] reception room of the [[United States Capitol]], [[Washington, D.C.]], which detonated just before midnight with no casualties. Muenter had tried to plant the bomb in the  [[United States Senate chamber|Senate chamber]] but found it locked. He sent a letter under an alias to ''[[The Washington Star]]'' after the bombing, explaining he hoped the explosion would "make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war. This explosion is an exclamation point in my appeal for peace."<ref>{{cite web |title=Bomb Rocks Capitol |publisher=United States Senate |url= https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Bomb_Rocks_Capitol.htm |access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref>
* The [[69th Battalion (Canadien-Français), CEF|69th Battalion]] of the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] was established.<ref>Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.</ref>
* The submarine ''[[Chilean submarine Guacolda|Guacolda]]'' was launched by the [[Fore River Shipyard]] at [[Quincy, Massachusetts]]. Originally, the submarine was commissioned to the [[Royal Navy]] but because of [[United States]] neutrality during [[World War I]], it was commissioned instead to the [[Chilean Navy]].{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=92}}
* The [[Canungra railway line]] opened between [[Logan Village, Queensland|Logan Village]] and [[Canungra, Queensland]], [[Australia]].<ref>"The Canungra Branch" ''[[Australian Railway History]]'' January 1993 pp. 12-19</ref><ref>{{cite book| last1=Quinlan| first1=Howard| last2=Newland| first2=John| title=Australian Railway Routes 1854 - 2000| date=2000| publisher=Australian Railway Historical Society| location=Redfern| isbn=0909650497|page=38}}</ref>
* The symphonic composition ''[[Taras Bulba (rhapsody)|Taras Bulba]]'' by Czech composer [[Leoš Janáček]] was published.<ref>Sleeve note of the [[Supraphon]] CD (SU 3667-2911)[http://www.supraphon.cz/cs/katalog/databaze-titulu/detail-titulu/?idtitulu=2001991]</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Hal Wagner]], American baseball player, [[catcher]] for the [[History of the Philadelphia Athletics|Philadelphia Athletics]], [[Boston Red Sox]], [[Detroit Tigers]], and [[Philadelphia Phillies]] from 1937 to 1949, in [[East Riverton, New Jersey]] (d. [[1979]])
* '''Died:''' [[Porfirio Díaz]], Mexican state leader, 29th [[President of Mexico]] (b. [[1830]])

== [[July 3]], 1915 (Saturday) ==
[[File:A.H. Wiggin & J.P. Morgan, Jr. in 1917 in Manhattan at a war bond parade (Cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright|{{centre|[[J. P. Morgan Jr.]]}}]]
* After setting off a bomb at the [[United States Capitol]], German-American anarchist [[Eric Muenter]] fled to [[New York City]] where he planted another homemade bomb on munitions ship [[SS Minnehaha|SS ''Minnehaha'']].<ref name="S.S. Minnehaha">{{cite web| last1=Kinghorn| first1=Jonathan| title=S.S. Minnehaha| url=http://www.atlantictransportline.us/content/31Minnehaha.htm| website=The Atlantic Transport Line| access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref> He then traveled to the home of banker [[J. P. Morgan Jr.]] in [[Glen Cove, New York]], with more dynamite and two revolvers. He invaded the house intending to take the family hostage and force the Morgan company to stop financing munitions shipments to [[Europe]] for the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] war effort in exchange for their release. However, Morgan was at home along with his wife as well as their butler and the three were able to subdue Muenter despite the anarchist shooting Morgan twice in the groin and leg (he fully recovered within a month). Muenter was arrested by the [[New York City|New York]] police department immediately afterward.<ref>{{cite news |title=Intruder Has Dynamite - Forces his way into banker's house at East Island, L.I. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/07/04/104649435.pdf |access-date=25 August 2019 |work=The New York Times |issue=July 4, 1915 |date=July 3, 1915}}</ref>
* The [[La Jolla Recreational Center]] opened at a children's playground and recreation center in the [[La Jolla]] neighbourhood of [[San Diego]].<ref>{{cite journal| last=McClain| first=Molly| title=The La Jolla of Ellen Browning Scripps| journal=The Journal of San Diego History| page=283| url=http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v57-4/v57-4mcclain.pdf}}</ref> 
* '''Born:''' [[Ted Swales]], South African air force officer, member of the [[No. 582 Squadron RAF|No. 582 Squadron]] during [[World War II]], recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]] and [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]], in [[Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]] (d. [[1945]], killed in action)

== [[July 4]], 1915 (Sunday) ==
* Ottoman troops and Arab tribesmen attacked the British-held town of [[Lahij]] in [[South Arabia]] (now [[Yemen]]).<ref name="McKenzie, chapt. 128">[[Frederick Arthur McKenzie|McKenzie, F. A.]] "The Defence of India". ''The Great War: The Standard History of the All-Europe Conflict''. [[H. W. Wilson Company|H. W. Wilson]], ed. Vol. 7, chapt. 128. This text is now in the public domain.</ref>
* A force of six German Navy airships attempted an attack on a [[Royal Navy]] squadron conducting an aerial reconnaissance in the [[German Bight]]. Bad weather prevented each side from attacking the other. The heavy seas made it impossible for British seaplanes to launch and pursue the airships, and the airships could not get close enough to fire on the ships.<ref>Whitehouse, Arch, ''The Zeppelin Fighters'', New York: Ace Books, 1966, no ISBN, pp. 98-100.</ref>
* German aviator [[Gunther Plüschow]] escaped from an officers' [[prisoner-of-war camp]] at [[Donington Hall]] in England, successfully making his way home to Germany, the only combatant in either World War to do so.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gunther|last=Plüschow|title=My Escape from Donington Hall|location=London |publisher=John Lane The Bodley Head|year=1922}}</ref>
* The first [[Bandit War|border raid by bandits]] was made on a ranch in [[Cameron County, Texas]], as part of a campaign to create civil unrest large enough for the U.S. border states to secede to [[Mexico]].<ref name="Weber 2008">{{cite book| last=Weber| first=John W.| title=The shadow of the revolution: South Texas, the Mexican Revolution, and the evolution of modern American labor relations| year=2008| isbn=978-0-549-96152-9| pages=79–94}}</ref>
* The recently opened [[Elizabethtown station|rail station]] in [[Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania]] had the honor of hosting the famous [[Liberty Bell]] as it was transported across the [[United States]] to be displayed at the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]] in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacMaster |first=Richard K |title=Elizabethtown: the first three centuries |year=1999 |publisher=Mastof Press |location=[[Morgantown, Pennsylvania]] |isbn=1-883294-91-6 |page=184}}</ref>

== [[July 5]], 1915 (Monday) ==
[[File:Erich Münter.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Eric Muenter]], bomber, after his arrest]]
* [[Battle of Gully Ravine]] — A final attempt to recapture ground from the British ended in failure for [[Ottoman Empire]] forces defending the [[Gallipoli]] peninsula. Facing losses that were four times more than the British, with estimates ranging between 14,000 and 16,000 casualties, General [[Otto Liman von Sanders]] caved to Ottoman officers pleas to stop the assaults and ended the bloodiest part of the [[Gallipoli campaign]].{{sfn|Aspinall-Oglander|1992|p=95}}
* British forces gave up Lahij, [[South Arabia]] to Ottoman troops and fell back to [[Al Kawr]] (now part of [[Yemen]]).<ref name="McKenzie, chapt. 128"/>
* German-American anarchist [[Eric Muenter]] committed suicide while in [[New York City|New York]] police custody, shortly after he was identified as being behind the bombing three days earlier in [[Washington, D.C.]] His estranged wife reported to police that she learned through a letter sent from Muenter before his arrest that he had hid a bomb on the [[SS Minnehaha|SS ''Minnehaha'']] and that it was set to explode on July 7.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Russell |first1=Daniel D. |title=The Day Morgan Was Shot |url=http://www.glencoveheritage.com/legacy_site/morganshooting.pdf |website=Glen Cove Heritage |publisher=City of Glen Cove, NY |access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>
* The [[Hotel Macdonald]], one of Canada's chateau-styled hotels, opened in [[Edmonton]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Theobald|first1=Claire|title=100 years of Hotel Macdonald: High tea, please|url=http://www.edmontonsun.com/2015/07/03/100-years-of-hotel-mcdonald-high-tea-please|access-date=3 September 2015|newspaper=Edmonton Sun|date=4 July 2015}}</ref>
* A [[Leeuwarden Achter de Hoven railway station|rail station]] was opened in [[Leeuwarden]], [[Netherlands]] to serve the [[Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway]]. It closed twice, first in 1940 before it was reopened in 1954. It closed again in 2018.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.ovpro.nl/trein/2018/07/17/friese-station-achter-de-hoven-wordt-opgeheven/| title=Fries station 'Achter de Hoven' wordt opgeheven| last=Jacobs| first=Inge| date=17 July 2018| publisher=OVPro.nl| access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[John Woodruff (athlete)|John Woodruff]], American track athlete, gold medalist at the [[1936 Summer Olympics]], in [[Connellsville, Pennsylvania]] (d. [[2007]]); [[Babe Paley]], American socialite, wife to [[CBS]] president [[William S. Paley]], in [[Boston]] (d. [[1978]])

== [[July 6]], 1915 (Tuesday) ==
* [[Battle of Rufiji Delta]] — After concealing from British ships for nearly eight months within the jungles surrounding the [[Rufiji River]] in [[German East Africa]] (now [[Tanzania]]), German cruiser [[SMS Königsberg (1905)|SMS ''Königsberg'']] exchanged fire with British [[Monitor (warship)|monitor]] ships [[HMS Mersey (1914)|HMS ''Mersey'']] and [[HMS Severn (1914)|HMS ''Severn'']] and forced both vessels to withdraw.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bennett| first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Bennett (historian)| title=Naval Battles of the First World War| year=2005| location=London| publisher=Pen & Sword Military Classics| isbn=1-84415-300-2| page=134}}</ref>
* German fighter pilot [[Oswald Boelcke]] claimed his first victory, by shooting down a [[Blériot XI|Blériot]] aircraft while flying an [[Albatros C.I|Albatros]] two-seater biplane, setting him on to eventually become a [[flying ace]].<ref>{{cite book |last=van Wyngarden |first=Greg |title=Osprey Aircraft of the Aces #73: Early German Aces of World War 1 |year=2006 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Botley, Oxford UK & New York City, USA |isbn=978-1-84176-997-4 |pages=16–17}}</ref>
* English composer [[Edward Elgar]] premiered his composition ''[[Polonia (Elgar)|Polonia]]'' at a charity relief concert for Polish war victims in [[Queen's Hall]], [[London]]. The composition mixed Polish music influences as a patriotic tribute to the people, similar to ''[[Carillon (Elgar)|Carillon]]'' that premiered in December 1914 to celebrate the struggles of [[Belgium]] during the first months of [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Kennedy (music critic) |date=1987 |title= Portrait of Elgar |edition=Third |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-284017-7 |page=354}}</ref> 
* '''Born:''' [[Leonard Birchall]], Canadian air force officer, commander of the [[413 Transport and Rescue Squadron|413 Squadron]] during [[World War II]], recipient of the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] and the [[Order of the British Empire]], in [[St. Catharines]], [[Ontario]] (d. [[2004 in Canada|2004]])
* '''Died:''' [[Lawrence Hargrave]], British-Australian aeronautics engineer, developed many prototypes used for [[hang gliding]] and paragliding (b. [[1850]]); [[John O'Reily]], Australian clergy, first [[Bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Port Pirie]] and second [[Archbishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide]] (b. [[1846]])

== [[July 7]], 1915 (Wednesday) Sinking of the RM Amalfi. ==
The Italian cruiser RM Amalfi was returning to Venice after a bombardment of the Austrian coastal defences near Trieste, under escort. At dawn, when about 15 miles from Venice, the ship was attacked by UB-15, Only one torpedo was fired and in a very short time the cruiser sank with about 150 of her complement of 550. 
* [[First Battle of the Isonzo]] — An attempt by [[Italy]] to break through the Austro-Hungarian line in the [[Alps]] failed. Despite superior numbers on the Italian side, [[Austria-Hungary]] had better equipment, highly trained soldiers, and superior geographic advantages. The Italians sustained over 14,000 casualties while the Austro-Hungarians received 9,950 casualties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keegan|first=John|title=The First World War|year=1998 |publisher=Random House (UK)|isbn=0091801788|pages=376|chapter=The Breaking of Armies}}</ref>
* [[Armenian genocide]] — Swedish diplomat [[Cossva Anckarsvärd]], stationed in [[Constantinople]], released a two-page report to [[Stockholm]] stating "persecutions of the Armenians have reached hair-raising proportions" and concluded the solution to the "Armenian question" within the [[Ottoman Empire]] would "consist of the extermination of the Armenian nation."<ref>{{cite thesis| url=http://www.armenica.org/material/master_thesis_vahagn_avedian.pdf| last=Avedian| first=Vahagn| title=The Armenian Genocide 1915: From a Neutral Small State's Perspective: Sweden| publisher=Uppsala University| date=21 May 2008| access-date=17 June 2016| page=39}}</ref>
* Italian cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Amalfi||2}} was torpedoed and sunk at [[Pula|Pola]], [[Austria-Hungary]] by German submarine {{ship|SM|UB-14}} with the loss of 67 of her 684 crew.<ref>{{cite news | title = 200 Italians die when Austrians sink a cruiser | work = [[Chicago Daily Tribune]] | date = 9 July 1915| page = 3 }}</ref>
* French General [[Joseph Joffre]] held the first military conference for the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] — known as the [[Chantilly Conferences]] —in [[Chantilly, Oise]], [[France]], shortly after [[Italy]] entered the conflict against the [[Central Powers]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Spencer C. Tucker|author2=Priscilla Mary Roberts|title=World War I: A Student Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA468|year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-879-8|pages=468–}}</ref>
* [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] militia captain [[Henry Pedris]] was executed in [[British Ceylon]] for inciting race riots, a charge later proved false. He became a hero of the [[Sri Lankan independence movement]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ceylontoday.lk/59-9199-news-detail-the-execution-that-triggered-the-struggle-for-self-rule.html | title=The execution that triggered the struggle for self-rule | date=7 July 2012 | author=P. K. Balachandran | publisher=Ceylon Today | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221192706/http://www.ceylontoday.lk/59-9199-news-detail-the-execution-that-triggered-the-struggle-for-self-rule.html | archive-date=21 December 2014 }}</ref>
* A bomb planted by the late German-American anarchist [[Eric Muenter]] exploded on munitions ship [[SS Minnehaha|SS ''Minnehaha'']] despite efforts by crew to locate it. Fortunately, the bomb was not near the munitions depot that the ship was carrying and damage was minimal. The ship itself would not survive [[World War I]], and would be sunk by a German [[U-boat]] in 1917.<ref name="S.S. Minnehaha"/>
* The [[Guards Reserve Corps]] of the [[Imperial German Army]] was reestablished after it had been disbanded six months earlier.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cron |first=Hermann |year=2002 |title=Imperial German Army 1914-18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle |orig-year=1937 |publisher=Helion & Co |isbn=1-874622-70-1 |page=88}}</ref>
* The [[II Royal Bavarian Reserve Corps]] for the [[Imperial German Army]] was disbanded when its headquarters was upgraded to the [[South Army (German Empire)|South Army]] for action on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cron |first=Hermann |year=2002 |title=Imperial German Army 1914-18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle |orig-year=1937 |publisher=Helion & Co |isbn=1-874622-70-1|page=82}}</ref>
* [[American Civil War]] veteran and landowner John N. Ballard deeded a small plot that had been part of the battlefield of [[Battle of Chantilly|Chantilly]], [[Virginia]], for the purpose of allowing persons or groups the opportunity to erect monuments or markers in remembrance to those who fought in the battle, leading to the eventual establishment of [[Ox Hill Battlefield Park]] in October.<ref>{{cite report| author=Fairfax County Park Authority| title=Ox Hill Battlefield Park General Management Plan and Conceptual Development Plan| date=February 2005| url=http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/gmp/oxhillgmp.pdf| access-date=December 2, 2006| url-status=dead| archive-date=2006-10-11| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011130953/http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/parks/gmp/oxhillgmp.pdf}}</ref>
* The [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]] was established in [[Chennai]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History - Founders |url=https://wcc.edu.in/about-us/founders/ |website=Women's Christian College |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902090641/https://wcc.edu.in/about-us/founders/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The first edition of the Norwegian newspaper ''[[Østerdalens Arbeiderblad]]'' was published, primarily as the organ for the [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party of Norway]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Solbakken|first=Evald O.|author-link=Evald O. Solbakken|title=Det røde fylke. Trekk av den politiske arbeiderbevegelse i Hedmark gjennom 100 år|year=1951|publisher=Hedmark Labour Party|location=Hamar|language=no|pages=139–143}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Margaret Walker]], American poet and writer, part of the African-American literary movement in [[Chicago]], author of ''[[Jubilee (novel)|Jubilee]]'', in [[Birmingham, Alabama]] (d. [[1998]]); [[Reynaldo Guerra Garza]], American judge, first [[Hispanic]] to be appointed to the [[United States courts of appeals|United States Court of Appeals]], in [[Brownsville, Texas]] (d. [[2004]])

== [[July 8]], 1915 (Thursday) ==
* The [[Army of the Bug]] of the [[German Army (German Empire)|Imperial German Army]] (named after [[Bug River]] in [[Poland]]) was established to serve on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cron |first=Hermann |year=2002 |title=Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle |orig-year=1937 |publisher=Helion & Co |isbn=1-874622-70-1|pages=82–83}}</ref>
* The [[Women's Peace Army]] was established in [[Melbourne]] in protest to [[Australia]]'s involvement in [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1534659|title=WOMEN'S PEACE ARMY|date=9 July 1915|work=The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957)|access-date=22 June 2016|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Lowell E. English]], American marine officer, commander of the [[3rd Marine Division]] during [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]] and the [[Vietnam War]], in [[Fairbury, Nebraska]] (d. [[2005]]); [[Neil D. Van Sickle]], American air force officer, commander of [[United States Air Force]] operations in [[Taiwan]] during the [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]] in 1958, in [[Minot, North Dakota]] (d. [[2019]])

== [[July 9]], 1915 (Friday) ==
* [[Victor Franke]], commander of the German forces in [[German South West Africa]], along with 2,000 of his men surrendered to the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=H. |last=Strachan |title=The First World War: To Arms |volume=I |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=2001 |pages=556–57 |isbn=0-19-926191-1}}</ref>
* The first casualty in the [[Bandit War|Mexican border raids]] occurred when a raider was shot dead by a ranch hand during a raid on [[King Ranch]] near [[Kingsville, Texas]].<ref name="Weber 2008"/>

== [[July 10]], 1915 (Saturday) ==
* [[Battle of Manzikert (1915)|Battle of Manzikert]] — A Russian force of 22,000 troops attempted to capture strategic hills west of the town of [[Malazgirt]], [[Turkey]], assuming defenses were weak. In actuality, a force of 40,000 Ottoman troops was defending the area.<ref name="Dowling 504">{{cite book| last1=Dowling| first1=Timothy C.| title=Russia at War| date=2014| publisher=ABC-CLIO| isbn=9781598849486| page=504}}</ref>
* [[Japanese Government Railways]] extended the [[Ban'etsu East Line]] in [[Fukushima Prefecture]], [[Japan]] with stations [[Akai Station|Akai]] and [[Ogawagō Station|Ogawagō]] serving the line.<ref>{{cite book|title=郡山駅・会津若松駅・三春駅ほか (Koriyama Station, Aizu-Wakamatsu Station, Miharu Station, etc)|series=週刊 JR全駅・全車両基地|volume=50|date=2013-08-04|publisher=Asahi Newspaper Publishing|language=ja|asin=B00DNBCZL0|page=27}}</ref>
* '''Died:''' [[Vazha-Pshavela]], Georgian poet, known for his epic poems including ''Host and Guest'' (b. [[1861]])

== [[July 11]], 1915 (Sunday) ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA3013, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Kreuzer Königsberg.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15 |Wreck of {{SMS|Königsberg|1905|6}} after the [[Battle of Rufiji Delta]] in [[German East Africa]].]]
* [[Battle of Rufiji Delta]] — German cruiser {{SMS|Königsberg|1905|6}} was scuttled in the [[Rufiji River]], [[German East Africa]] following battle damage inflicted by [[Royal Navy]] ships [[HMS Mersey (1914)|HMS ''Mersey'']] and [[HMS Severn (1914)|HMS ''Severn'']]. Thirty-three crew men were killed and another 45 were wounded, including Captain [[Max Looff]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hildebrand|first1=Hans H.|last2=Röhr|first2=Albert|last3=Steinmetz |first3=Hans-Otto|year=1993|title=Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe (Volume 5)|publisher=Mundus Verlag|location=Ratingen|asin=B003VHSRKE |asin-tld=de|language=de|page=144}}</ref>
* Pablo Falcon, a local deputy of Mexican-American heritage, was shot and killed by Mexican rebels in [[Brownsville, Texas]]. He was the first victim of the [[Plan of San Diego]], a plan to create unrest among border towns in [[Texas]] during the [[Mexican Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book| last1=Johnson| first1=Benjamin| title=Revolution in Texas| url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionintexa00john| url-access=registration| date=2003| publisher=[[Yale University Press]]}}</ref>
* Cardinal [[Francis Bourne]] dedicated the [[St Benedict's Church, Warrington|St Benedict's Church]] in [[Warrington]], [[England]].<ref>Toole, Dr Janet  (2002) ''The Parish is Really a Beehive'', Gemini Print, Wigan</ref>
* The weekly Lithuanian liberal paper ''[[Rygos naujienos|News of Riga]]'', edited by founder [[Liudvikas Jakavičius]], ceased publication after six years of operation.<ref>"Rygos naujienos," in ''Zurnalistikos Enciklopedija'' (Encyclopedia of Journalism). Vilnius: Pradai, 1997; pg. 427.</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Cecil Isbell]], American football player, quarterback for the [[Green Bay Packers]] from 1938 to 1942, [[History of the National Football League championship|NFL Champion]] in 1939, in [[Houston]] (d. [[1985]])
* '''Died:''' [[Thomas J. Walsh (Alberta politician)|Thomas J. Walsh]], Canadian politician, one of the main lobbyists for the amalgamation of [[Edmonton]] and [[Strathcona, Alberta]], served as alderman for [[Edmonton City Council]] from 1912 to 1913 (b. [[1875]])

== [[July 12]], 1915 (Monday) ==
* [[Gallipoli campaign]] — A force of 7,500 soldiers from [[155th (South Scottish) Brigade|155th]] and [[157th (Highland Light Infantry) Brigade|157th]] Brigades of the British [[52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division|52nd Division]] attacked the centre of the line along ''Achi Baba Nullah'' ("Bloody Valley") on the peninsula. The assault gained very little ground and resulted in {{nowrap|2,500 casualties}}; along with {{nowrap|600 }} from the Royal Naval Division and {{nowrap|800 men}} from a supporting French unit. The [[Ottoman Empire]] had {{nowrap|9,000 casualties}} and {{nowrap|600 prisoners}}.{{sfn|Aspinall-Oglander|1992|p=111}}
* The [[Ferrovia Centrale Umbra]] rail line opened in [[Umbria]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=La storia |url=http://www.fcu.it/lastoria.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030206202839/http://www.fcu.it/lastoria.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2003 |website=Ferrovia Centrale Umbra srl |access-date=15 May 2019 |date=6 February 2003}}</ref>

== [[July 13]], 1915 (Tuesday) ==
* The [[Central Powers]] renewed their offensive on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] and were able to push the entire southern wing of the Russian line back 160&nbsp;km (99&nbsp;mi) to the [[Bug River]] in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (now southern [[Poland]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Norman|title=The Eastern Front 1914-17|date=1975|location=London|pages=165–193}}</ref>
* The [[Castle Mountain Internment Camp]] for 660 Canadian citizens deemed [[enemy alien]]s under the [[War Measures Act]] was established in [[Banff National Park]], [[Canada]].<ref>Bohdan Kordan, ''Enemy Aliens, Prisoners of War: Internment in Canada during the Great War''Montreal-Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press. 2002. p. 102</ref>
* The second regiments of the [[2nd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment|1st]] and [[2nd Marching Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment|2nd Foreign Regiments]] merged to form the single [[Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of the Foreign Legion 1914-1918 |url=http://amalep.free.fr/le/histoire/grande-guerre/rmle/6-b-formation.htm |website=Amicale of the Ancients of the Foreign Legion of Paris |access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Robert L. McNeil Jr.]], American chemist, creator of the pain reliever [[Tylenol (brand)|Tylenol]], in [[Bethel, Connecticut]] (d. [[2010]])
* '''Died:''' [[Richard Mohun]], American explorer, commercial agent for the [[United States]] in [[Angola]] and the [[Belgian Congo]], lead the expedition to lay telegraph wire from the [[Nile]] to [[Lake Tanganyika]] in [[Central Africa]] (b. [[1864]])

== [[July 14]], 1915 (Wednesday) ==
[[File:Sharif Hussein portrait.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|[[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca]]]]
[[File:Henry McMahon.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|[[Henry McMahon]], [[High Commissioner]] of [[Great Britain]]]]
* [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca]], and [[Henry McMahon]], British High Commissioner in [[Egypt]], began a [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence|letter correspondence]] on steps to achieve Arab independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Jordan – Syria Boundary |journal=International Boundary Study |date=December 30, 1969 |issue=94 |page=8 |publisher=U.S. State Department |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317073736/http://archive.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS094.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2016 }}</ref>
* The [[VII Corps (United Kingdom)|VII Corps]] was formed under command of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Thomas Snow (British Army officer)|Thomas Snow]] as part of the [[Third Army (United Kingdom)|British Third Army]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Edmonds|first1=Brig-Gen Sir James E.|title=Battle of Aubers Ridge, Festubert, and Loos|journal=Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1915|date=1928|volume=II|pages=87–9|publisher=Macmillan|location=London}}</ref>
* The [[1st Heavy Artillery Battery (Australia)|1st Australian Heavy Artillery Battery]] was established to support the [[1st Division (Australia)|First Australian Division]] at [[Gallipoli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/U51129|title=1st Australian Heavy Artillery Battery|website=www.awm.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref>
* The [[association football]] club [[América Futebol Clube (RN)|América]] was formed in [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte]], [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web|title=América Futebol Clube|url=http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/rn/america.htm|website=Arquivo de Clubes|access-date=24 June 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204100308/http://www.arquivodeclubes.com/rn/america.htm|archive-date=4 February 2012}}</ref>
* The [[African Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] for recognition of service for non-European police officers serving in the British African colonies. The medal was awarded until 1938 when it was replaced with the [[Overseas Territories Police Medal|Colonial Police Medal]] and the [[Colonial Police Long Service Medal]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Allen |first=Anthony |title=African Police Medal for Meritorious Service 1915-38 |journal=The Journal of the Orders and Medals Research Society |year=2008 |volume=47|issue=1|pages=12–18}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Louis Gonzaga Mendez Jr.]], American army officer, commander of the [[508th Infantry Regiment (United States)|508th Infantry Regiment]] of the [[82nd Airborne Division]] during [[World War II]], three-time recipient of the [[Bronze Star Medal]] and [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]], in [[Denver]] (d. [[2001]]); [[John W. Mitchell (United States Air Force)|John W. Mitchell]], American air force officer, commander of the [[70th Fighter Squadron]] during [[World War II]] and leader of [[Operation Vengeance]], three-time recipient of the [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]], [[Legion of Merit]], [[Navy Cross]] and [[Bronze Star Medal]], in [[Enid, Mississippi]] (d. [[1995]])
* '''Died:''' [[Elizabeth Barrows Ussher]], English missionary, one the [[Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide|key witnesses of the Armenian Genocide]] (b. [[1873]])

== [[July 15]], 1915 (Thursday) ==
* The oldest active branch of the [[NAACP|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] was formed in [[NAACP New Orleans Branch|New Orleans]].<ref>Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates Jr., eds. ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience,'' in articles "Civil Rights Movement" by Patricia Sullivan and "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People." {{ISBN|0-465-00071-1}}.</ref>
* Armenian leader [[Krikor Zohrab]] was murdered between July 15 and July 20 in the outskirts of [[Urfa]] during the height of the [[Armenian genocide]].<ref>Haigazn K. Kazarian, "The Murder of 6 Armenian Members of the Ottoman Parliament," ''[[Armenian Review]]'' 22 (Winter 1970), pp. 26-33; "'How Krikor Zohrab was Murdered': The Account of a Sergeant of Gendarmes at Urfa," ''Armenian Review'' 35 (Spring 1982), pp. 26-29.</ref>
* The [[Brownhill Creek Recreation Park]], located south of [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]], was established to protect the most unique and sensitive portions of the [[Brown Hill Creek]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Protected Areas Information System - reserve list (as of 25 November 2014)|url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/b88e6e26-4bd9-4c68-8fff-9e800114eb69/park-management-protected-areas-gen.pdf|publisher=Department of Environment Water and Natural Resources|access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref>
* The [[Morialta Conservation Park|Morialta Falls Reserve]] was established northeast of [[Adelaide]], [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shard | first1=A.J. |title=CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1965: HUNDRED OF ADELAIDE—RESERVES RESUMED AND DEDICATED. | url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1966/49/1450.pdf |website=The South Australian Government |publisher=Government of South Australia |access-date=11 July 2019 |page=1450 |date=29 September 1966}}</ref>
* Shinano Railway extended the [[Ōito Line]] in the [[Nagano Prefecture]], [[Japan]], with station [[Hotaka Station|Hotaka]] serving the line.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shinano Mainichi Shimbun |title=Nagano Prefecture All Railway Stations, revised edition (長野県鉄道全駅 増補改訂版) |date=2011 |publisher=Shinano Mainichi Shinbun Publishing |isbn=9784784071647 |page=101|language=ja}}</ref>
* Literary magazine ''[[Blast (British magazine)|Blast]]'' put out its second and last edition. The cover featured a woodcut by [[Wyndham Lewis]] (who also edited the magazine) and contained a short play by [[Ezra Pound]] and poetry by [[T. S. Eliot]]. Plans for a further issue fell through as [[World War I]] placed personal and public pressures on all artists involved, even though Lewis had plans as late as 1919 to publish.<ref>[http://www.fluxeuropa.com/wyndhamlewis-art_and_ideas.htm "The Art and Ideas of Wyndham Lewis"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205064138/http://www.fluxeuropa.com/wyndhamlewis-art_and_ideas.htm |date=2007-02-05 }}, FluxEuropa.</ref>
* German composer [[Max Reger]] completed one of his last compositions, ''[[Der Einsiedler]]'', in [[Jena]], [[Germany]], and dedicated it to conductor [[Philipp Wolfrum]]. It would premier the following year after his death.<ref>{{cite web| last = Grim| first = William| url = https://repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de/wp-content/uploads/vorworte_prefaces/409.pdf| title = Lateinisches Requiem für Soli, Chor und Orchester, Op. 145a| publisher = Musikproduktion Höflich| year = 2005| language = de| access-date = 14 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Wolf Point, Montana]] was incorporated.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Presser|first1=Marvin|title=Wolf Point, City of Destiny|url=http://ci.wolf-point.mt.us/history/|website=City of Wolf Point, Montana|publisher=City of Wolf Point, Montana|access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Albert Ghiorso]], American physicist, discovered a record 12 elements for the [[periodic table|periodic table of elements]], in [[Vallejo, California]] (d. [[2010]]); [[Harrison Storms]], American aeronautical engineer, project manager of the [[Apollo command and service module|Apollo command]] project from 1961 to 1967, in [[Chicago]] (d. [[1992]]); [[Scott Cutlip]], American academic, developer of [[public relations]] education, in [[Buckhannon, West Virginia]] (d. [[2000]])

== [[July 16]], 1915 (Friday) ==
* [[Battle of Manzikert (1915)|Battle of Manzikert]] — The [[Third Army (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Third Army]] under command of [[Abdul Kerim Pasha]] counterattacked invading Russian forces. With the Ottomans outnumbering the Russians 3–1, they were able to force the invading force back to [[Malazgirt]], [[Turkey]].<ref name="Dowling 504"/>
* The [[Yaskawa Electric Corporation]] was established in [[Kitakyushu]], [[Japan]] as an electric parts manufacturer. The company eventually became known throughout the 20th century for its mobile control devices and an innovator in [[robotics]] and [[information technology]] in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yaskawa.co.jp/en/company/outline02.html |title=Corporate Data |publisher=Yaskawa Electric |access-date=April 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211045817/http://www.yaskawa.co.jp/en/company/outline02.html |archive-date=December 11, 2014 }}</ref>
* The National Honor Society of the [[Boy Scouts of America]] — [[Order of the Arrow]] — was founded by Scouts field director [[E. Urner Goodman]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NOAC 1998 Memories: A Life of Service |date=August 4, 1998 |work=Order of the Arrow |url=http://www.oa-bsa.org/n98live/shows/monday/monday_show.htm |access-date=June 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003121/http://www.oa-bsa.org/n98live/shows/monday/monday_show.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[L. Frank Baum]] released his ninth [[Land of Oz]] book, ''[[The Scarecrow of Oz]]''. It was said to be Baum's favorite of all the Oz books.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rogers|first1=Katharine M.|title=L. Frank Baum: Creator of Oz.|url=https://archive.org/details/lfrankbaumcreato00roge|url-access=registration|date=2002|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lfrankbaumcreato00roge/page/n203 182]–3}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[David Campbell (poet)|David Campbell]], [[Australian poetry|Australian poet]], known for poetry collections such as ''The Miracle of Mullion Hill'', in [[Adelong, New South Wales]], [[Australia]] (d. [[1979 in poetry|1979]]); [[Annie Llewelyn-Davies, Baroness Llewelyn-Davies of Hastoe|Annie Llewelyn-Davies]], British politician, first woman to hold [[Chief Whip]] in the [[House of Lords]] from 1974 to 1979, in [[Birkenhead]], [[England]] (d. [[1997]])
* '''Died:''' [[Ellen G. White]], American religious leader, co-founder of Seventh-Day Adventism, most translated American author (b. [[1827]])

== [[July 17]], 1915 (Saturday) ==
* Russian forces on the central-north of the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] sustained up to 80 percent of losses and were forced to retreat across the [[Narew|Narew River]] in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (now northeastern [[Poland]]) to avoid annihilation.<ref name="Stone 1975 191">{{cite book|last1=Stone|first1=Norman|title=The Eastern Front 1914-17|date=1975|location=London|page=191}}</ref>
* William Creen, an inmate at the state prison in [[Milledgeville, Georgia]], tried to kill [[Leo Frank]], who was serving a commuted life sentence for the murder of 13-year old Mary Phagan. Creen slashed Frank's throat using a kitchen butcher knife but Frank survived the attack. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', Creen told authorities he attacked Frank "to keep the other inmates safe from mob violence, Frank's presence was a disgrace to the prison, and he was sure he would be pardoned if he killed Frank."<ref>For stories about the attack, see:
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04EEDB1739E233A2575BC1A9619C946496D6CF "Leo Frank's Throat Cut by Convict"],  ''The New York Times'', July 17, 1915.
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04E4D81038E633A2575AC1A9619C946496D6CF "Frank Survives Assassin's Knife"], ''The New York Times'', July 19, 1915.
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0CE2DA1739E233A25756C2A9619C946496D6CF "Frank's Assailant Before Governor"], ''The New York Times'', July 25, 1915.
*[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07EEDF1138E633A25751C0A96E9C946496D6CF "Frank's Head in Braces; Excessive Heat Delaying Recovery from Wound in Throat"], ''The New York Times'', August 2, 1915.</ref>
* The [[1st Siege Artillery Battery (Australia)|1st]] and [[2nd Siege Artillery Battery (Australia)|2nd Australian Siege Artillery Batteries]] left [[Melbourne]] to serve on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref>{{Citation | author1=Welch, Ian Hamilton | title=2nd Australian Siege Battery in World War I | date=2015-08-10 | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/195722308 | access-date=28 October 2018 }}</ref>
* [[Australasian Films]] released its first feature film ''[[The Hero of the Dardanelles]]'', a war film directed by [[Alfred Rolfe (director)|Alfred Rolfe]] and starring [[Guy Hastings]]. The film recreated the landing at [[Gallipoli]] using 1,000 actual Australian soldiers from Liverpool Camp at Tamarama Beach in [[Sydney]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article45357097 |title=JOHNSON'S PICTURES. |newspaper=[[The Barrier Miner]] |location=Broken Hill, NSW |date=31 July 1915 |access-date=30 March 2012 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The film was popular at the box office and screened to the [[Prime Minister of Australia]] and [[Premier of Victoria]]. A copy was later placed in the archives of the Australian Federal Parliament.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article45371909 |title=A RECRUITING FILM. |newspaper=[[The Barrier Miner]] |location=Broken Hill, NSW |date=30 July 1915 |access-date=30 March 2012 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Fred Ball]], American movie executive and actor, executive board member of [[Desilu Productions]], brother of comedian [[Lucille Ball]], in [[Jamestown, New York]] (d. [[2007]]); [[Arthur Rothstein]], American photographer, best known for his coverage of the [[Dust Bowl]] during the [[Great Depression]], in [[New York City]] (d. [[1985]]); [[Katherine Sanford]], American medical researcher, lead researcher in cancer and [[Alzheimer's disease]] research for the [[National Cancer Institute]], in [[Chicago]] (d. [[2005]])
* '''Died:''' [[Francis Delafield]], American physician, first president of the [[Association of American Physicians]] (b. [[1841]])

== [[July 18]], 1915 (Sunday) ==
* [[Second Battle of the Isonzo]] — A force of 250,000 troops from the Italian Second and Third Armies engaged in brutal hand-to-hand combat with 78,000  Austro-Hungarian troops, who were better equipped and holding well-defended positions in the [[Alps]].<ref name="Bihl 2010">{{cite book|title=Der Erste Weltkrieg 1914-1918: Chronik, Daten, Fakten |first=Wolfdieter |last=Bihl |year=2010 |place=Vienna}}{{page needed|date=May 2022}}</ref>
* Italian cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Giuseppe Garibaldi|1899|2}} was torpedoed and sunk in the [[Adriatic Sea]] {{convert|5|nmi|km}} southeast of [[Dubrovnik]], [[Serbia]] by Austro-Hungarian submarine {{SMU|U-4|Austria-Hungary|6}} with the loss of 53 of her 559 crew.<ref>{{cite book|last=Freivogel| first=Zvonimir|title=The Loss of the Giuseppe Garibaldi| editor=Jordan, John| publisher=Conway| location=London| year=2012|series=Warship 2012| pages=40–51| isbn=978-1-84486-156-9}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Phil Graham]], American news executive, publisher for ''[[The Washington Post]]'', husband to [[Katharine Graham]], in [[Terry, South Dakota]] (d. [[1963]]) 
* '''Died:''' [[Frank Tarr]], British rugby player, centre for the [[England national rugby union team]] from 1909 to 1913 (killed in action at the [[Second Battle of Ypres]] (b. [[1887]])

== [[July 19]], 1915 (Monday) ==
* French fighter pilot [[Georges Guynemer]] shot down his first enemy aircraft, a German [[Aviatik]], while flying a [[Morane-Saulnier L]] [[monoplane]] nicknamed ''Vieux Charles''. Guynemer would eventually earn the [[flying ace]] for downing 54 more enemy aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |date= 2015|url = http://acepilots.com/wwi/fr_guynemer.html|title = Georges Guynemer|publisher = acepilots.com| access-date = July 19, 2015 | last=Sherman| first= Stephen }}</ref>
* [[Albert Jacka]] became the first [[List of Australian Victoria Cross recipients|Australian]] to win the [[Victoria Cross]] during [[World War I]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29240 |date=23 July 1915 |page=7279 |supp=y }} ''(VC)''</ref>
* [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] battleship {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|2}} was severely damaged by fire at [[Camden, New Jersey]]. She was subsequently repaired and re-entered service in May 1916.<ref>"[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9901E1D81038E633A25753C2A9619C946496D6CF Two Fires Break Out on New Dreadnought]," ''New York Times'', 20 July 1915, 1; "[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EED81038E633A25752C2A9619C946496D6CF Navy Investigating Fires on ''Oklahoma'']," ''New York Times'', 21 July 1915, 2.</ref>
* [[Besant Theosophical College]] opened in [[Chennai|Madras]] as an affiliate of the [[University of Madras]], the oldest active college in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BT College - Chronology|url=http://www.btcollege.org/chronology.php|website=Besant Theosophical College|publisher=Besant Theosophical College|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129193106/http://btcollege.org/chronology.php|archive-date=29 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The [[United States Forest Service]] broke up the [[Paulina National Forest]] in [[Oregon]] and merged it with three other national forests in the region.<ref name=Davis/>
* A [[North Wollongong railway station|rail station]] was opened in [[North Wollongong, New South Wales]] to serve the [[South Coast railway line, New South Wales|South Coast line]] in [[Australia]].<ref>[http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:North+Wollongong&line=NSW:south_coast:0 North Wollongong Station] NSWrail.net</ref>
* The [[Board of Invention and Research]] of the [[Royal Navy]] met for the first time in [[London]] to recruit scientists and engineers to assist with emerging technical and logistical challenges in wartime naval operations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hackmann|first=Willem|title=Seek & strike : sonar, anti-submarine warfare, and the Royal Navy, 1914–54|date=1984|publisher=H.M.S.O.|location=London|isbn=0112904238 |edition=1st}}</ref>
* The Australian silent war drama ''[[Within Our Gates (1915 film)|Within Our Gates]]'' premiered throughout the country, being the first film to depict the [[Gallipoli campaign]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 1915 |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154997119 |title=WITHIN OUR GATES |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne |access-date=26 October 2014 |page=15 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
* The [[Taos Society of Artists]] was established in [[Taos, New Mexico]], where it would be instrumental in bringing the [[Taos art colony]] to the international stage.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bleiler, L |author2=Society of the Muse of the Southwest |title=Taos |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |location=Charleston |year=2011 |page=75 |isbn=978-0-7385-7959-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9tLeh-G-kEC&pg=PA75 |series=Images of America}}</ref>

== [[July 20]], 1915 (Tuesday) ==
* [[Battle of Manzikert (1915)|Battle of Manzikert]] — The Ottoman Army pushed the Russians out of [[Malazgirt]], [[Turkey]].<ref name="Dowling 504"/>
* The [[28th Indian Brigade]], supported by two British artillery companies under command of [[A. M. S. Elsmie]] attacked and retook the town of [[Sheikh Othman]], [[South Arabia]] (now [[Yemen]]) after it fell to the [[Ottoman Empire]] weeks earlier.<ref>Richard J. Shuster, "Aden". ''The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History'', Volume 1, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005), p. 37</ref>
* German submarine {{ship|SM|U-23|Germany|6}} was torpedoed and sunk in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] by British submarine {{HMS|C27}} with the loss of 24 of her 34 crew.{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=87}}
* A [[Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–16|strike at the Bayonne refinery]] in [[New Jersey]] became violent after Mayor [[Pierre Prosper Garven]] of [[Bayonne, New Jersey]] allowed the city's police force to be used to enforce picket lines set by [[ExxonMobil|Standard Oil of New Jersey]] (the mayor was also on the oil company's payroll as an attorney).<ref name=Brenner>The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History, by Aaron Brenner, Benjamin Day, Immanuel Ness, p. 145</ref> Following an initial walk-out of 1,200 refinery works over pay and working conditions, a riot broke out on the picket lines between the strikers and the police, leading to the shooting death of 19-year-old striker John Sterancsak.<ref>{{cite book|title=Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics of New Jersey for the year ending October 31st, 1915|year=1916|volume=38|publisher=S. Chew & Sons, Co., Printers | location=Camden, N.J. |page=213| url=https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofbu38newj#page/212/mode/1up}}</ref>
* The [[Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway]] opened an [[Immingham (Queens Road) electric railway station|electric railway station]] in [[Immingham]], [[England]]. The station was closed in 1955.<ref>*{{cite book| title = The Tramways of Grimsby, Immingham & Cleethorpes| first = J. H.|last= Price|publisher= Light Rail Transit Association|year=1991 |isbn=978-0-948106-10-1 |page=76 }}</ref>

== [[July 21]], 1915 (Wednesday) ==
[[File:Strikers in action, Bayonne LCCN2014699542.jpg|thumb|[[Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–16|Strikers at the Bayonne refinery]], [[New Jersey]].]]
[[File:Bayonne picking up stones LCCN2014699540.jpg|thumb|[[Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–16|A striker at Bayonne refinery]], [[New Jersey]].]]
* U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] issued [[Germany]] an ultimatum in the third and final letter related to the [[Sinking of the RMS Lusitania|sinking of the RMS ''Lusitania'']] in May, warning any subsequent sinkings would be perceived by the [[United States]] as "deliberately unfriendly".<ref>{{cite book| last = Zieger| first = Robert H.| title = America's Great War| year = 1972| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield| isbn = 978-0-8476-9645-1| pages = 24–25 }}</ref>
* British submarine {{HMS|E14||6}} slipped through an [[anti-submarine net]] in the [[Dardanelles]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Snelling |first=Stephen |title=VCs of the First World War: Gallipoli |year=1995 |location=Thrupp, Stroud |publisher=Gloucestershire Sutton |isbn=978-0-905778-33-4 |page=103}}</ref>
* Violence stemming from the shooting death of a striking worker on July 20th escalated during the [[Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–16|strike at the Bayonne refinery]] when a mob attacked and attempted to set fire to the [[Tidewater Petroleum]] in [[Bayonne, New Jersey]]. Violence would continue for another week, resulting in the deaths of five more strikers as well as several injuries and significant property damage caused by arson. Order was eventually restored. Investigation onto the initial riot led to the superintendent of the Tidewater refinery and 32 guards being charged for inciting a riot.<ref name=Brenner/>
* [[Ross Sea party]] — Ice pressure on the sides of the drifting British polar ship ''[[SY Aurora|Aurora]]'' in the [[Ross Sea]] damaged the vessel's rudder beyond repair, forcing first officer [[Joseph Stenhouse]] to consider abandoning ship but he belayed the order when ice movements shifted the following day.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haddelsey |first=Stephen |title=Ice Captain |publisher=The History Press |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7509-4348-2|page=59}}</ref>
* Voters in [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] [[1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite|voted]] in favor of prohibiting the sale and distribution of alcohol within the province, the second time the region went dry (the first prohibition was lifted in 1892 when Alberta was part of the [[Northwest Territories]]). Just over 58,000 voted in favour of prohibition while 37,000 voted against. Prohibition was implemented July 1, 1916.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alberta Gazette|pages=609–610|year=1915|publisher=Government of Alberta}}</ref>
* Seventeen-year old British soldier [[Herbert Burden]] was executed for desertion, the youngest ever to be executed by the [[British Army]]. Burden testified during his court-martial that he had not deserted his unit after he had been discharged from a British Hospital on June 26, but he was visiting a friend in a neighboring unit who had lost a comrade in battle and intended to return to his post, arguably making it a case of absent without leave. He was pardoned posthumously by the British government in 2006 along with 300 other executed soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=J.|title=Executed at Dawn: British Firing Squads on the Western Front 1914-1918|year=2015 |publisher=History Press|location=Stroud|isbn=978-0-7509-6552-1|page=130}}</ref>

== [[July 22]], 1915 (Thursday) ==
* [[Great Retreat (Russian)|The Great Retreat]] was ordered on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] as forces with the [[Central Powers]] crossed the [[Vistula|Vistula River]] in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] (now [[Poland]]).<ref name="Stone 1975 191"/>
* [[Battle of Manzikert (1915)|Battle of Manzikert]] — Bad communications delays kept Russian general [[Nikolai Yudenich]] from learning that the Russians had retreated from [[Malazgirt|Manzikert]], [[Turkey]]. In all, the Russian force lost between 7,000 and 10,000 men.<ref name="Dowling 504"/>
* The British government introduced the [[Elections and Registration Act 1915|Elections and Registration Act]] which required all British citizens aged 15 to 65 to be registered by August 15.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elections and Registration Bill | url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1915/jul/22/elections-and-registiution-bill |date=22 July 1915 |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref> 
* The [[British Army]] established the [[119th Brigade (United Kingdom)|119th Brigade]].<ref>Maj A.F. Becke,''History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 3b: New Army Divisions (30–41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1939/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, {{ISBN|1-84734-741-X}}, pp. 32-37</ref>
* The [[Breton-Prétot machine]] was approved to by the French War Department to cut through barbed wire defenses on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref>[http://www.landships.freeservers.com/new_pages/breton-prerot.htm Landships]</ref>
* '''Died:''' [[Sandford Fleming]], Canadian engineer and surveyor, developed the [[time zone]] system (b. [[1827 in science|1827]])

== [[July 23]], 1915 (Friday) ==
* [[No. 21 Squadron RAF|No. 21 Squadron]] of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] was established at [[Netheravon Airfield|Netheravon]], England.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Halley|first1=James J.|title=The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force |date=1980|publisher=Air Britain (Historians)|location=Tonbridge, Kent, UK|isbn=0-85130-083-9|page=48}}</ref>
* The [[North Western State Railway]] opened the [[Wazirabad–Narowal Branch Line]] in [[British India]] (now [[Pakistan]]), connecting [[Wazirabad Junction railway station|Wazirabad]] with [[Narowal Junction railway station|Narowal]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n127/mode/2up " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government  Printing,  Calcutta;  page 119]; Retrieved 21 Dec 2015</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Hugo Bagnulo]], Uruguayan [[association football]] player and manager, member of the [[Uruguay national football team]] in 1942, led the [[Peñarol]] club to five national league titles from 1973 to 1975 and 1982 to 1983, in [[Montevideo]] (d. [[2008]]); [[Horace Hahn]], American lawyer, assistant to [[Robert H. Jackson]] during the [[Nuremberg trials]] (d. [[2003]])

== [[July 24]], 1915 (Saturday) ==
[[File:Eastland Postcard - View of Eastland taken from Fire Tug in river.png|thumb|Capsized boat {{SS|Eastland||2}} in [[Chicago River]].]]
* The steamer {{SS|Eastland||2}} capsized in central [[Chicago]], with the loss of 844 lives.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hilton|first1=George W|title=Eastland: Legacy of the Titanic|date=1995|publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, CA|page=93}}</ref>
* German submarine [[SM U-36|SM ''U-36'']] was sunk in the [[North Atlantic]] by British [[Q-ship]] (armed merchant vessel) [[Prince Charles (Q-ship)|HMS ''Prince Charles'']] with the loss of 18 out of the 34 crew.<ref>{{cite book |last=((Birch and Clarke))|title=Contribution to the History of German Naval Warfare, 1914-1918: Vol. 2, The Fleet in Being |via=The National Archives, Kew |id=HW 7/3 |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/Details?uri=C3159541}}</ref> It was the first time a militarized merchant ship was able to sink an enemy vessel without the aid of a fellow submarine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwar1atsea.net/WW1NavyBritishQships.htm|title=British Special Service or Q-Ships|website=World War 1 At Sea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Silent Killers: Submarines and Underwater Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ue6CwAAQBAJ|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2011 |isbn=9781849083652|first=James P.|last=Delgado}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Ralph S. Locher]], Romanian-American politician, 50th mayor of [[Cleveland]], in [[Moreni]], [[Romania]] (d. [[2004]]); [[Hillel Kook]], Lithuanian-Israeli activist, prominent member of the [[Irgun|Irgun Zionist]] paramilitary group, in [[Kriukai]], [[Lithuania]] (d. [[2001]])

== [[July 25]], 1915 (Sunday) ==
* [[Second Battle of the Isonzo]] — Members of the Italian Second and Third Armies occupied the Cappuccio Wood south of Mount San Michele, which had been used as bridgehead by the [[Austro-Hungarian]] army, but failed to hold the mountain itself.<ref name="Bihl 2010"/>
* [[Royal Flying Corps]] pilot [[Lanoe Hawker]] shot down three German aircraft while on patrol over [[Passendale|Passchendaele]], [[Belgium]], including the aircraft piloted by Hans Roser, and became the first airman to be awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] for combat against enemy airplanes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Guttman|first1=Jon|title=Pusher Aces of World War I|date=2009|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-417-6|pages=22–23}}</ref>
* [[Bandit War|Mexican border raiders]] burned a railway bridge belonging to [[St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway]] in the [[Rio Grande Valley (Texas)|Rio Grande Valley]], [[Texas]], leading [[Governor of Texas|Texas Governor]] [[James E. Ferguson]] to order a unit of [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]] to assist local law in keeping order in the area.<ref name="Weber 2008"/>
* The [[association football]] [[Olympic Club (Barbacena)|Olympic Club]] was formed in [[Barbacena]], [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Escudos dos Times do Mundo Inteiro|publisher=Panda Books|author=Rodolfo Rodrigues |year=2009 |page=55}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Enrique Fernando]], Filipino judge, 13th [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines]], in [[Malate, Manila]], [[Philippines]] (d. [[2004]]); [[Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.]], American air naval officer, son of [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] and [[Rose Kennedy]], member of [[Operation Aphrodite]], recipient of the [[Navy Cross]], in [[Hull, Massachusetts]] (d. [[1944]], killed in action); [[Milton Rosen]], American space engineer, lead developer of the [[Viking (rocket)|Viking]] and [[Vanguard (rocket)|Vanguard rockets]] for the [[Apollo program]], in [[Philadelphia]] (d. [[2014]])
* '''Died:''' [[Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau]], French socialite, famously modeled for the painting ''[[Portrait of Madame X]]'' by [[John Singer Sargent]] (b. [[1859]])

== [[July 26]], 1915 (Monday) ==
* French submarine {{ship|French submarine|Mariotte||2}} was scuttled in the [[Dardanelles]], with 31 crew taken as prisoners of war.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=French submarine missing. |date=30 July 1915 |page=6 |issue=40920 |column=D }}</ref> The vessel attempted to slip through the same [[anti-submarine net]] British sub {{HMS|E14||6}} was able to do five days earlier, but failed to negotiate it and subsequently was forced to surface. Shore batteries spotted the sub and shelled the conning tower before it could submerge.<ref>{{cite book |last=Willmott |first=Hedley Paul |title=The Last Century of Sea Power: From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922 |year=2009 |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-00356-0 |page=387}}</ref>
* German destroyer {{SMS|V188}} was torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea by [[Royal Navy]] submarine {{HMS|E16}} with the loss of five of her crew.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gröner|first1=Erich|last2=Jung |first2=Dieter|last3=Maass |first3=Martin|title=Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945: Band 2: Torpedoboote, Zerstörer, Schnellboote, Minensuchboote, Minenräumboote|year=1983|publisher=Bernard & Graef Verlag|location=Koblenz|language=de|isbn=3-7637-4801-6 |pages=46, 49}}</ref>
* The [[2nd Division (Australia)|2nd Division]] was established as part of the [[First Australian Imperial Force]] to fight at [[Gallipoli]], with the [[5th Brigade (Australia)|5th]], [[6th Brigade (Australia)|6th]], and [[7th Brigade (Australia)|7th Brigades]] serving in it.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602132807/http://www.army.gov.au/HQ2DIV/History_of_the_2nd_Division.asp |url=http://www.army.gov.au/HQ2DIV/History_of_the_2nd_Division.asp |title=History of the 2nd Division |publisher=Australian Army |access-date=1 September 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The submarines ''[[Chilean submarine Tegualda|Tegualda]]'' and ''[[Chilean submarine Rucumilla|Rucumilla]]'' were launched by [[Fore River Shipyard]] at [[Quincy, Massachusetts]]. Originally, both submarines were commissioned to the [[Royal Navy]] but because of [[United States]] neutrality during [[World War I]], they were commissioned instead to the [[Chilean Navy]].{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|pp=92, 409}}
* Norwegian clipper ''[[Cimba]]'' was wrecked in the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] due to heavy fog while en route from [[Matane]], [[Quebec]], to [[Liverpool]], the last ship ever to be wrecked in the area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brookes |first=Ivan S. |title=The Lower St. Lawrence: a Pictorial History of Shipping and Industrial Development |publisher=Freshwater Press |year=1974 |location=Cleveland |page=145 |oclc=1004161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYrtAAAAMAAJ&q=cimba}}</ref>
* The first edition of South African national newspaper ''[[Die Burger]]'' was published.<ref>{{cite book | title=A History of South Africa: From the Distant Past to the Present Day | publisher=Protea Book House | author=Pretorius, Fransjohan | year=2014 | location=Hatsfield, Pretoria | isbn=978-1-86919-908-1 | page=290}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[K. Pattabhi Jois]], Indian yoga master, developed the [[Ashtanga vinyasa yoga|Ashtanga yoga style]] in [[Mysore]], [[India]], in [[Hassan district]], [[India]] (d. [[2009]])

== [[July 27]], 1915 (Tuesday) ==
* [[Battle of Kara Killisse (1915)|Battle of Kara Killisse]] — Following Russia's defeat from the [[Battle of Manzikert (1915)|Battle of Manzikert]], Russian General [[Nikolai Yudenich]] regrouped the retreating [[Caucasus Army (Russian Empire, 1914–1917)|Caucasus Army]] and engaged the pursuing [[Third Army (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Third Army]] at Kara Killisse (now [[Ağrı]], [[Turkey]]).<ref name=Clodfelter>{{cite book|last=Clodfelter|first=Micheal |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000| publisher=McFarland|date=2002|pages=460|isbn=0-7864-1204-6}}</ref> During the advance, the Ottomans captured the Russian-held town of [[Muş]], [[Turkey]].<ref name="Dowling 504"/>
* [[Vilbrun Guillaume Sam]], [[List of heads of state of Haiti|President of Haiti]], ordered the execution of his predecessor [[Oreste Zamor]] along with 160 other political prisoners in [[Port-au-Prince]]. The brutal mass execution became the tipping point for the nation after months of violent oppression under the regime, resulting in a citizen uprising the same day. Sam took refuge in the French embassy but a mob broke in the following day and killed him.<ref>{{cite web|title=1915: 167 Haitian political prisoners|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/tag/jean-vilbrun-guillaume-sam/|website=Executed Today|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Jack Iverson]], Australian cricketer, batsman for the [[Australia national cricket team]] from 1950 to 1951, in [[Melbourne]] (d. [[1973]]); [[Josef Priller]], German air force officer, commander of the ''[[Jagdgeschwader 26]]'' for the [[Luftwaffe]] during [[World War II]], recipient of the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]], in [[Ingolstadt]], [[Germany]] (d. [[1961]])

== [[July 28]], 1915 (Wednesday) ==
* The [[United States occupation of Haiti]] began when [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] authorized 330 [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] to land at [[Port-au-Prince]] to safeguard the interests of American businesses operating in the country, following the lynching and murder of Haitian president [[Vilbrun Guillaume Sam]]. The occupation would last until 1934.<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-occupation-of-haiti-1915-1934.html "US Occupation of Haiti 1915-1934"], History, United States Navy</ref> 
* Norwegian ocean liner {{SS|Trondhjemsfjord|1911|2}} was torpedoed and sunk in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] northwest of [[Shetland]], [[Great Britain]] by German submarine {{SMU|U-41|Germany|6}}. Her passengers and crew were rescued by a sailing ship.<ref name=Trondhjemsfjord>{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6135.html |title=Trondhjemsfjord |publisher=Uboat.net |access-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> 
* The [[Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–16|Bayonne refinery strike]] in [[New Jersey]] ended as workers returned on promises of increased pay and the institution of an [[eight-hour day]].<ref>Bureau of Industrial Statistics 1916 pp. 225- 231</ref>
* British cruiser [[HMS Castor (1915)|HMS ''Castor'']] was launched at [[Cammell Laird]] at [[Birkenhead]], [[England]], and would see action during [[World War I]] and the [[Russian Civil War]].{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=59}}
* The prototype of the [[Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12]] model was first flown at [[Farnborough Airport]], [[England]], and went to wide production in August to combat the [[Fokker Scourge|Fokker airplanes]] used by the [[Imperial German Army]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bruce |first=J.M. |title=The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing) |year=1982 |publisher= Putnam|location=London |isbn=0-370-30084-X|pages=20–26 }}</ref>
* The British government created by [[Order in Council]] the Committee for Scientific and Industrial Research at the recommendation [[Secretary of State for Education|President of the Board of Education]]. The committee would was ordered to pursue establishing a permanent government organization dedicated to scientific research and innovation, and eventually formed the [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)|Department of Scientific and Industrial Research]] the following year.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C89 |title=Records created or inherited by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and related bodies |work=The National Archives |year=2015 |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Dick Sprang]], American [[comic book]] artist, best known for his artwork for [[Batman]] during the [[Golden Age of Comic Books]], in [[Fremont, Ohio]] (d. [[2000]]); [[Frankie Yankovic]], American polka musician, known of polka hits "[[Just Because (Nelstone's Hawaiians song)|Just Because]]" and "Blue Skirt Waltz", in [[Davis, West Virginia]] (d. [[1998]])
* '''Born:''' [[Charles H. Townes]], American physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for inventing the [[maser]], in [[Greenville, South Carolina]] (d. [[2015]]); [[Richard Kerry]], American civil servant, lawyer for the [[Bureau for United Nations Affairs]], father to [[Cameron Kerry|Cameron]] and [[John Kerry]], in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]] (d. [[2000]])

== [[July 29]], 1915 (Thursday) ==
* The British [[Elections and Registration Act 1915|Elections and Registration Act]] was passed by both houses of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] and received [[royal assent]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Assent |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1915/jul/29/royal-assent#S5CV0073P0_19150729_HOC_12 |date=29 July 1915 |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |access-date=2 September 2009}}</ref>
* [[Irish republicanism|Irish Republicans]], led by [[Patrick Pearse]], took over the [[Conradh na Gaeilge|Gaelic League]] at its [[Dundalk]] conference, causing [[Douglas Hyde]] to resign as its president.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ryan|first=John|date=December 1945|title=Eoin Mac Neill 1867–1945|journal=Irish Province of the Society of Jesus|volume=34|issue=136|pages=433–448|jstor=30100064}}, pp. 439–40</ref>
* Adolfo Munoz, a Mexican living in [[Cameron County, Texas]], was arrested in [[San Benito, Texas]], for "scheming to rob a local bank and having connections with [[Bandit War|armed raiders]]." A masked lynch mob abducted Munoz from police custody, and he was found dead the following day from multiple gunshot wounds. It was unknown whether the lynch mob were local vigilantes or Mexican rebels.<ref name="Weber 2008"/>
* '''Born:''' [[Francis Sargent]], American politician, 64th [[Governor of Massachusetts]], in [[Hamilton, Massachusetts]] (d. [[1998]]); [[Bruce R. McConkie]], American religious leader, member of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] from 1972 to 1985, in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]] (d. [[1985]])
* '''Died:''' [[Martina Bergman-Österberg]], Swedish-British educator and activist, promoter of fitness among women and founder of the [[Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom|Ling Association]] (b. [[1849]])

== [[July 30]], 1915 (Friday) ==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R22888, Westfront, Flammenwerfer.jpg|thumb|German flamethrowers on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].]]
* [[Armenian genocide]] — Armenian partisan fighter and political leader [[Hampartsoum Boyadjian]] was hanged along with 12 other comrades at a prison in [[Kayseri]], [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kévorkian |first=Raymond H. |author-link=Raymond Kévorkian|year=2011|title=The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History |url=https://archive.org/details/armeniangenocide00kvor|url-access=limited|location=London|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=9781848855618|page=[https://archive.org/details/armeniangenocide00kvor/page/n39 32]}}</ref>
* The [[flamethrower]] was used for the first time in combat, with German forces using it to flush out British soldiers from their trenches at [[Hooge in World War I|Hooge]], [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willmott|first1=H.P. |last2=Kindersley|first2=Dorling|title=First World War|date=2003|page=106}}</ref>
* British cargo ship {{SS|Iberian|1900|2}} was torpedoed and sunk in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] {{convert|9|nmi|km}} southwest of the [[Fastnet Rock]] by German submarine {{SMU|U-28|Germany|6}} with the loss of seven crew.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/2950.html |title=Iberian |publisher=Uboat.net |access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>
* Lieutenant [[Charles Becker]] of the [[New York City Police Department]] was executed by electrocution for the 1912 murder of gambler [[Rosenthal murder case|Herman Rosenthal]]. It was the first time an American police officer had received the death penalty.<ref>Mike Dash, ''Satan's Circus: Murder, Vice, Police Corruption, and New York's Trial of the Century'' (Reprint, New York: Three Rivers Press, 2008), p. 329</ref>
* The [[Kamaishi Line|Iwate Light Railway]] was extended in the [[Iwate Prefecture]], [[Japan]], with stations [[Kashiwagidaira Station|Kashiwagidaira]] and [[Masuzawa Station|Masuzawa]] serving the line.<ref>{{cite magazine|last = Miyata|first = Hiroyuki|script-title=ja:釜石線ショートヒストリー ～路線と蒸気機関車～|trans-title=A short history of the Kamaishi Line: The line and steam locomotives|magazine=[[Japan Railfan Magazine]] |volume = 54|issue = 638|pages=24–25|publisher = Koyusha Co., Ltd.|location = Japan |language= ja|date = June 2014}}</ref>

== [[July 31]], 1915 (Saturday) ==
* [[Battle of Kara Killisse (1915)|Battle of Kara Killisse]] — The [[Caucasus Army (Russian Empire, 1914–1917)|Russian Caucasus Army]] routed the [[Third Army (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman Third Army]] at Kara Killisse (now [[Ağrı]], [[Turkey]]), using 20,000 reinforcements from [[Cossack]] units.<ref name=Clodfelter/>
* [[Battle of Jastków]] — The [[Imperial Russian Army]] and [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]] clashed at the village of [[Jastków, Lublin Voivodeship|Jastków]] in what is now eastern [[Poland]], the largest battle between the two armies.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Konefał| first1=Jan| title=Bitwa Legionów Polskich pod Jastkowem w dniach 31 lipca – 3 sierpnia 1915 r| journal=Rocznik Lubelski| date=1988| issue=T. 27/28 (1985-1986)| pages=121–129| publisher=Wydawnictwo Lubelskie| location=Lublin| language=pl| issn=0080-3510}}</ref>
* [[Lamington National Park]] was established in the [[McPherson Range]] that runs between [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]] in [[Australia]]. The park was named after [[Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington|Lord Lamington]], former [[Governor of Queensland]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Explore Queensland's National Parks |year=2008 |publisher=Explore Australia Publishing |location=Prahran, Victoria |isbn=978-1-74117-245-4 |pages=30–33}}</ref>
* The Joshin Electric Railway extended the [[Jōshin Dentetsu Jōshin Line|Jōshin Line]] in the [[Gunma Prefecture]], [[Japan]], with station [[Jōshū-Niiya Station|Niiya]] serving the line.<ref>{{cite book |last=Terada |first=Hirokazu |script-title=ja: データブック日本の私鉄 |trans-title=Databook: Japan's Private Railways |publisher=Neko Publishing |date=19 January 2013 |location=Japan |page=33|isbn=978-4-7770-1336-4}}</ref>
* The town of [[Raceland, Kentucky]], was incorporated.<ref>{{cite book |author=Rennick, Robert M. |title=Kentucky Place Names |year=1988 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |location=[[Lexington, Kentucky]] |isbn=0-8131-0179-4 |chapter=Place Names}}</ref>
* '''Born:''' [[Herbert Aptheker]], American historian, author of the seven-volume series ''Documentary History of the Negro People'', in [[New York City]] (d. [[2003 in literature|2003]])
* '''Died:''' [[Billy Geen]], Welsh rugby player, member of the [[Oxford University RFC|Oxford]] and [[Wales national rugby union team]] from 1910 to 1913, killed in action at [[Hooge in World War I|Hooge]], [[Belgium]] (b. [[1891]])

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Gray|editor2-first=Randal |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921|year=1985|location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-907-3 |oclc=423834653 |lccn=84042782 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2r_TBjR2TYC}}

{{Events by month links}}

[[Category:July|1915]]
[[Category:1915|*1915-07]]
[[Category:Months in the 1910s|*1915-07]]