View source for Messier 58

{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Virgo}}
{{For|the motorway|M58 motorway}}
{{Infobox galaxy
| name = [[Messier object|Messier]] 58
| image = M58s (visible).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = 
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| constellation name = [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]<ref name="sinnott1988">{{Cite book
 |editor-first=R. W.|editor-last= Sinnott
 |title= The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer
 |date=1988
 |publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press
 |isbn=978-0-933346-51-2}}</ref>
| type = SAB(rs)b; <br>[[Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region|LINER]]<ref name=Veron-Cetty>{{cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26A...455..773V/abstract | bibcode=2006A&A...455..773V | title=A catalogue of quasars and active nuclei: 12th edition | last1=Véron-Cetty | first1=M. -P. | last2=Véron | first2=P. | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | date=2006 | volume=455 | issue=2 | page=773 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065177 }}</ref> [[Seyfert galaxy#Type 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 and 1.9 Seyfert galaxies|Sy 1.9]]<ref name="ned" /><ref name=Panessa>{{cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002A%26A...394..435P/abstract | bibcode=2002A&A...394..435P | title=Unabsorbed Seyfert 2 galaxies | last1=Panessa | first1=F. | last2=Bassani | first2=L. | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | date=2002 | volume=394 | issue=2 | page=435 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20021161 | arxiv=astro-ph/0208496 }}</ref>
| ra = {{RA|12|37|43.5}}<ref name="ned">https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=Messier+058&extend=no&hconst=67.08&omegam=0.268&omegav=0.684&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES#NR_Distances_0</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|+11|49|05}}<ref name="ned" />
| size = {{convert|40.72|kpc|ly|-3|abbr=off}}<br />diameter; [[2MASS]] [[Galaxy#Near-infrared method|K-band total isophote]]<ref name="ned" /><ref name=Jarrett>{{cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....125..525J/abstract | bibcode=2003AJ....125..525J | title=The 2MASS Large Galaxy Atlas | last1=Jarrett | first1=T. H. | last2=Chester | first2=T. | last3=Cutri | first3=R. | last4=Schneider | first4=S. E. | last5=Huchra | first5=J. P. | journal=The Astronomical Journal | date=2003 | volume=125 | issue=2 | page=525 | doi=10.1086/345794 }}</ref>
| z = 0.00506<ref name="ned" /><ref name=Kent>{{cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....136..713K/abstract | bibcode=2008AJ....136..713K | title=The Arecibo Legacy Fast Alfa Survey. VI. Second HI Source Catalog of the Virgo Cluster Region | last1=Kent | first1=Brian R. | last2=Giovanelli | first2=Riccardo | last3=Haynes | first3=Martha P. | last4=Martin | first4=Ann M. | last5=Saintonge | first5=Amélie | last6=Stierwalt | first6=Sabrina | last7=Balonek | first7=Thomas J. | last8=Brosch | first8=Noah | last9=Koopmann | first9=Rebecca A. | journal=The Astronomical Journal | date=2008 | volume=136 | issue=2 | page=713 | doi=10.1088/0004-6256/136/2/713 | arxiv=0806.3237 }}</ref>
| h_radial_v = {{nowrap|1517 ± 1 [[Metre per second|km/s]]}}<ref name="ned" /><ref name=Kent />
| dist_ly = {{convert|21|Mpc|e6ly|abbr=off}}<ref name="ned" /><ref name=Ruiz-Lapuente>{{cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...465L..83R/abstract | bibcode=1996ApJ...465L..83R | title=The Hubble Constant from 56Co-powered Nebular Candles | last1=Ruiz-Lapuente | first1=Pilar | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | date=1996 | volume=465 | doi=10.1086/310155 | arxiv=astro-ph/9604044 }}</ref>
| appmag_v = 9.7<ref>{{cite web |url=https://messier.seds.org/m/m058.html |title=Messier 58 |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref>
| size_v = 5.9{{prime}} × 4.7{{prime}}<ref name="ned" />
| names = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 4579, [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 7796, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 42168, VCC 1727, [[Boss General Catalogue|GC]] 3121<ref name="ned" />
}}

'''Messier 58''' (also known as ''M58'' and ''NGC 4579'') is an [[intermediate barred spiral galaxy]] with a weak inner ring structure located within the [[constellation]] [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]], approximately 68 million [[light-year]]s away  from [[Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messier 58 Galaxy|url=http://www.solarius.net/assets/finder_charts/messier_58.pdf|work=Solarius|access-date=2010-02-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011073455/http://solarius.net/assets/finder_charts/messier_58.pdf|archive-date=2010-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite simbad|title=M 58| access-date=2010-02-23}}</ref> It was discovered by [[Charles Messier]] on [[1779|April 15, 1779]] and is one of four barred spiral galaxies that appear in Messier's catalogue.<ref name="seds2">{{Cite web|title=Messier 58: Observations and Descriptions  |work=SEDS |url=http://messier.seds.org/Mdes/dm058.html| access-date=2010-02-23}}</ref><ref name="burnham">{{Cite book |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=PJzIt3SIlkUC|pg=PA2086}} |title=Burnham's Celestial Handbook: Volume Three, Pavo Through Vulpecula |last=Burnham |first=Robert Jr |date=1978 |publisher=Dover |isbn=978-0-486-23673-5 |pages=2086–2088 |author-link=Robert Burnham Jr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=khtT0QAXI9QC|pg=PA29}} |title=The Cambridge guide to astronomical discovery |last=Liller |first=William |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-41839-3 |page=29}}</ref><ref name="seds1">{{Cite web|title=Messier 58 |work=SEDS |url=http://messier.seds.org/m/m058.html |access-date=2010-02-23}}</ref><ref name="OPT">{{Cite web  |title=Oceanside Photo and Telescope  |url=http://www.optcorp.com/edu/articleListEDU.aspx?cid=103  |access-date=2010-02-28  |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724193241/http://www.optcorp.com/edu/articleListEDU.aspx?cid=103  |archive-date=2011-07-24  }}</ref><ref group=Note>The other barred spiral galaxies in Messier's catalogue are [[Messier 91]], [[Messier 95]] and [[Messier 109]]</ref> M58 is one of the brightest galaxies in the [[Virgo Cluster]].<ref name="seds3">{{Cite web|title=Messier Object 58 |url=http://messier.seds.org/m/m058.html |access-date=2006-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961225122016/http://messier.seds.org/m/m058.html|archive-date=1996-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Messier Catalog M51 - M60 | url=http://www.seasky.org/astronomy/astronomy_messier_51to60.html|work=SEASKY|access-date=2010-02-28}}</ref> From 1779 it was arguably (though unknown at that time) the farthest known astronomical object<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Smethurst|first1=Dr Rebecca|last2=Haran|first2=Brady|title=The Ring Bearer Galaxy (M58) - Deep Sky Videos|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiiWXjPp2KM|website=Deep Sky Videos|publisher=Brady Haran and University of Nottingham|access-date=7 February 2018|date=7 February 2018}}</ref>  until the release of the [[New General Catalogue]] in the 1880s and even more so the publishing of [[List of galaxies#Most distant galaxies|redshift values in the 1920s]].

==Early observations==
Charles Messier discovered Messier 58, along with the [[Elliptical galaxy|elliptical galaxies]] [[Messier 59]] and [[Messier 60]], on April 15, 1779.<ref name="seds1" /> M58 was reported on the chart of the [[Comet of 1779]] as it was almost on the same parallel as the star [[Epsilon Virginis]].<ref name="seds2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Messier's Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters |url=http://messier.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat.html|work=SEDS: Charles Messier's Catalog |access-date=2010-02-23}}</ref> Messier described M58 as a very faint [[Nebula#Observational history|nebula]] in Virgo which would disappear in the slightest amount of light he used to illuminate the [[Micrometer (device)|micrometer]] wires.<ref name="seds2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters.|url=http://messier.seds.org/xtra/history/m-cat.html#M58|work=SEDS: Observed at Paris by M. Messier|access-date=2010-02-23}}</ref> This description was later contradicted by [[John Herschel|John Herschel's]] observations in 1833 where he described it as a very bright galaxy, especially towards the middle. Herschel's observations were also similar to the descriptions of both [[John Louis Emil Dreyer|John Dreyer]] and [[William Henry Smyth]] who said that M58 was a bright galaxy, mottled, irregularly round and very much brighter toward the middle.<ref name="seds2" />

==Characteristics==
[[File:M58s.jpg|thumb|An [[infrared]] image of M58 taken by the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] (SST)]]

Like many other spiral galaxies of the Virgo Cluster (e.g. [[Messier 90]]), Messier 58 is an [[anemic galaxy]] with low [[star formation]] activity concentrated within the galaxy's optical disk,<ref name="koopmannkenney2004">
{{Cite journal |last1= Koopmann |first1=R. A. |last2= Kenney |first2=J. D. P. |date=2004 |title=Hα Morphologies and Environmental Effects in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=613 |issue=2 |pages=866–885 |arxiv=astro-ph/0406243 |bibcode=2004ApJ...613..866K |doi=10.1086/423191|s2cid=17519217 }}</ref> and relatively little [[neutral hydrogen]], also located inside its disk, concentrated in clumps,<ref name="Cayatte1990">
{{Cite journal |last1=Cayatte |first1=V. |last2=van Gorkom |first2=J. H. |last3=Balkowski |first3=C. |last4=Kotanyi |first4=C. |date=1990 |title=VLA observations of neutral hydrogen in Virgo Cluster galaxies. I - The Atlas |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=100 |pages=604–634 |bibcode=1990AJ....100..604C |doi=10.1086/115545|doi-access=free }}</ref> compared with other galaxies of similar [[Hubble sequence|morphological type]]. This deficiency of gas is believed to be caused by [[ram pressure|interactions]] with Virgo's [[intracluster medium]].

Messier 58 has a low-luminosity [[active galactic nucleus]], where a [[starburst galaxy|starburst]] may be present<ref name="Contini2004">
{{Cite journal |last=Contini |first=Marcella |date=2004 |title=The complex structure of low-luminosity active galactic nuclei: NGC 4579 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=354 |issue=3 |pages=675–683 |arxiv=astro-ph/0407379 |bibcode=2004MNRAS.354..675C |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08222.x|doi-access=free |s2cid=16380554 }}</ref> as well as a [[supermassive black hole]] with a mass of around 70 million [[solar mass]]es.<ref name="Merloni2003">
{{Cite journal |last1=Merloni |first1=Andrea |last2=Heinz |first2=Sebastian |last3=di Matteo |first3=Tiziana|author3-link=Tiziana Di Matteo (astrophysicist) |date=2003 |title=A Fundamental Plane of black hole activity |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=345 |issue=4 |pages=1057–1076 |arxiv=astro-ph/0305261 |bibcode=2003MNRAS.345.1057M |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07017.x|s2cid=14310323 }}</ref> It is also one of the very few galaxies known to possess a UCNR (''ultra-compact nuclear ring''), a series of [[HII regions|star-forming regions]] located in a very small ring around the center of the galaxy.<ref name="Comerón2008">
{{Cite book |last1=Comerón |first1=S. |last2=Knapen |first2=J. H. |last3=Beckman |first3=J. E. |date=2008 |chapter=Discovery of Four New Ultra-compact Nuclear Rings in Three Spiral Galaxies |title=Pathways Through an Eclectic Universe |series=ASP Conference Series |volume=390 |pages=172 |bibcode=2008ASPC..390..172C}}</ref> This led to its being dubbed the "ring bearer galaxy" by the [[popular astronomy]] YouTube program "Deep Sky videos".<ref name=":0" />

==Supernovae==
Two [[supernova]]e have been studied in the M58 galaxy.<ref name="ned">{{Cite web|title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database |work=Results for MESSIER 058 |url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nph-objsearch?objname=Messier+58&img_stamp=yes |access-date=2006-10-05}}</ref> A [[type II supernova]] dubbed as [[SN 1988A]] was discovered by [[Kaoru Ikeya]], [[Robert Evans (astronomer)|Robert Evans]], [[Christian Pollas]] and Shingo Horiguchi on January 18, 1988.<ref name=Supernovae>{{cite web|title=List of Supernovae |url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/Supernovae.html |website=IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811052600/http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/Supernovae.html |archive-date=11 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It had an apparent magnitude of 13.5 found 40 [[Minute and second of arc|arcseconds]] south of its center.<ref name="seds1" /> A [[Type Ia supernova|Type I supernova]] dubbed as [[SN 1989M]] was then found on June 28, 1989 by Kimeridze.<ref name="seds1" /> This one had an apparent magnitude of 12.2 found 33 arcseconds north and 44 arcseconds west of its nucleus.<ref name="seds1" />

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of Messier objects]]
*[[Messier 91]]
*[[Messier 95]]
*[[Messier 109]]
*[[Messier 100|M100]]
*[[NGC 4536]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://messier.seds.org/m/m058.html SEDS Messier: M58]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070817131727/http://gallery.spitzer.caltech.edu/Imagegallery/image.php?image_name=sig06-003 Spitzer Space Telescope page on Messier 58]
*{{WikiSky}}

{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
{{Virgo}}
{{Messier objects}}
{{catalogs|M=58|NGC=4579|PGC=42168|UGC=7796|GC=3121}}
{{Ngc50}}

{{Sky|12|37|43.5|+|11|49|05|68000000}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Messier 58}}
[[Category:Intermediate spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Virgo Cluster|Messier 058]]
[[Category:Virgo (constellation)|Messier 058]]
[[Category:Messier objects|058]]
[[Category:NGC objects|Messier 058]]
[[Category:UGC objects|07796]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|42168]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1779]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Charles Messier]]