View source for Pune district

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Pune district
| settlement_type    = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| total_type         = Total
| native_name        = 
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a = Statue of Bajirao I.jpg
|photo1b = Front Approach of Pataleshwar Cave Temple, Pune.jpg
|photo2a = Lohagad fort.jpg
|photo2b = Lonavala beauty.jpg
|photo3a = Chatru srungi devasthan-city view.JPG
}}
| image_caption      = Statue of [[Baji Rao I]] in front of [[Shaniwar Wada]], [[Pataleshwar Caves, Pune]], Mountains at [[Lonavala]], View of Pune from [[Chaturshringi Temple]], [[Lohagad]]
| image_map          = Pune in Maharashtra (India).svg
| image_map1         = 
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates        = 
| coor_pinpoint      = Pune
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2  = Division
| subdivision_name2  = [[Pune division|Pune]]
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = 
| seat_type          = Headquarters
| seat               = [[Pune]]
| parts_type         = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = 
| area_total_km2     = 15643
| area_footnotes     = 
| population_as_of   = 2011
| population_total   = 9,429,408
| population_footnotes = 
| population_urban   = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 87.19%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/359-pune.html|title=Pune District Population Census 2011–2019, Maharashtra literacy sex ratio and density|website=census2011.co.in}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 919
| governing_body     = '''Pune Zilla Parishad'''
| leader_title       = Guardian Minister
| leader_name        = '''[[Ajit Pawar]]'''<br />{{small|[[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]]}}
| leader_title1      = President Zilla Parishad
| leader_name1       = *President<br />  '''Nirmala Pansare'''
*Vice President<br />  '''Ranjit Shivtare'''
| leader_title2      = District Collector
| leader_name2       = *''' Rajesh Deshmukh (IAS)'''
| leader_title3      = CEO Zilla Parishad
| leader_name3       = *'''Ayush Prasad (IAS)'''
| leader_title4      = [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|Members of the Lok Sabha]]
| leader_name4       = *'''[[Murlidhar Mohol]]'''<br /> {{small|([[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]])}}
*'''[[Supriya Sule]]'''<br /> {{small|([[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]])}}
*'''[[Amol Kolhe]]'''<br /> {{small|([[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirur]])}}
*'''[[Shrirang Barne]]'''<br /> {{small|([[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval]])}}
| timezone1          = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1        = +05:30
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code(s)]]
| postal_code        = 411xxx<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincodeinfo.online/Maharashtra/Pune/|title=PIN Codes of Pune District, Maharashtra, India|access-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123172413/https://pincodeinfo.online/Maharashtra/Pune/|archive-date=23 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
| registration_plate = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1    = [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]], [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH-65]], [[National Highway 60 (India)|NH-60]]
| blank_name_sec2    = Per capita income ( 2022-23 )
| blank_info_sec2    = {{INRConvert|336503|=r}}<ref name="MumbaiEco">{{Cite web |title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2023-24 |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/ESM1920/chapter/English/esm2324_e.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>
| website            = {{URL|https://pune.gov.in/}}
| official_name      = 
| blank1_name_sec1   = [[Official Language]]
| blank1_info_sec1   = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| blank1_name_sec2   = Nominal GDP ( 2022-23 )
| blank1_info_sec2   = {{INRConvert|4.18104|t|lk=r}}<ref name="PuneEco">{{Cite web |title=Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2023-24 |url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/ESM1920/chapter/English/esm2324_e.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Pune district''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[puɳeː]]]) is a district in Western Maharashtra with Administrative Headquarters in [[Pune]] city. Pune district is the most populous district in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is one of the most industrialised districts in India.

==History==
{{See also|History of Pune}}
[[File:Karla Amit R Mahadik 01.jpg|alt=Elaborate prayer hall with pillars in a cave|thumb|The Great [[Chaitya]] at [[Karla Caves]]]]

===Ancient and medieval history===
According to archaeological discoveries of the [[Jorwe]] culture in [[Chandoli Budruk|Chandoli]] and [[Inamgaon]], portions of the district have been occupied by humans since the [[Chalcolithic]] (the Copper Age, 5th–4th millennium BCE).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Sailendra Nath|title=Ancient Indian history and civilization|date=1999|publisher=New Age International|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788122411980|pages=24–25|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=pune+district+culture&pg=PA25}}</ref> Many ancient trade routes linking ports in western India (particularly those of coastal [[Konkan]]) with the [[Deccan Plateau]] pass through the district. The town of [[Junnar]] has been an important trading and political center for the last two thousand years, and it was first mentioned by Greco-Roman travellers in the early first millennium CE.<ref>Margabandhu, C. "Trade Contacts between Western India and the Graeco-Roman World in the early centuries of the Christian era." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient/Journal de l'histoire economique et sociale de l'Orient (1965): 316–322.</ref><ref>Rath, Jayanti. "QUEENS AND COINS OF INDIA."</ref><ref>Deo, S. B. "The Genesis of Maharashtra History and Culture." Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 43 (1984): 17–36.</ref> The [[Karla Caves]] in [[Karli, India|Karli]], near [[Lonavala]], are near the [[Western Ghats]] and a major ancient [[trade route]] running eastward from the [[Arabian Sea]] to the Deccan Plateau. The caves are a complex of ancient Indian [[Buddhist]] [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] shrines which were developed from the second century BCE to the fifth century CE; the oldest of the shrines is believed to date to 160&nbsp;BCE. Traders and [[Satavahana dynasty|Satvahana]] rulers financed construction of the caves.<ref name=public>{{cite web
|url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~tart/arth382/lecture7.html |title=Later Andhra Period India |access-date=2007-01-24 }}</ref> Buddhists, identified with commerce and manufacturing through their early association with traders, tended to locate their monasteries in natural formations near major trade routes to provide lodging for travelling traders.<ref name=keay>{{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |title=India: A History |year=2000 |publisher=Grove Press |location= New York, US |isbn=0-8021-3797-0 |pages= 123–127 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3aeQqmcXBhoC}}</ref>
Inscriptions at Karla and Junnar suggest that in the early part of the [[Common Era]], the area was controlled by the [[Saka|Shaka]] ruler [[Nahapana]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reddy|first1=K.Krishna|title=Indian History|date=2006|publisher=ata McGraw-Hill Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780070635777|page=A-264|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEmpfmbxKEC&q=junnar+sopara&pg=SL1-PA257}}</ref> Coins found further east in the district, near [[Indapur]], suggest that the region may have been controlled by the [[Traikutaka dynasty|Traikutaka]] king Dahragana in 465 CE; silver coins found at [[Junnar]] suggest that the region may also have been ruled by [[Satavahana dynasty|Andhra kings]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gadgil|first1=D.R.|title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I|date=1945|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|location=Pune, India|pages=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ|access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

The first reference to the Pune region is found on two copper plates, dated to 758 and 768 CE and issued by the [[Rashtrakuta]] ruler Krishna I. The plates call the region "Puny [[Vishaya]]" and "Punaka Vishaya", respectively. The [[Pataleshwar]] rock-cut temple complex was built during this time, and the area included [[Theur]], [[Uruli Kanchan|Uruli]], Chorachi Alandi, and [[Bhosari]].<ref name=Kantak489>{{cite journal|last1=Kantak|first1=M.R.|title=Urbanization of Pune: How Its Ground Was Prepared|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1991–92|volume=51/52|pages=489–495|jstor=42930432}}</ref> The region became part of the [[Yadava Dynasty|Yadava Empire]] of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Deogiri]] from the ninth to the 13th centuries.

The Muslim [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] rulers of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] overthrew the Yadavas in 1317, beginning three hundred years of Islamic control. The Khalji were followed by another sultanate dynasty, the [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]]s. A Tughlaq governor on the Deccan Plateau rebelled and created the [[Bahamani Sultanate]], which later dissolved into the [[Deccan sultanates]]. During the 1400s, Russian traveler [[Afanasy Nikitin]] spent many months in Junnar during the monsoon season and vividly describes life in the region under [[Bahamani]] rule.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Fisher|editor-first1=Michael H.|title=Visions of Mughal India : an anthology of European travel writing|date=2007|publisher=I. B. Tauris|location=London|isbn=978-1-84511-354-4|pages=15–18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcQ69SE64KIC&q=junnar+dalrymple&pg=PR6|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref> The fort at Chakan played an important role in the history of the Deccan sultanates.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Richard M.|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521716277|pages=69–71|edition=1. pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&q=chakan+fort+bahamani&pg=PR12}}</ref> The Bahamani Sultanate broke up in the early 16th century; the Nizamshahi kingdom controlled the region for most of the century, with Junnar its first capital.<ref name=gazett1490>{{cite web|title=Poona District Nizam Shahis, 1490–1636.|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona%20District/Poona-II/history_Musalmans.html#.|website=Maharashtra|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> During the early 1600s, the [[Nizam Shahi]] general [[Malik Ambar]] moved his capital there.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Richard M.|title=The new Cambridge history of India.|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-25484-1|page=118|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&q=junnar+ambar&pg=PA118|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Chakan Fort- Sangram Durg (7637611332).jpg|thumb|alt=Stone fort, surrounded by grass|Ruins of [[Sangram Durg|Chakan Fort]]]]

==={{anchor|Deccan sultanates and Bhosale family Jagir}}Deccan sultanates and the Bhosale jagir===
[[File:Malik amber ahmadnager hi.jpg|thumb|alt=17th-century painting of a man in ceremonial dress with a staff, against a green background|Malik Ambar, the minister of Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, who moved his administration to Junnar]]
[[Image:Shivneri fort1.JPG|thumb|alt=Old fort on a mountain|[[Shivneri]] fort, birthplace of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]

The district became politically important when the Nizamshahi capital was moved to Junnar at the beginning of the 16th century. The [[Bhonsle|Bhosale]] family received a [[jagir]] (land grant), and control of the region shifted among the Bhosale rulers, the sultanates and the Mughals during the century. The district was central to the founding of the [[Maratha Empire]] by [[Shivaji]].

====Nizamshahi====
With the establishment of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizamshahi]] rule, with [[Ahmednagar]] its headquarters, nearly all of the region was controlled by the Nizamshahi. It was formed into a district (or ''sarkar''), with sub-divisions (''paragana'') and smaller ranges (''prant'' or ''desh''). Revenue collection was delegated to important chieftains of the Nizamshahi.

At Ahmednagar, the Sultan bore the brunt of a heavy attack from [[Mughal Empire|Mughal armies]] who converged on the capital in 1595. To rally the strongest possible local support against the Mughal invaders, and stabilise the territories ruled by Ahmednagar, local Maratha chieftains were given increased power. Amongst the chieftains was [[Maloji Bhosale|Maloji]], who was made a [[raja]] in 1595; the districts of Pune and [[Supa, Parner|Supa]] were given to him as a [[jagir]] ([[fief]]). Maloji was also given charge of the forts at [[Shivneri]] and [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], which played an important role in the district's early political history.<ref name=Joseph1900>{{cite book |author=Joseph G. Da Cunha |title=Origin of Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/originbombay00cunhgoog |year=1900|publisher=Bombay, Society's library; [etc., etc.] }}</ref>

In 1600, Ahmednagar was captured by the Mughals. Nizamshahi minister [[Malik Ambar]] raised [[Murtaza Nizam Shah II]] to the throne, with its temporary headquarters at Junnar.<ref name=gazett1490/> For nearly a generation, Ambar guided the Nizamshahi kingdom and the Pune region benefited from his leadership. By his death in 1626, the region's revenue system was sound and fair.

===={{anchor|Bhosale family jagir under Adilshahi}}Bhosale jagir under the Adilshahi====
The Pune region was administered as a jagir during much of the 17th century by Maloji Bhosale, his son [[Shahaji]] and his grandson [[Shivaji]]. Its nominal sovereignty changed with shifting allegiances of the Bhosale family. In 1632, Shahaji forsook the Mughals and accepted the friendship of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adilshahi]] rulers of [[Bijapur]] (the traditional rivals of [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]).

After the fall of the Ahmadnagar (Nizamshahi) Sultanate, its territory was divided between the Adilshahi and the Mughals with Pune region going to the former. Shahaji refused to surrender Junnar (the seat of the Nizamshahi dynasty) before he finally capitulated. However, Shahaji was apparently considered important enough by the Adilshah to play a key role in the new regime's administration. His jagir was confirmed, continuing the region's connection with the Bhosale family.<ref name=Eaton2005>{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DNNgdBWoYKoC&pg=PA128|volume=1|date=17 November 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7|pages=128–221}}</ref>
[[File:Shivaji British Museum.jpg|thumb|alt=Contemporary portrait of a bearded Shivaji, holding a sword| Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, founder of the Maratha Empire]]

====Pune district under Shivaji  and the Mughals====
Shahaji second son, Shivaji (founder of the Maratha Empire), was born on the hill fort of [[Shivneri]] near Junnar on 19 February 1630.<ref name=SibPada>{{cite book|title=Historians and historiography in modern India|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies|year=1973|isbn=9788120809000|page=106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= History of India |author= N. Jayapalan |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year= 2001 |isbn= 978-81-7156-928-1 |page= 211}}</ref><ref name=sen2>{{Cite book |author=Sailendra Sen|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=196–199}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Public Holidays|url=https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/HolidayList-2016.pdf|website=maharashtra.gov.in|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|p=19}} His mother was [[Jijabai]], the daughter of [[Lakhuji Jadhavrao]] of [[Sindhkhed]] (a Mughal-allied ''sardar'' claiming descent from the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadavas of Devagiri]].<ref name=Metha2004>{{cite book|author=Arun Metha|title=History of medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0IwAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=ABD Publishers|page=278|isbn=9788185771953 }}</ref><ref name=Menon2011>{{cite book|author=Kalyani Devaki Menon|title=Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TLRCtw-zvoC&pg=PA44|date=6 July 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-0279-3|pages=44–}}</ref>

The Pune Jagir which was restored to Shahaji after he joined the Adilshahi service in 1637.Since he  was required to be based in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] as the [[Adilshah]] commander, Shahaji selected Pune as the residence for [Jijabai and son Shivaji, and  appointed [[Dadoji Konddeo]] as administrator of the Pune jagir. Konddeo oversaw the construction of their Lal Mahal palace. Konddeo established complete control over the [[Maval]] region, winning over (or subduing) most of the local Maval leaders.<ref name=Sarkar1919>{{cite book |last= Sarkar |first= Jadunath |title= Shivaji and His Times |year= 1919 |edition= Second |publisher= Longmans, Green and Co. |location= London}}</ref> He rebuilt the settlement of Pune, and prominent families who had left the town during its 1631 destruction by the Adilshahi general Murar Jaggdeo returned.<ref name=A>Gadgil, D.R., 1945. Poona a socio-economic survey part I. Economics.</ref> 
Among Kondadeo's reported reforms was a tax of one-fourth the cash equivalent of a land's yield, and the [[Fasli calendar]] was introduced at this time. He is said to have focused on the western Pune region, and has been credited with overseeing Shivaji's education and training.<ref name=Duff>{{cite book|last1=Duff, Esq. Captain in the first, or grenadier, regiment of Bombay Native Infantry, and late political resident at Satara. In three volumes|first1=James Grant|title=A History of the Mahrattas, Volume 1|date=1826|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|pages=126–128|edition=1921|url=https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Duff1/chapter03.html|access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Haig|first1=Wolseley|title=The Maratha Nation|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts|date=27 June 1930|volume=78|issue=4049|pages=873|jstor=41358538}}</ref>{{sfn|Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times|1920|pp=20–25}} Kondadeo died in 1647, and Shivaji became his father's deputy.

Many of Shivaji's comrades (and, later, a number of his soldiers) came from the [[Maval]] region in the district's western mountains, <!-- ALTERNATELY Malwes, Malvas, Malaws, Malves, Mavales, Mawulees, [[Mavala Kolis|Mavala]] etc --> including [[Yesaji Kank]], Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, [[Baji Prabhu Deshpande]] and [[Tanaji Malusare]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Shivaram Shankar Apte|title=Samarth Ramdas, Life & Mission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7ogAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Vora|page=105}}</ref> Shivaji traveled the hills and forests of the [[Sahyadri]] range with his Maval friends, acquiring skills and familiarity with the land which would be useful in his military career.{{sfn|Edwardes & Garrett, Mughal Rule in India|1995|p=128}} {{sfn|Sarkar, History of Aurangzib|1920|pp=22–24}}
Around 1645, the teenaged Shivaji first expressed his concept of [[Hindavi Swarajya]] (Indian self-rule) in a letter.<ref>
{{harvnb|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=98}}: "It was a bid for ''Hindawi Swarajya'' (Indian rule), a term in use in Marathi sources of history."
</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Smith |first=Wilfred C. |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVTH0MepJBYC |year=1981 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-082580-0 |page=195}}: "The earliest relevant usage that I myself have found is ''Hindavi swarajya'' from 1645, in a letter of Shivaji. This might mean, Indian independence from foreign rule, rather than Hindu ''raj'' in the modern sense.
</ref><!--NOTE-->{{efn|Some scholars interpret ''Hindavi Swarajya'' as meaning self-rule of Hindu people,<ref name=9780754639503p38>
{{cite book |author=William Joseph Jackson |title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature |year=2005 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=0-7546-3950-9 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38}}: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, ''Hindavi swarajya'', meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."
</ref> while others state that Shivaji's struggle was for gaining "religious freedom" for Hindus.<ref>
{{cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=C. Mackenzie|title=Svarāj, the Indian Ideal of Freedom: A Political or Religious Concept?|journal=Religious Studies|date=1984|volume=20|issue=3|pages=429–441|doi=10.1017/s0034412500016292|s2cid=154403316 }}
</ref> However the term ''hindavi'' was in use by both Hindus and Muslims in the time period concerned.<ref>
{{citation |first=Ali Akbar |last=Husain |chapter=The Courtly Gardens of 'Abdul's ''Ibrahim Nama'' |editor1=Navina Najat Haiser |editor2=Marika Sardar |title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323–1687 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC&pg=PA82 |year=2011 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-438-5 |pages=82–83}}: "That an obscure "Hindavi-speaking" poet should be elevated to the Persian-influenced court of one of the Deccan's principal sultanates speaks both for Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II's patronage of the local idiom and for his encouragement of 'Abdul and other promising poets..."
</ref>}} According to legend, he took an oath to that effect at the temple of [[Raireshwar]] near Bhor in the district.<ref name=Kapadia2004>{{cite book|author=Harish Kapadia|title=Trek the Sahyadris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oICZM5HKRbAC&pg=PA9|date=March 2004|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-151-1|page=21}}</ref>

Shivaji began his rule in 1648 of the Pune region, taking possession of the key [[Torna Fort]] and controlling the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] and [[Purandar fort]]s and raiding Junnar. He moved his administration to the renovated [[Rajgad]] fort in 1648, aand kept it there until his  coronation in 1674.<ref name=Gordon59>{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9|date=16 September 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|pages=59–80}}</ref>

During the 1660s, the Mughals under [[Aurangzeb]] began paying attention to Shivaji. Pune and the region's forts frequently changed hands between the Mughals and Shivaji.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punediary|url=http://www.punediary.com/html/peths.html|publisher=Punediary|access-date=15 January 2011}}</ref> In the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)]], signed by the Mughal general Mirza Jaisingh and Shivaji, Shivaji ceded control of a number of forts in the district to the Mughals.<ref name=Gordon73>{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C|date=16 September 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|page=73}}</ref> Shivaji recaptured many of these forts when the truce ended.

He was succeeded on the Marathi throne by his eldest son, [[Sambhaji]], in 1680. Shortly afterwards, the Mughal army under Aurangzeb moved into the Deccan Plateau and remained there for nearly three decades. Sambhaji was captured and executed, at Aurangzeb's order, in the village of Tulapur at the confluence of the [[Bhima river]] and the [[Indrayani River]]s.<ref name=Gokhale1978>{{cite book|author=Kamal Shrikrishna Gokhale|title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43gBAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2 October 2012|year=1978|publisher=Navakamal Publications|page=365}}</ref><ref name=Organiser>{{cite book|title=Organiser|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dk8_AQAAIAAJ|access-date=2 October 2012|date=January 1973|publisher=Bharat Prakashan.|page=280}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. L. Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume One: 1707 – 1813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA50|access-date=7 April 2016|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=50}}</ref>

The period following his 1689 death was one of political ferment in the Deccan Plateau, and the Pune region experienced major fluctuations in administrative authority. Shivaji's younger son, [[Rajaram I]], ruled after his brother's death. He spent most of his time in [[Gingee]], fighting the Mughal siege. Before the Mughals captured Gingee, Rajaram returned to Maharashtra and died in [[Sinhagad]] in 1700. Ambikabai,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gokhale|first1=Kamal|title=Rajaram Chhatrapati in Marathi Vishwakosh|publisher=Marathi Vishwakosh|location=Wai, Maharashtra India|url=https://marathivishwakosh.maharashtra.gov.in/khandas/khand14/index.php/component/content/article?id=10358}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> one of his widows, committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]] at Rajaram's death.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Feldhaus|editor-first1=Anne|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion|date=1996|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=978-0791428375|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooV3Rz9zQvQC&q=rajaram+widow+sati+tarabai&pg=PA171}}</ref> The [[Bhimthadi horse|Bhimthadi]] (or Deccani) horse was developed in the region under Maratha rule by crossing Arabian and Turkic breeds with local ponies.<ref name=CABI>{{cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Valeria|last2=Alderson|first2=Lawrence|last3=Hall|first3=Stephen J. G.|last4=Sponenburg|first4=D. Phillip|title=Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding|date=2016|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1845934668|pages=460–461|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&q=bhimthadi+breeding&pg=PA461|access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bakshi|first1=G.D.|title=The rise of Indian military power : evolution of an Indian strategic culture|date=2010|publisher=KW Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8187966524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEG6DQAAQBAJ&q=+bhimthadi+horse&pg=PT10}}</ref>

===Peshwa rule (1714–1818)===
[[File:Poonah - British Library X123(13).jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of a lake with boats and mountains in the background|Watercolor painting of Pune in the late Peshwa era at the confluence of the [[Mula River (India)|Mula]] and [[Mutha River]]s by British artist [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]]]]
[[File:Saswad 019XZZ000000400U00031000(SVC2).jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of a bathing area, with buildings in the background|[[Saswad]], seen from the Sangameshwar temple in 1813 by British artist Robert Melville Grindlay]]
[[File:Deccani pony by Kipling.jpg|thumb|right|A Moneylender on a Bhimthadi horse.Pune district was a major breeding ground for the orse during Maratha rule]]

Shivaji's grandson, [[Shahu I]], appointed the [[Chitpavan]] Brahmin [[Balaji Vishwanath]] as his [[Peshwa]] in 1714. Vishwanath received the area around Pune from the grateful mother of one of Shahu's ministers for saving her son's life.<ref>Duff, J. G., 1990. History of the Marathas, Vol. I. Cf. MSG, p.437.</ref> In 1718, Shahu sent him to Delhi to assist the Sayyads; in return for this help, Muhammad Shah (the Mughal emperor in Delhi) granted Shahu [[Chauth|sardeshmukhi]] rights for Pune, Supa, Baramati, Indapur and Junnar. Shahu appointed [[Baji Rao I]] Peshwa in 1720, succeeding his father.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manase.org/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=22&did=10&dsid=4|title=पुणे जिल्हा ऐतिहासिक महत्त्वाचे|publisher=Manase.org|access-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515205013/https://www.manase.org/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=22&did=10&dsid=4|archive-date=15 May 2014}}</ref> Baji Rao moved his administration from [[Saswad]] to nearby Pune in 1728, laying the foundation for turning a [[kasbah]] into a large city.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kosambi|first1=Meera|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1989|volume=24|issue=5|page=247}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gokhale|first1=Balkrishna Govind|title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Poona|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1985|volume=105|issue=4|pages=720|jstor=602730|doi=10.2307/602730}}</ref> Pune grew in size and influence as Maratha rule extended through the subcontinent in subsequent decades. A well-known saying in the era before the third battle of Panipat was that the "ponies of [[Bhimthadi]]<ref name=CABI/> drank the water of the [[Indus River|Indus river]]".

===={{anchor|City of Pune under Peshwa rule}}Pune under the Peshwas====
Pune gained more influence under the rule of Baji Rao I's son, [[Balaji Baji Rao]] (Nanasaheb). Maratha influence waned after the disastrous 1761 [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Battle of Panipat]], and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] looted the city. It (and the empire) recovered during the brief reign of Peshwa Madhavrao. The rest of the Peshwa era was rife with family intrigue and political machinations. The leading role was played by the ambitious [[Raghunathrao]], the younger brother of Nanasaheb, who wanted power at the expense of his nephews [[Madhavrao I]] and [[Narayanrao]]. After Narayanrao's 1775 murder by order of Raghunathrao's wife, power was exercised in the name of his son [[Madhavrao II]] by a [[Regent|regency council]] led by [[Nana Fadnavis]] for most of the century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dikshit|first1=M. G.|title=Early Life of Peshwa Savai Madhavrao (Ii)|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|date=1946|volume=7|issue=1/4|pages=225–248|jstor=42929386}}</ref> Under Peshwa rule, the urban elite came from the Chitpavan Brahmin community; they were the military commanders, the bureaucrats and the bankers, and had ties to each other by marriage.<ref>Review: Glory of Peshwa Pune
Reviewed Work: Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History by [[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale]]
Review by: Meera Kosambi
Economic and Political Weekly
Vol. 24, No. 5 (4 Feb. 1989), pp. 247–250</ref>

Nanasaheb built a lake in [[Katraj]], on the city's outskirts, and a still-operational underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada.<ref>Khare, K. C., and M. S. Jadhav. "Water Quality Assessment of Katraj Lake, Pune (Maharashtra, India): A Case Study." Proceedings of Taal2007: The 12th World Lake Conference. Vol. 292. 2008.</ref> The city received an underground sewage system in 1782 which discharged into the river.<ref name=A/><ref>{{cite book|title=Peshwas diaries Volume VIII|page=354}}</ref> Pune prospered during Nanasaheb's reign. On the southern fringe of the city, he built a palace on the [[Parvati Hill]], developed a garden known as Heera Baug, and dug [[Saras Baug|a lake]] near the hill with a [[Ganesha]] temple on an island in its centre which is called [[Saras Baug|Sarasbaug]]. Nanasaheb also developed new commercial, trading, and residential localities: [[Sadashiv Peth, Pune|Sadashiv Peth]], [[Narayan Peth, Pune|Narayan Peth]], [[Rasta Peth, Pune|Rasta Peth]] and [[Nana Peth, Pune|Nana Peth]]. During the 1790s, the city had a population of 600,000. In 1781, after a city census, a household tax ({{transliteration|hi|gharpatti}}) was levied on the more affluent: one-fifth to one-sixth of the property value.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=War, culture and society in early modern south asia, 1740–1849.|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon, UK|isbn=978-0415728362|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PP1|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref>

Order in Peshwa Pune was maintained by the [[kotwal]], who was a police chief, magistrate and [[Municipal commissioner#India|municipal commissioner]] and whose duties included investigating, levying and collecting fines for offences. The kotwal was assisted by police officers who manned the {{transliteration|hi|chavdi}} (police station), and clerks collected fines and paid informants who provided intelligence. Crimes included illicit affairs, violence and murder; in the case of murder, sometimes only a fine was imposed. Inter-caste or inter-religious affairs were also resolved with fines.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Feldhaus|editor-first1=Anne|title=Images of women in Maharashtrian society : [papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Maharashtra: Culture and Society held in April, 1991 at the Arizona State University]|date=1998|publisher=State Univ. of New York Press|location=Albany, NY|isbn=978-0791436608|page=15 51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&q=poona+kotwal+peshwa+-tendulkar&pg=PA15|access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref> Although the kotwal's salary was as high as 9,000 rupees per month, it included officer salaries (mainly from the [[Ramoshi]] caste).<ref>India. Police Commission and India. Home Dept, 1913. History of Police Organization in India and Indian Village Police: Being Select Chapters of the Report of the Indian Police Commission, 1902–1903. University of Calcutta.</ref> The best-known kotwal in Pune during Peshwa rule was [[Ghashiram Kotwal]], and the city's police force was admired by European visitors.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jayapalan|first1=N.|title=Social and cultural history of India since 1556|date=2000|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171568260|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWEk1p_b5YUC&q=Rawlinson,+George+++Maratha+Empire+bajirao+&pg=PR5}}</ref>

The patronage of the Brahmin Peshwas resulted in Pune's expansion, with the construction of about 250 temples and bridges (including the Lakdi Pul and the temples on [[Parvati Hill]]).<ref>Preston, Laurence W. "Shrines and neighbourhood in early nineteenth-century Pune, India." ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 28.2 (2002): 203–215.</ref> Many temples like [[Hanuman|Maruti]], [[Vithoba]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva|Mahadeo]], [[Rama]], Krishna and [[Ganesha]] temples were built during this era. Their patronage extended to 164 schools (''pathshalas'') in the city which taught Hindu holy texts ([[shastra]]s) to [[Brahmin]] men.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Ravinder|title=Western India in the Nineteenth century|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=978-0415330480|page=39|edition=Repr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQL8AQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

Pune also had many public festivals. Major festivals were [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganeshotsav]], the Deccan New Year ([[Gudi Padwa]]), [[Holi]], and [[Navratri#Maharashtra|Dasara]]. Holi at the Peshwa court was celebrated over a five-day period. The Dakshina festival, celebrated in the Hindu month of [[Shraavana|Shravan]] (when millions of rupees were distributed), attracted Brahmins from throughout India to Pune.<ref>Adachi, K., 2001. [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjasas1989/2001/13/2001_13_24/_pdf "Dakshina Rules of Bombay Presidency (1836–1851)"]. ''Minamiajiakenkyu'', 2001(13), pp. 24–51.</ref><ref>Kyosuke Adachi, "Dakshina Rules of Bombay Presidency (183(−1851): Its Constitution and Principles", ''Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies'', 13, 2001</ref> The festivals, the building of temples and temple rituals led to religion being responsible for about 15 percent of the city's economy during this period.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kosambi|first1=Meera|title=Glory of Peshwa Pune|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1989|volume=248|issue=5|page=247}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gokhale|first1=Balkrishna Govind|title=The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Poona|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1985|volume=105|issue=4|pages=719–724|jstor=602730|doi=10.2307/602730}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_shaniwarwada-was-centre-of-indian-politics-ninad-bedekar_1618983 |title=Shaniwarwada was centre of Indian politics: Ninad Bedekar – Mumbai – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>

Peshwas and knights residing in the city had individual hobbies and interests; [[Madhavrao II]] had a private collection of exotic animals, such as lions and rhinoceros, near the [[Peshwe Park]] zoo.<ref>{{cite book |title= Poona in Bygone Days |author= Rao Bahadur Dattatraya Balvanta Parasnis |publisher= Times Press, Bombay |year= 1921 |url= https://archive.org/stream/poonainbygoneday00pararich#page/n5/mode/2up }}</ref> The last Peshwa, [[Baji Rao II]], was a strength and wrestling enthusiast. The sport of pole gymnastics ([[mallakhamba]]) was developed in Pune under his patronage by Balambhat Deodhar.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maguire|first1=Joseph|title=Sport across asia : politics, cultures and identities 7|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|location=New York and UK|isbn=978-0415884389|pages=129|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaHdu9qd-e8C&pg=PA129|access-date=28 September 2016}}</ref>
Many Peshwas and their courtiers were patrons of [[lavani]] and Maharashtrian dance, and a number of composers (such as Ram Joshi, Anant Phandi, Prabhakar and [[Honaji Bala]]) flourished during this period. The dancers primarily came from the [[Mang (caste)|Mang]] and [[Mahar]] castes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sharmilarege.com/resources/Hegemonic%20Appropriation%20of%20Sexuality_Rege.pdf|title=Rege, S., 1995. The hegemonic appropriation of sexuality: The case of the lavani performers of Maharashtra. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 29(1), pp.25–37.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cashman|first1=Richard I.|title=The myth of the Lokamanya : Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0520024076|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/9 9]|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|quote=peshwa dance.|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref> Lavani used to be essential part of Holi celebrations in the region's Peshwa courts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=SHIRGAONKAR1|first1=VARSHA|last2=RAMAKRISHNAN|first2=K S|title=LAVANI LITERATURE AS A SOURCE OF SOCIO-CULTURAL HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL MAHARASHTRA|journal=International Journal of Humanities, Arts, Medicine and Sciences|date=2015|volume=3|issue=6|pages=41–48|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278967139|access-date=22 November 2016}}</ref>

Peshwa influence in India declined after the defeat of Maratha forces in the 1761 [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Battle of Panipat]], but Pune remained the seat of power. However, the city's fortunes declined rapidly after the 1795 accession of [[Baji Rao II]]. Pune was captured by [[Yashwantrao Holkar]] in the 1802 [[Battle of Poona|Battle of Pune]], precipitating the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] of 1803–1805. Peshwa rule ended with the defeat of Baji Rao II by the British [[East India Company]], under the leadership of [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], in 1818.

==={{anchor|British rule (1818–1947)}}British rule and independence===
[[File:Poona 1896.jpg|thumb|alt=1896 map of the district|Poona (Pune) district in 1896]]
[[File:Khadakwasla Dam image.JPG|thumb|alt=Long dam|When the [[Khadakwasla Dam]] was built in 1878, it was considered one of the world's largest dams.]]
[[File:Reversing station 019PHO0000752S1U00033000(SVC2).jpg|thumb|right|Photograph of the railway reversing station at Bhor Ghat from 1880s]]
In 1818, the Pune region and the rest of the Peshwa territories came under the control of the British [[East India Company]].One of the first tasks that the company did was to destroy Hill forts previously under Maratha control. This was to stop Maratha forces regrouping in the hills. The forts destroyed in Pune district included those in the Junnar region such Shivaji's birthplace of Shivneri, [[Hadsar]], [[Narayangad]], [[Chavand, Maharashtra|Chavand]], and the important for of Sinhagad overlooking the city of Pune.<ref>Abhang, C. J. (2014). UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS OF EAST INDIA COMPANY REGARDING DESTRUCTION OF FORTS IN JUNNER REGION. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 75, 448–454. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158417</ref> 
The governor of the new territories, [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]], appointed a commissioner and left the district's boundaries almost intact. Elphinstone and other British officers enjoyed [[Saswad]] and the fertile valley around it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/indianempireitsh06mart|title=The Indian empire : its history, topography, government, finance, commerce, and staple products : with a full account of the mutiny of the native troops ...|first1=Robert Montgomery|last1=Martin|first2=Emma|last2=Roberts|date=20 February 2019|publisher=London; New York : London Print. and Pub. Co.|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

The annual [[Pandharpur Wari]] starts in two places in the district, namely Alandi and Dehu. In its present form the wari dates back to 1820s. At that time, Sant Tukaram's descendants, and a devotee of Sant [[Dnyaneshwar]] named Haibatravbaba Arphalkar, who was a courtier of [[Scindia]]s, the Maratha rulers of [[Gwalior]] made changes to wari.<ref>{{cite web|title=The wari tradition|url=http://www.warisantanchi.com/english/parampara2.html|website=Wari Santanchi|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908230750/http://www.warisantanchi.com/english/parampara2.html|archive-date=8 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Harrisson|first1=Tom|title=Living through the Blitz|date=1976|publisher=Collins|location=London|isbn=0002160099|page=[https://archive.org/details/livingthroughbli0000harr_f9s9/page/18 18]|url=https://archive.org/details/livingthroughbli0000harr_f9s9|url-access=registration}}</ref> Haibatravbaba's changes involved carrying the paduka in a palkhi, having horses involved in the procession, and organizing the devotees or varkaris in Dindis (Dindi stands for a specific group of varkaris.).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mokashi|first1=Digambar Balkrishna|others=Engblom, Philip C (Translator)|title=Palkhi: An Indian Pilgrimage|date=1987|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=0-88706-461-2|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vIv4oxeh4C&pg=PA1}}</ref>

Company rule came to an end when, under the terms of [[Government of India Act 1858|a proclamation issued by Queen Victoria]], the [[Bombay Presidency]], Pune and the rest of British India came under the British crown in 1858.<ref name=victoriap221>{{cite book|title=Queen Victoria: A Personal History|page=221|first=Christopher|last= Hibbert|author-link=Christopher Hibbert|year=2000|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=0-00-638843-4}}</ref>

Villages in the district saw rioting in 1875 by peasants protesting Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders. The disturbances involved peasants getting the moneylenders to burn their documents and, in some cases, torching their houses. The riots were responsible for the Bombay presidency government enacting the Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act to protect peasants from [[land grabbing]] by money lenders.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Catanach|first1=I. J.|title=Rural credit in western India, 1875–1930; rural credit and the co-operative movement in the Bombay Presidency|date=1970|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520015951|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ruralcreditinwes0000cata/page/10 10]–22|url=https://archive.org/details/ruralcreditinwes0000cata|url-access=registration|quote=riots 1875.|access-date=22 September 2017}}</ref><ref name=Bandyo2004>{{cite book|author=Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa|title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PR10|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2596-2|pages=197–198}}</ref>

During the first and second Anglo-Maratha wars, it took four or five weeks to move materials from Mumbai to Pune. An 1804 military road constructed by the British East India Company reduced the journey to four or five days. The company built a [[macadam]] road between the two cities in 1830 which permitted mail-cart service.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|quote=pune.|title=The city in South Asia|last1=Heitzman|first1=James|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415574266|edition=1st|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/125 125]|access-date=4 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ALYBAAAAYAAJ|quote=junnar.|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona|date=20 February 1885|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

A rail line from Bombay, operated by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR), reached Pune in 1858.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2)|publisher=Government Central press|pages=156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=gazetteer+famine+poona&pg=PA85|year=1885}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=gazetteer+famine+poona&pg=PA85|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 pts.)|date=3 February 1885|publisher=Government Central Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> In the following decades, the line was extended east and south of the city. The GIPR extended its line east to [[Raichur]] in 1871, where it met the [[Madras Railway]] and connected the city to [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref name=EarlyII>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title= IR History: Early Days – II |last= Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899) |publisher= IFCA |access-date= 20 March 2014}}</ref> The [[Metre gauge railway|metre-gauge]] Pune-[[Miraj]] line was completed in 1886, making the city a [[Pune Junction railway station|rail junction]]. The Bombay-Poona line was electrified in the 1920s; this cut travel time between the cities to three hours, enabling day trips for events such as the [[Pune Race Course|Poona races]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Ian J.|title=Engines of change : the railroads that made India|date=2006|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=0275985644|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETIxCLujm30C&pg=PP7|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> Many villages in the west, east and south of the district, such as [[Lonavla]], [[Uruli Kanchan]] and [[Daund]], were connected by rail.

Pune's first bus service began in 1941 with the Silver Bus Company, and [[Tanga (carriage)|Tanga]] (horse-drawn carriage) drivers went on strike in protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pmpml.org/history|title=History of PMPML Undertaking|website=PUNE MAHANAGAR PARIVAHAN MAHAMANDAL LTD|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920024653/http://www.pmpml.org/history|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tangas were a common mode of public transport well into the 1950s, and bicycles were a private vehicle choice in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVU_PgAACAAJ|title=Poona A Socio-Economic Survey Part I|date=1945|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|location=Pune, India|pages=240–244|last1=Gadgil|first1=D .R.|access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

The British installed a [[Electrical telegraph|telegraph]] system in Pune in 1858.<ref>Gorman, M., 1971. Sir William O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the Establishment of the Telegraph System in India. Technology and Culture, 12(4), pp. 581–601.</ref> According to the 1885 ''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona'', the city and the GIPR had telegraph offices. In 1928, a relay station was built in [[Khadki]] to relay telegraph signals for the [[Imperial Wireless Chain]]. In 1885, Pune was a post-distribution hub for the district. There were two post offices in the city, which also offered money-order and savings-bank services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&q=gazetteer+famine+poona&pg=PA85|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Poona (2 pts.)|date=20 February 1885|publisher=Government Central Press|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Areas east of Pune receive less rainfall than areas west of the city adjacent to the [[Western Ghats]]. To minimize drought risk, a masonry dam was built on the [[Mutha River]] at [[Khadakwasla]] in 1878. At the time, the dam was considered one of the world's largest. Two canals were dug on each riverbank to irrigate land east of the city and supply drinking water to the city and its [[Pune Camp|cantonment]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of The Bombay Presidency: Poona (Part 2)|publisher=Government Central press|pages=16–18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxEIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA85|year=1885}}</ref> In 1890 Poona Municipality spent Rs. 200,000 to install water filtration works.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harrison|first1=Mark|title=Public health in British India : Anglo-Indian preventive medicine 1859–1914|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=0521441277|page=182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PShpbwti_3EC&q=poona+sanitation+colonial+british&pg=PR8|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>

In the early part 20th century, hydroelectric plants were installed in the Western Ghats between Pune and Mumbai. The Poona electric-supply company, a [[Tata Group|Tata]] company, received power from the [[Khopoli]] (on the Mumbai side of the Ghats) and [[Bhivpuri]] plants near the [[Mulshi]] dam.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Narayan|first1=Shiv|title=Hydroelectric Plants India|date=1935|location=Pune, India|pages=64|url=https://archive.org/stream/HydroelectricPlantsIndia/Hydroelectric%20plants%20India_djvu.txt|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> Power was used to electrify trains running between Mumbai and Pune and for industrial and residential use, and a dam was built on the Velvandi River in [[Bhor]].<ref>Chatterji, T. D., 1935. Industrial Outlook. Future of Electrical Development in India. Current Science, 3(12), pp. 632–637.</ref><ref name=mywebPune>{{cite web|last1=Sumit Roy|first1=Sumit|title=INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PROCESS OF INNOVATION IN THE INDIAN AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENT MANUFACTURERS WITH REFERENCE TO PUNE AS A DYNAMIC CITY-REGION|url=https://myweb.rollins.edu/tlairson/asiabus/indiaautopune.pdf|website=myweb.rollins.edu|access-date=13 September 2016}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Geography}}Geography and climate==
[[File:Potholes near Takali Haji.jpg|alt=Rock formations with holes|thumb|[[Pothole (landform)|Potholes]] in the [[Kukadi River|Kukdi River]] near [[Nighoj]]]]
[[File:Sangameshwar tulapur.JPG|thumb|alt=See caption|Confluence of the Indrayani and Bhima Rivers at [[Tulapur]]]]
The district is surrounded by [[Thane district]] on the northwest, [[Raigad district]] on the west, [[Satara district]] on the south, [[Solapur district]] on the southeast, and [[Ahmednagar district]] on the north and northeast. On the leeward side of the [[Western Ghats]], it extends to the [[Deccan Plateau]] on the east. Pune is at an altitude of 559 metres (1,863&nbsp;feet). The district is located between 17.5° and 19.2° north latitude and 73.2° and 75.1° east longitude.

The [[Bhima River]], the [[Krishna River]]'s main tributary, rises in the Western Ghats and flows east. All the district's rivers (the Pushpavati, Krushnavati, [[Kukadi River|Kukadi]], Meena, [[Ghod River|Ghod]], Bhama, Andhra, [[Indrayani River|Indrayani]], [[Pavana River|Pavna]], [[Mula River (India)|Mula]], [[Mutha River|Mutha]], Ambi, Mose, Shivganga, Kanandi, Gunjavni, Velvandi, [[Nira River|Nira]], [[Karha River|Karha]] and Velu) flow into the Bhima or its tributaries. Major dams are on the [[Yedgaon Dam|Kukadi]], Pushpavati, [[Manikdoh Dam|Ghod]], [[Ujjani Dam|Bhima]], Pavna, 
[[Bhama Asakhed Dam|Bhama]], [[Mulshi Dam|Mula]], Mutha (the [[Temghar Dam|Temghar]] and [[Khadakwasla Dam]]s) and [[Varasgaon Dam|Mose]].<ref>[http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20dams%202009.pdf Statewise dams in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |date=2011-07-21 }}</ref>

Nine of the district's fifteen [[Talukas in Pune district|talukas]] are identified as drought-prone, covering a total area of {{convert|1562000|ha|sqmi}} and a cropped area of {{convert|1095000|ha|sqmi}}. Of the cropped area, only {{convert|116000|ha|sqmi}} are irrigated—nearly half by wells and tanks, and 40 percent by government canals. The district had a population of 4.2 million in 1991, of which 52 percent was rural. There were 1,530 villages in the district.<ref>[https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/69300/27860689-MIT.pdf?sequence=2 Pastala, V.A., 1991. Water for the people—promoting equity and sustainability through watershed developments in rural Maharashtra (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology)]</ref>
Its average rainfall is {{convert|600|to|700|mm|in}}, most of which falls during the monsoon months (July to October). The area adjacent to the Western Ghats gets more rain than areas further east. The [[Daund taluka|Daund]] and [[Indapur taluka]]s experience more-frequent droughts than Maval, on the district's western edge. Temperatures are moderate and rainfall is unpredictable, in tune with the Indian monsoon. Summers, from early March to July, are dry and hot. Temperatures range from {{convert|20|to|38|°C}}, and may reach {{convert|40|°C}}. Winter runs from November to February. Temperatures usually hover around {{convert|7|to|12|°C}}, sometimes dipping to {{convert|3|°C}}. June is the driest month, and the agricultural sector is considered vulnerable until 20 September.

{{Weather box
|location = Pune
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 29.9
|Feb high C = 31.9
|Mar high C = 35.4
|Apr high C = 37.7
|May high C = 36.9
|Jun high C = 31.7
|Jul high C = 28.4
|Aug high C = 27.4
|Sep high C = 29.4
|Oct high C = 31.4
|Nov high C = 30.0
|Dec high C = 28.0
|year high C =
|Jan low C = 10.0
|Feb low C = 12.0
|Mar low C = 15.0
|Apr low C = 19.5
|May low C = 22.4
|Jun low C = 22.7
|Jul low C = 22.0
|Aug low C = 21.3
|Sep low C = 20.3
|Oct low C = 17.0
|Nov low C = 14.0
|Dec low C = 10.0
|year low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 0
|Feb precipitation mm = 3
|Mar precipitation mm = 2
|Apr precipitation mm = 11
|May precipitation mm = 40
|Jun precipitation mm = 138
|Jul precipitation mm = 163
|Aug precipitation mm = 129
|Sep precipitation mm = 155
|Oct precipitation mm = 68
|Nov precipitation mm = 28
|Dec precipitation mm = 4
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan precipitation days = 0.1
|Feb precipitation days = 0.3
|Mar precipitation days = 0.3
|Apr precipitation days = 1.1
|May precipitation days = 3.3
|Jun precipitation days = 10.9
|Jul precipitation days = 17.0
|Aug precipitation days = 16.2
|Sep precipitation days = 10.9
|Oct precipitation days = 5.0
|Nov precipitation days = 2.4
|Dec precipitation days = 0.3
|Jan sun = 291.4
|Feb sun = 282.8
|Mar sun = 300.7
|Apr sun = 303.0
|May sun = 316.2
|Jun sun = 186.0
|Jul sun = 120.9
|Aug sun = 111.6
|Sep sun = 177.0
|Oct sun = 248.0
|Nov sun = 270.0
|Dec sun = 288.3
|year sun =
|source 1 = [http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/pune_e.htm HKO]||date=August 2011
}}

==Demographics==
{{historical populations| title = Historical population of Pune district
|align = center | cols = 4 | percentages = pagr
|11=1901|12=1,095,858|13=1911|14=1,177,238|15=1921|16=1,105,014|17=1931|18=1,275,882|19=1941|20=1,472,972|21=1951|22=1,950,976|23=1961|24=2,466,880|25=1971|26=3,178,029|27=1981|28=4,164,470|29=1991|30=5,532,532|31=2001|32=7,232,555|33=2011|34=9,429,408|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>}}
Pune district had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 9,429,408 in the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]],<ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Pune |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/820/download/2927/DH_2011_2725_PART_A_DCHB_PUNE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Benin]].<ref name=cia>{{cite web |author= US Directorate of Intelligence |title= Country Comparison:Population |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 13 June 2007 |access-date = 1 October 2011 |quote= Benin 9,325,032}}</ref> The fourth most populous of India's 640 districts,<ref name=census/> it has a population density of {{convert| 603 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=census/> The district's [[Family planning in India|population-growth rate]] between 2001 and 2011 was 30.34 percent.<ref name=census/> Pune has a [[sex ratio]] of 910 [[Women in India|females]] to every 1,000 males,<ref name=census/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 87.19 percent.<ref name=census/>
By age, 685,022 were age four or younger; 1,491,352 were between ages five and 15; 4,466,901 were 15 to 59, and 589,280 were 60 years of age or older. For every 1,000 males age 6 and older, there were 919 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 12.52% and 3.70% of the population respectively.<ref name="census" />

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Pune district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Muslims|Islam]]|green|7.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|yellow|3.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|brown|1.36}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.67}}
}}
Hindus are the largest religious community, with a significant Muslim minority. In rural areas, Hindus are the predominant community. Buddhists are also significant, with smaller numbers of Christians and Jains concentrated in Pune city.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion – Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Pune district (2011)<ref name="Language"/>
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 78.17 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 10.00 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 1.89 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] |value4 = 1.40 |color4 = darkslateblue 
|label5 = [[Marwari language|Marwadi]] |value5 = 1.34 |color5 = pink
|label6 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value6 = 1.30 |color6 = steelblue
|label7 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value7 = 1.15 |color7 = skyblue
|label8 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value8 = 0.58 |color8 = royalblue
|label9 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] |value9 = 0.53 |color9 = cornflowerblue
|label10 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value10 = 0.46 |color10 = limegreen
|label11 = Others |value11 = 3.18 |color11 = gray
}}

Marathi is the only official language of the district. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 78.17% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 10.00% [[Hindi]], 1.89% [[Urdu]], 1.40% [[Kannada]], 1.34% [[Marwari language|Marwadi]], 1.30% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 1.15% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 0.58% [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 0.53% [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] and 0.46% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Divisions}}Administrative divisions==
{{One source section|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Tehsils in Pune district.png|alt=Colour-coded map of the district's talukas, with an inset map of the district in Maharashtra|thumb|The district's [[Tehsil|talukas]]]]

The district has two [[Municipal corporations in India|municipal corporations]] in the city of [[Pune]] namely [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC) and [[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation|Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]] (PCMC). [[Pimpri Chinchwad|PCMC, Pune]] is north western city limits of Pune and its corporation covers [[Nigdi]], Akurdi, [[Pimpri]], [[Chinchwad]] and [[Bhosari]]. The region was zoned for industrial development by the state of Maharashtra in the early 1960s & later acceded to the city limits.

Pune District is divided into fifteen [[Talukas in Pune district|taluka]]s – [[Pune City taluka]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri-Chinchwad taluka]], [[Haveli taluka]], [[Mulshi taluka]], [[Velhe taluka]], [[Bhor taluka]], [[Purandar taluka]], [[Baramati taluka]], [[Daund taluka]], [[Indapur taluka]], [[Maval taluka]], [[Khed taluka]], [[Shirur taluka]], [[Ambegaon taluka]] and [[Junnar taluka]]. There are thirteen [[Panchayat samiti (block)|panchayat samitis]]. The district has 1,866 villages and 21 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies: Junnar, Ambegaon, Khed-Alandi, Maval, Mulshi, Haveli, Bopodi, Shivajinagar, Parvati (SC), Kasba Peth, Bhvani Peth, [[Pune Cantonment|Camp Cantonment]], Shirur, Daund, Indapur, Baramati, Purandhar and Bhor. Its four [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies are Pune, Baramati, Shirur and Maval (shared with Raigad district).

===Talukas===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Pune City taluka]]
* [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri-Chinchwad taluka]]
* [[Haveli taluka]]
* [[Mulshi taluka]]
* [[Velhe taluka]]
* [[Bhor taluka]]
* [[Purandar taluka]]
* [[Baramati taluka]]
* [[Daund taluka]]
* [[Indapur taluka]]
* [[Maval taluka]]
* [[Khed Taluka, Pune|Khed Taluka]]
* [[Shirur taluka]]
* [[Ambegaon taluka]]
* [[Junnar taluka]]}}

===Cities and towns===
[[File:Pune-City.jpg|thumb|alt=High-rise buildings, seen across water|New housing in [[Kharadi]], a suburb of Pune]]
The district has three [[cantonment]]s, in [[Pune Camp|Camp]], [[Khadki#Kirkee Cantonment|Khadki]] and [[Dehu Road]].

Smaller towns in the district have [[Nagar Palika]]s (municipal councils). Most are these are the headquarters of their respective taluka or its main town:
{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Alandi]]
* [[Baramati]] (taluka headquarters)
* [[Bhigwan]]
* [[Bhor]] (taluka headquarters)
* [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]]
* [[Daund]] (taluka headquarters)
* [[Indapur]] (taluka headquarters)
* [[Jejuri]]
* [[Junnar]] (taluka headquarters)
* [[Rajgurunagar]] (taluka headquarters)
* [[Lonavla]]–[[Khandala]]
* [[Narayangaon]]
* [[Nasrapur]]
* [[Shivatkar (Nira)]]
* [[Pirangut]]
* [[Saswad]] (taluka headquarters)
* [[Shirur, Maharashtra|Shirur]] (taluka headquarters)
* [[Talegaon Dabhade]]
* [[Vadgaon Maval|Wadgaon]]
* [[Uruli Kanchan]]
* [[Mulshi]]
}}

The growth of the Pune metropolitan area has led to the development of township schemes in the city such as [[Magarpatta]], [[Amanora Park Town|Amanora]] and [[Nanded City, Pune|Nanded City]] and development further from the city in the mountains, such as [[Lavasa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270894930|title=Nallathiga, Ramakrishna, Khyati Tewari, Anchal Saboo, and Susan Varghese. "Evolution of Satellite township development in Pune: A Case Study." Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution (2015)}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Pune District Court}}District court==
Pune District Court administers justice at the district level, and is the principal court of original jurisdiction in civil matters. The district court is also a [[Sessions Court]] for criminal matters. It is presided over by a Principal District and Sessions Judge appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|state government]].

Court decisions are subject to the appellate jurisdiction of [[Bombay High Court]]. Pune District Court is under the High Court's administrative control.

==Education==
[[File:Ravindra Kala Mandir Uruli Kanchan.JPG|thumb|right|Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya, a high school at [[Urali Kanchan]]]]

===Primary and secondary education===
State primary schools in the cities and district are run by the city corporation and [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishads]], respectively; private schools are operated by charitable trusts. Secondary schools are also run by charitable trusts. All schools are required to undergo inspection by the Zilla Parishad or city corporation.<ref name=CCS>{{cite web|url=http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf|title=Joshi, R., Regulatory Requirements for Starting a School in Poona. Centre for Civil Society, CCS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PAPERS 2004|access-date=2 October 2017|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030245/http://ccsindia.org/internship_papers/2004/34.%20School%20licensing%20Pune_Radhika.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Instruction is primarily in Marathi, English or Hindi, although [[Urdu]] is also used. Secondary schools are affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CISCE), the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE), the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) or the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]]. Under the [[10+2+3 plan]], after completing secondary school students typically enroll for two years in a [[junior college]] (also known as pre-university) or a school with a higher secondary curriculum affiliated with the [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education]] or a central board.

==={{anchor|Vocational Training}}Vocational training===
Pune and the district have 55 post-secondary-school [[industrial training institute]]s (ITI) run by the government and private trusts which offer vocational training in trades such as construction, plumbing, welding and automobile repair. Successful candidates receive the National Trade Certificate.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Campbell|editor-first1=James |last1=Melsens|first1=S|last2=Mangaonkar-Vaiude|first2=P|last3=Bertels|first3=Inge|title=Building Histories: the Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Construction History Society Conference|date=2017|publisher=The Construction History Society|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=978-0992875138|pages=27–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93kkDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Industrial+training+institute%22++pune&pg=PA27|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Higher Education}}Higher education===
Pune city has been called the [[Oxford]] of the East.<ref name=CCS/> The city is home to [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]], and many of its affiliated colleges. The district has a number of central government run educational and training institutes, including the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], the [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune|Armed Forces Medical College]] and the [[Film and Television Institute of India]]. The district has many privately run colleges and universities (including religious and special-purpose institutions). Most of the private colleges were founded after the Maharashtra state government of Chief Minister [[Vasantdada Patil]] liberalised the education sector in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhosale|first1=Jayashree|title=Economic Times: Despite private participation Education lacks quality in Maharashtra|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010054204/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-11-10/news/27682218_1_educational-institutes-education-barons-professional-education|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2014|access-date=6 October 2014|date=10 November 2007}}</ref> Politicians and other leaders were instrumental in establishing the private institutions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dahiwale|first1=S. M.|date=11 February 1995|title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=30|issue=6|pages=341–342|jstor=4402382}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Baviskar|first1=B. S.|title=Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=2007|volume=42|issue=42|pages=4217–4219|jstor=40276570}}</ref>

Other higher-education institutions in the district include:
* [[Abasaheb Garware College]], Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[Army Institute of Technology]] (AIT) – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[B. J. Medical College]], Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[Bharati Vidyapeeth]] ([[Deemed university]])
* [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]], Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* College of Agriculture Pune (COAP) – affiliated with [[Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth]]
* [[College of Engineering, Pune]] – affiliated with Savitribai Phule
* [[Dnyaneshwar Vidyapeeth]] – autonomous university
* Shri Shau Mandir Mahavidyalaya (commerce, engineering, agriculture and arts)
Pune University
* [[Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Engineering, Pune]] – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]]
* [[Institute of Management Development and Research]], an autonomous B-School under the aegis of Deccan Education Society
* [[Fergusson College]], Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[Government Polytechnic, Pune]] (diploma courses in engineering)
* [[Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics]], Pune
* [[ILS Law College]], Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[INS Shivaji|Indian Naval Training Colleges]], [[Lonavala]]
* [[Maharashtra Institute of Technology]]
* [[Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce]], Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[National Chemical Laboratory]]
* Sinhgad College of Engineering
* [[Sir Parashurambhau College]], Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[SNDT Women's University]], Pune campus
* [[Symbiosis International University]], Pune
* [[Vishwakarma Institute of Management]]
* [[Vishwakarma Institute of Technology]], Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[Nowrosjee Wadia College]], Pune – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* [[Pune Institute of Computer Technology]] – affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University
* Camp Education Society Pradhikaran   -affiliated with Savitribai Phule Pune University

==Economy==
Although the district is an industrial center, its economy also has a significant agricultural component. Pune is also considered an educational hub of the state of Maharashtra with students coming from all over India to attend the numerous colleges and institutes.

==={{anchor|Manufacturing industry}}Manufacturing===

[[File:Pune Headquarters of Tata BSS.png|thumb|right|Pune Headquarters of Tata BSS]]
[[File:Manas microsystems Factory in Bhosari MIDC,Pune.jpg|thumb|right|A small small manufacturing company in Bhosari]]

Industrial development began during the 1950s in Pune's outlying areas, such as [[Hadapsar]], [[Bhosari]] and [[Pimpri]]. The government-run [[Hindustan Antibiotics]] was founded in Pimpri in 1954.<ref name=nic>{{cite web|url=http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm |title=Historical Events in Pune |publisher=NIC – District-Pune |access-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202072725/http://pune.gov.in/history/mevents3.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 }}</ref>[[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] (MIDC), the state government owned corporation tasked with industrial development in the state has over many decades earmarked specific areas in the district for industrial development. The first MIDC set up in the district was around [[Bhosari]] in the early 1960s.MIDC provides land, and infrastructure for manufacturing companies to set up business in the area .<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|last=Menon|first=Sudha|title=Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial belt: Placing Pune at the front|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/30/stories/2002033000801300.htm|access-date=29 January 2012|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=30 March 2002}}</ref> So far MIDC has set up Industrial parks indifferent areas of the district at [[Pimpri]], [[Chinchwad]], [[Bhosari]], [[Ranjangaon]], [[Daund|Kurkumbh]], [[Jejuri]], [[Baramati]], [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]], [[Indapur]], [[Hinjawadi]], and [[Talawade, Pune|Talawade]].<ref>Dnyandeo, J. D. (2013). Entrepreneurial leadership and organizational performance with reference to rural small scale engineering industry in Pune district.[http://ir.unishivaji.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/297]</ref> Telco (now [[Tata Motors]]) began operations in 1961 around Chinchwad.By 1970s, Pune emerged as India's leading engineering region with the expansion of Telco, [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj]], [[Kinetic Motor Company|Kinetic]], [[Bharat Forge]], [[Alfa Laval]], [[Atlas Copco]], [[Sandvik]] and [[Thermax]]. The district vies with [[Chennai]] as the "Detroit of India".<ref>{{cite book|last=Heitzman |first=James |title=The city in South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0415574266 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/213 213]|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|quote=pune.|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> Growth in the villages of Pimpri, Chinchwad and Bhosari allowed them (and their surrounding areas) to incorporate as separate governing body knows as the [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchawad Municipal Corporation, Pune]]. The Pune metropolitan area was defined in 1967 as the city, the three cantonment areas and the villages on its outskirts. Some of these villages, such as [[Kothrud]], [[Katraj]], [[Hadapsar]], [[Hinjawadi]] and [[Baner]], have become suburbs of Pune.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Ashutosh|title=Town planning regeneration of cities|date=2008|publisher=New India Pub. Agency|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788189422820|pages=73–84}}</ref> In 2008, [[General Motors]], [[Volkswagen]] and [[Fiat]] built plants near Pune.

==={{anchor|Information Technology and Service Industry}}Information technology===
[[File:India Technology.jpg|alt=Futuristic dome-shaped building|thumb|[[Infosys]] in Hinjawadi]]

After India's [[Economic liberalisation in India|1991 economic liberalization]], Pune began attracting foreign capital from the information-technology and engineering industries. Between 1997 and 2000,[[Software Technology Parks of India|IT parks]] were developed in [[Aundh (Pune)|Aundh]] and [[Hinjawadi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heitzman|first1=James|title=The city in South Asia|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0415574266|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit/page/218 218]|url=https://archive.org/details/cityinsouthasia0000heit|url-access=registration|quote=pune.|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> Other IT parks have been set up at [[Baner]], [[Magarpatta]] (in [[hadapsar]]), EON IT Park [[Kharadi]] and [[Vimannagar|viman nagar]]. Pune is considered an IT hub of India along with [[Bangalore]]<ref>Deshpande, V. (2021). INNOVATIONS AND INNOVATIVE PRACTICES IN START-UP IT COMPANIES IN PUNE. Ashok Yakkaldevi.|page=115</ref>

===Agriculture===
Although the region around Pune is industrialized, agriculture continues to be important elsewhere in the district. Since most arable land is still rain-fed, the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|southwest monsoon]] season (between June and September) is crucial to the district's food sufficiency and quality of life. Fluctuations in time, distribution or quantity of monsoon rains may lead to floods or droughts. The eastern part of the district has been historically drought-prone, but [[irrigation]] provided by dams, canals and wells have made agriculture less dependent on rainfall.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sengupta |first1=S. K. |title=NATIONAL REGISTER OF LARGE DAMS – 2009 |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20dams%202009.pdf |website=Central Water Commission – An apex organization in water resources development in India |publisher=Central water Commission |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> The over-pumping of aquifers has led to increased water salinity in the talukas of Purandhar, Baramati, Daund, Indapur and Shirur (in the eastern part of the district), threatening agriculture and the drinking-water supply.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Duraiswami |first1=Raymond A. |last2=Maskare |first2=Babaji |last3=Patankar |first3=Uday |title=GEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUNDWATER IN THE ARID REGIONS OF DECCAN TRAP COUNTRY, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA|journal=Memoir Indian Society of Applied Geochemists |date=2012 |volume=1 |page=73}}</ref>

Monsoon crops include [[rice]], [[Sorghum bicolor|jwari]] and [[Pearl millet|bajri]]. Other crops include [[wheat]], [[pulse]]s, vegetables and [[onion]]s. [[Ambemohar]], a mango-scented rice grown in Bhor taluka and areas near the Western Ghats, is popular throughout Maharashtra. Since it has a low yield, many farmers in the region grow the crossbred Indrayani rice instead.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhosale|first1=Jayashree|title=Consumers pay premium price for the look alike of the regional rice varieties|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-31/news/31010528_1_rice-variety-ambemohar-kohinoor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803081120/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-31/news/31010528_1_rice-variety-ambemohar-kohinoor|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2013|access-date=13 May 2016|work=The Economic Times|date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Barrels outside Chateau Indage Vineyards, Narayangaon - Pune, Mah..jpg|thumb|alt=Six outdoor barrels against a background of vineyards and a hill|Barrels at the Narayangaon Winery]]

Major cash crops include [[sugarcane]] and [[oil seed]]s, including [[peanut|groundnut]] and [[sunflower]]. The district has significant fruit orchards, particularly [[mango]], [[grape]] and [[Orange (fruit)|orange]]. A winery in Narayangaon produces [[sparkling wine]] from locally-grown [[Sultana (grape)|Thompson seedless grapes]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Verma|editor-first1=L.R.|editor-last2=Joshi|editor-first2=V.K.|title=Postharvest technology of fruits and vegetables : handling, processing, fermentation, and waste management|date=2000|publisher=Indus Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173871085|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzvDi9qSEKkC&q=narayangaon+fruit&pg=PA58}}</ref> Most growers of cash crops (including cotton) in the district belong to [[agricultural cooperative]]s and [[sugar]] is produced in mills owned by local cooperative societies whose members of supply sugarcane to the mills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coopsugar.org/history.php |title=National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Limited |publisher=Coopsugar.org |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205214802/http://coopsugar.org/history.php |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the last fifty years, the local sugar mills have played an important role in encouraging political participation and have been a stepping stone for aspiring politicians.<ref>{{cite web|last=Patil |first=Anil |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jul/09sugar.htm |title=Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra |publisher=Rediff India |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=27 December 2011}}</ref>
===Central government affliated organizations===
[[File:Aerial view of the National Defence Academy, Pune.jpg|right|thumb|The National Defence Academy at Khadakwasla]]
Pune city and the district is home to several organizations of National importance. The defence related organizations include the [[National Defence Academy]] at [[Khadakwasla]] for training army officers, [[INS Shivaji]] at Lonavala for training naval officers, the head quarters of [[Southern Command (India)|
southern command]] of Indian Armed Forces based in [[Pune cantonment]], Indian Airforce  base at [[Pune Airport|Lohagaon airport]], [[Armed Forces Medical College]] at Wanawadi, the College of Military Engineering, the Army Institute of Physical Training, and the Institute of Armament Technology, the [[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)|DRDO engineers lab]] at Dighi, [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory]], and ordinance factories at [[Khadki]].Other central government of India undertakings in the district include National Water academy at Khadkwasla to train water resources engineers, National chemical Laboratory at Pashan, [[National Centre for Radio Astrophysics]] and their [[Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope]] at [[Narayangaon]], and the National film and television Institute. Presence of these organizations brings students and professionals from all over India for training and jobs, and add to the cosmopolitan nature of the city and the district.

==Transport==
===Highways===
[[File:MumbaiPuneExpressway.jpg|alt=Six-lane highway, seen from above|thumb|Mumbai Pune Expressway]]

Pune district has {{convert|13642|km}} of roads. [[National Highway (India)|National]] and state highways crossing the district include:
*[[National Highway 48 (India)|NH-48]], from [[Mumbai]] to [[Bangalore]]. The western Dehu Road-Katraj bypass was completed in 1989, reducing traffic congestion in Pune and leading to industrial and housing growth along the bypass.
*[[National Highway 60 (India)|NH-60]], the Pune–Nashik National Highway
*[[National Highway 65 (India)|NH-65]], the Pune–Solapur–Hyderabad–Suryapet–Vijayawada National Highway
* [[Mumbai Pune Expressway|Yashwantrao Chavan Mumbai Pune Expressway]]. Work on the six-lane toll road began in 1998 and was completed in 2001.

State highways include:
* Pune–Ahmednagar-Aurangabad State Highway
* Pune–Alandi State Highway
* Pune–Saswad–Pandharpur State Highway
* Pune–Paud Road State Highway
* Talegaon–Chakan State Highway

===Public transport===
Bus service by private companies was introduced in Pune shortly before the independence. The city took over the service after the independence in 1947 as Poona Municipal Transport (PMT) which later became Pune Municipal Transport. During the 1990s, PMT and Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Transport (PCMT, the bus-service provider in Pimpri-Chinchwad) had a combined fleet of over 1,000 buses. Because municipal transport coverage was patchy, a number of employers in the industrial belt near Pimpri-Chinchwad and Hadapsar offered bus service to their employees.<ref name=silly>{{Cite web |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409124742/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/messages/downloadsexceeded.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The companies used many more private buses than the municipal providers used.<ref name=silly/> The [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] began a [[Rainbow Bus Rapid Transit System#History|bus rapid transit system]] (India's first) in 2006, but it encountered a number of difficulties. The two municipal bus companies merged in 2007 to form [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited]] (PMPML). The [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] were held the following year, which encouraged additional development in north-western Pune and added a fleet of buses running on [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) to the city's streets. [[Maharashtra State Transport]] buses began operating in 1951 throughout the state.

During the 1960s, motorized three-wheeled [[auto rickshaw]]s began replacing horse-drawn [[Tanga (carriage)|tangas]] in the district's urban areas; their number grew from 200 in 1960 to over 20,000 in 1996. Although Pune was known as the bicycle city of India in the 1930s, motorcycles began replacing bicycles in the 1970s; the number of motorcycles increased from five per 1,000 people in 1965 to 118 per 1,000 in 1995.<ref name=silly/>

===Air===
[[Pune Airport]] ([[IATA]]: PNQ) is a [[civil enclave]] at Lohegaon Air Base, northeast of the city, with service to a number of domestic and international destinations. Since Pune's air traffic is controlled by the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF),<ref>{{citation |title=AAI website |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/pune_technicalinfo.jsp |date=1 November 2011 |access-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208205537/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/pune_technicalinfo.jsp |archive-date=8 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> there is occasional conflict between the [[Airports Authority of India]] and the IAF over flight schedules or night landings. The [[airport apron]] is becoming inadequate to handle the growing number of flights into Pune since the airport's upgrade to international status with flights to Dubai, Singapore and Frankfurt.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune Customs website |url=http://www.punecustoms.nic.in/aboutus.htm |access-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119183536/http://www.punecustoms.nic.in/aboutus.htm |archive-date=19 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/dec/12pune.htm|title=Pune airport accorded international status|access-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> Pune Airport handled about 165 passengers a day in 2004–05, increasing to 250 passengers a day in 2005–06. There was a sharp rise in 2006–2007, when the number of daily passengers reached 4,309. In 2010–2011, the number of passengers was about 8,000 a day.<ref name=IE>{{cite news|title=Passenger traffic at Pune airport takes a big leap |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/passenger-traffic-at-pune-airport-takes-a-big-leap/859721/0 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date= 14 October 2011|access-date=1 February 2012}}</ref>

The [[government of Maharashtra]] has entrusted responsibility to [[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] (MADC) for the [[Greenfield project|greenfield]] [[Chhatrapati Sambhaji Raje International Airport]] project,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/new-airport-for-pune-104081001020_1.html|title=New airport for Pune|first=Our Corporate|last=Bureau|date=10 August 2004|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> in the Purandar area. [[Baramati Airport]], {{convert|12|km}} from [[Baramati]] and {{convert|100|km}} from Pune and used for pilot training and charter flights, was being planned in 2011 as a private-jet hub by [[Reliance Infrastructure]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Reliance plans Baramati hub for pvt jets |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/reliance-plans-baramati-hub-for-pvt-jets/442919/ |work=[[Business Standard]] |date= 16 July 2011 |access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Railway lines}}Rail===
[[File:Lonavla EMU at Pune platform 6.jpg|thumb|alt=White-and-yellow electric train at a station|Lonavla [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] at Pune's platform 6]]
[[File:Daund Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|Bhima river and bridge near Daund]]
The district's two major rail junctions are Pune Junction and Daund Junction. All rail lines through Pune are [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]] double track, and are part of [[Indian Railways]]' [[Central Railway zone]]. The Pune–Mumbai line, the district's most important rail route, was built during the [[British Raj]]. Khandala and Lonavala are on this route, which has a number of daily high-speed trains. The Mumbai–Kolhapur line also passes through the district, and other major Indian cities are connected to Pune by rail.

The district's rail lines are:
* Pune–[[Kalyan]] (towards Mumbai)
* Pune–Daund
* Daund–[[Kurduvadi]]
* Daund–[[Manmad]]
* Daund–Baramati branch line (single-track)
* Pune–[[Miraj]] (single-track from Pune to Miraj, towards [[Bangalore]])

Although express trains on these routes skip many smaller stations, local "passenger trains" stop at each station.

====Suburban Rail====
A suburban rail system, operated by Central Railway, connects Pune to its suburbs and neighboring villages west of the city. The system has two routes: from [[Pune Junction railway station|Pune Junction]] to [[Lonavala railway station|Lonavala]] and to [[Talegaon railway station|Talegaon]]. Five trains operate on the Pune Junction-Talegaon route, and eighteen trains operate on the Pune Junction-Lonavla route.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Time-table-of-five-new-trains-from-city-announced/articleshow/8994579.cms|title=Time table of five new trains from city announced – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Eight passenger trains run between Pune Junction and [[Daund]] as suburban trains, making the Pune-Daund section a third suburban route. Major stations on this route are at [[Loni Kalbhor]] and [[Urali Kanchan]].

==Healthcare==
[[File:प्राथमिक आरोग्य केंद्र,अंबोली.jpg|thumb|A Primary Healthcare center in the village of Amboli in Pune district|right]]
Healthcare in the district is provided by private and public facilities. Primary care is provided by practitioners of [[Allopathic medicine]] as well as traditional and alternative medicine (i.e. ''[[Ayurved]]'', [[Homeopathy]] and [[Unani]]). For minor and chronic ailments, people in the district often rely on practitioners of traditional medicine.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Warner|editor-first1=Koko|editor-last2=Bohle|editor-first2=Hans-Georg |last=Butsch|first=Carsten |title=Megacities Resilience and Social Vulnerability, Section 2: Access to Healthcare in the Fragmented Setting of India's Fast Growing Agglomerations – a Case Study of Pune|date=2008|publisher=UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS)|isbn=978-3-939923-12-1|page=70|url=http://www.munich-re-foundation.com/de/dms/MRS/Documents/Source2008_Bohle_WarnerMegacities.pdf#page=64|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031018/http://www.munich-re-foundation.com/de/dms/MRS/Documents/Source2008_Bohle_WarnerMegacities.pdf#page=64|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
Thedistrict is served by three government hospitals: [[Sassoon Hospital]], Budhrani and Dr Ambedkar Hospital. There are also a number of private hospitals in the city of Pune such as Ranka Hospital, [[Sahyadri Hospital|Sahyadri]], Jahangir Nursing Home, Sancheti Hospital, [[Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital]], [[Somwar Peth#KEM Hospital|KEM Hospital]], [[Ruby Hall Clinic|Ruby Hall]], Naidu Hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.practo.com/pune/hospital/dr-naidu-hospital-pune|title=Dr. Naidu Hospital, Multi-Speciality Hospital in Sangamvadi, Pune – Book Appointment Online, View Reviews, Contact Number &#124; Practo|website=Practo.com}}</ref> and Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Multispeciality Hospital {{!}} Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune {{!}} Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune |url=https://smileinn.in |website=Smileinn.in}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Jejuri gadkot.jpg|thumb|alt=Ornate temple exterior, with many people outside|Khandoba temple at Jejuri, a kuldaiwat for a large percentage of Marathi Hindu families]]
[[File:Aalandi.JPG|alt=Large building, with steps down to a river|thumb|Alandi, on the Indrayani River]]
[[File:BhimaShankar - panoramio (5).jpg|thumb|right|Bhimashankar temple is considered  one of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga]]]]
Pune district has been at the center of Maharashtraian and Marathi history for more than four hundred years, beginning with the Deccan sultanates and followed by the Maratha Empire. The district has a number of mountain forts and buildings from these eras, in addition to shrines revered by Marathi Hindus (including five of the eight [[Ashtavinayaka]] [[Ganesha]] temples). [[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhis]] of the two most revered Marathi Bhakti saints ([[Dnyaneshwar]] and [[Tukaram]]) are in [[Alandi]] and Dehu, respectively. The main temple of [[Khandoba]], the family deity for most Marathi Hindus, is in [[Jejuri]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Feldhaus |first=Anne |title=Connected places : region, pilgrimage, and geographical imagination in India|date=2003|publisher=Palgrave macmillan|location=New York |isbn=978-1-4039-6323-9 |page=214 |edition=1.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsaADAAAQBAJ&q=jejuri&pg=PP1}}</ref>

The British designated Pune as the monsoon capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]], and many buildings and parks from the era remain. [[List of hill stations in India|Hill stations]] such as [[Lonavla]] and [[Khandala]] also date back to the Raj, and remain popular with residents of Pune and Mumbai for holidays.<ref>{{cite book|title=Incredible India, Maharashtra|url=https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/docs/default-source/maharashtra-unlimited/volume-3-issue-2---2014-maharashtra-unlimited.pdf?sfvrsn=2}}</ref> 

The district's mountains, forests and reservoirs are popular for hiking and birdwatching. [[Bhigwan]], a catchment area of the [[Ujjani Dam]], is about {{anchor|95|km}} from Pune on [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH-65]], the Pune–Solapur highway. An area of about {{convert|18000|ha|sqmi}} has been proposed as a sanctuary for [[bird migration|migratory birds]].

==={{anchor|Places of pilgrimage}}Pilgrimage sites===
{{See also|Hindu temples in Pune}}

* [[Alandi]] -The town attracts millions of devotees annually to the resting place or (Samadhi) of the 13th century Marathi Bhakti saint, Sant [[Dnyaneshwar]]<ref>Glushkova, Irina. "6 Object of worship as a free choice." Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices and Meanings 13 (2014).</ref>
* [[Bhimashankar]] -Bhimashankar is one of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga]] Shiva temples in India. It is located high in the Sahyadri mountains, 127&nbsp;km from Pune. Bhīmāshankar is also the source of the [[Bhima River]], the main tributary of the [[Krishna River]].
* [[Dehu]] – The town on the banks of the indrayani river is associated with Tukaram,<ref>Maxine Bernsten (1988), The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887066627}}, pages 248–249</ref> the 17th-century poet-[[saint]] of the [[Bhakti movement]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=annaschultz>Anna Schultz (2012), Singing a Hindu Nation: Marathi Devotional Performance and Nationalism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199730834}}, page 26</ref> The town is visited by hundreds of thousands of people for the annual [[Pandharpur Wari]] when the paduka (symbolic sandals) of the saint are carried to [[Pandharpur]] in a palkhi.
* [[Shri Laxmi Narsimha Temple|Nira Narsingpur]] – The town has an historic temple dedicated to [[Lord Narasimha]], an [[Avatar]] of [[Vishnu]]. The temple is located close to the ghat at the confluence of [[Bhima River]] and [[Nira River]], at the south eastern tip of Pune district, in [[Indapur]] taluka. Shri [[Narsimha]] of [[Nira Narsingpur]] is the family deity of many families from [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]
*[[Jejuri]] – The town is foremost center of worship of the regional deity of [[Khandoba]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Mate |first=M. S. |title=Temples and Legends of Maharashtra |year=1988 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay }}page 162</ref> It is situated 48&nbsp;km from [[Pune]], Maharashtra. Khandoba at Jejuri is the family deity of a large number of families from different [[Marathi people|Marathi]]Hindu communities. There are two temples: the first is an ancient temple known as ''Kadepathar''. Kadepathar is difficult to climb. The second one is the newer and more famous ''Gad-kot'' temple, which is easy to climb. <!-- and is built by [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] in 1762. -->Both temples are fort-like structures.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://pune.gov.in/puneCollectorate/Gazette/places_j.html#.|title = Jejuri|publisher = Maharashtra Gazetteer|year = 2006|orig-year = 1885}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Bhuleshwar temple]] – A 13th century Shiva temple on top of a hill. It is 45 kilometres from [[Pune|city of Pune]] and 10&nbsp;km from Pune Solapur highway from Yawat. The temple is unique as its architecture is Islamic from outside and appears more as a mosque than a temple due to its resemblance of a circular tomb and minarets.
*[[Morya Gosavi]] – Ganesh temple and tomb of Morya Gosavi at [[Chinchwad]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Loving Ganesha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_sV4_JpQvycC&pg=PA279|publisher=Himalayan Academy Publications|isbn=978-1-934145-17-3|pages=277–284}}</ref>

====Ashtavinayak temples====
[[File:Lenyadri.jpg|thumb|right|Lenyadri temple in a former Buddhist cave on a hilltop near [[Junnar]]]]
Ashtavinayak refers to eight historic Ganesh temples in Pune district and adjacent areas. Each of these temples have its own individual legend and history. Five of these temples are situated in Pune district:
* [[Lenyadri|Girijatmak of Lenyadri]] – a former Buddhist cave on a hilltop near [[Junnar]]
* [[Ganesha Temple, Morgaon|Moreshwar of Morgaon]]
* [[Ranjangaon|Mahaganesh of Ranjangaon]]
* [[Chintamani Temple, Theur]] – the closest Ashtavinayak temple to Pune
* [[Vigneshwara Temple, Ozar|Vigneshwara of Ozar]]

===Forts===
[[File:Purandhar fort from Narayanpur Road.JPG|thumb|alt=A road, with mountains in the background|The medieval Purandar fort]]

A number of historically important hill forts and castles in the district date back to the [[Deccan sultanates]] and [[Maratha Empire]]. The forts and surrounding mountains are popular for trekking.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kapadia|first1=Harish|title=Trek the Sahyadris|date=2003|publisher=Indus Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788173871511|pages=19–21|edition=5.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oICZM5HKRbAC&q=trekking+pune+forts&pg=PA9|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* Anaghaai
* Bhorgiri
* [[Sangram Durg|Chakan Fort]] or Sangramgad – dates back to 15th-century [[Bahamani]] rule
* [[Chavand, Maharashtra|Chavand]]
* Daulatmangal
* [[Hadsar]]
* [[Induri]]
* [[Jivdhan]]
* Kaawla
* Kailasgad
* [[Kenjalgad]]
* [[Korigad]] (Korlai)
* [[Lohagad]]
* [[Malhargad]] (Sonori)
* Morgiri
* [[Narayangad]]
* Nimgiri
* [[Purandar fort|Purandar]] – historically important during the Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Peshwa eras
* [[Rajgad]] – seat of government for [[Shivaji]] for major part of his career before his coronation in 1674
* [[Rajmachi]]
* [[Rohida fort|Rohida]]
* [[Shivneri]] – birthplace of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1630
* Sindola
* [[Sinhagad]] (or Kondhana) – Nearest fort to Pune
* [[Tikona]]
* [[Torna Fort]] or Prachandagad – the first fort captured by the teenage Shivaji in the 1640s
* [[Tung Fort]] or Kathingad
* Vajrangad (Rudramal)
* [[Visapur Fort]]
}}

=={{anchor|Sports and recreation}}Sports==
The [[Maharashtra cricket team]] has its home ground in Pune, playing at the new [[Maharashtra Cricket Association]] MCA Cricket Stadium in Gahunje. The [[I-League]] Pune Football Club plays in the league's First Division, and finished third in the 2009–10 season. [[FC Pune City]] played in the [[Indian Super League]] since the league's inception in 2014 until they folded in 2019, as did their [[FC Pune City (women)|women's]] and [[FC Pune City Reserves and Academy|reserve and academy]] teams.

The 1993 [[National Games of India|National Games]] were held in Pune, and the new Sports City hosted the [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] in 2008. [[Puneri Paltan]], one of ten teams in the professional [[kabaddi]] league, has its home ground in [[Balewadi]].

==See also==
* [[Pune Station Bus Stand]]
* [[List of roads in Pune]]
* [[Chas Ghodegaon]]
* [[Lavasa]]
* [[Zapurza Museum of Art & Culture]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://pune.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Pune district
|North     = [[Ahmadnagar district]]
|Northeast = [[Ahmadnagar district]]
|East      = [[Ahmadnagar district]]
|Southeast = [[Solapur district]]
|South     = [[Satara district]]
|Southwest = [[Satara district]]
|West      = [[Raigad district]]
|Northwest = [[Thane district]]
}}

{{Maharashtra}}
{{Pune district topics}}
{{Pune topics}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Pune district| ]]
[[Category:1818 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Districts of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pune division]]
[[Category:Maharashtra]]