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{{taxobox
|image = Mollugo verticillata.jpg
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
|ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
|familia = [[Molluginaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Mollugo]]''
|species = '''''M. verticillata'''''
|binomial = ''Mollugo verticillata''
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms=*''Mollugo arenaria'' <small>Kunth</small>
*''Mollugo axillaris'' <small>Schlecht. ex Rohrb. in Mart.</small>
*''Mollugo chevalieri'' <small>Hutch. & Dalziel</small>
*''Mollugo costata'' <small>Y.T. Chang & C.F. Wei</small>
*''Mollugo dichotoma'' <small>Schrank</small>
*''Mollugo diffusa'' <small>Willd. ex Fenzl</small>
*''Mollugo gracillima'' <small>Andersson</small>
*''Mollugo hoffmannseggiana'' <small>Ser. in DC.</small>
*''Mollugo juncea'' <small>Fenzl</small>
*''Mollugo schrankii'' <small>Ser. ex DC.</small>
*''Mollugo spergulaefolia'' <small>Willd. ex Fenzl</small>
*''Mollugo triphylla'' <small>Schrank ex Steud.</small>
*''Pharnaceum arenarium'' <small>Spreng.</small>
*''Pharnaceum berteroanum'' <small>Spreng.</small>
*''Pharnaceum cerviana'' <small>Mart. ex Rohrb. in Mart.</small>
*''Pharnaceum galioides'' <small>Willd. ex Schult.</small>
*''Pharnaceum hoffmannseggianum'' <small>Roem. & Schult.</small>
*''Pharnaceum verticellatum'' <small>Spreng.</small>
|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2501530 The Plant List]</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/700039?tab=references Tropicos]</ref>
}}
''Mollugo'' ''verticillata''  is a plant found nearly everywhere in the United States and in many other countries. Known as "green carpetweed", ''Mollugo verticillata'' is a member in the carpetweed family [[Molluginaceae]].  Although considered an invasive weed, ''M.'' ''verticillata'' is also known to be edible. Archaeological evidence has shown that  ''M''. ''verticillata'' has been in North America around 3000 years. Sometimes also referred to as "Indian chickweed", and in China is referred to as ''zhong leng su mi cao''. 

== Introduction ==
'''''Mollugo verticillata''''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?101375|title=Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.8.2|website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov|access-date=2016-11-03}}</ref>(''' green carpetweed''')<ref>{{PLANTS|id=MOVE|taxon=Mollugo verticillata|accessdate=13 July 2015}}</ref> is a rapidly spreading [[annual plant]] from tropical [[Americas|America]]. In eastern [[North America]], it is a common [[weed]] growing in disturbed areas. It forms a prostrate circular mat that can quickly climb over nearby plants and obstacles. The species has been reported from every state in the United States except Alaska, Hawaii, and Utah, as well as from British Columbia, Manitoba. Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. <ref name=vert>{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220008715|title=Mollugo verticillata in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2016-11-03}}</ref>

== Description ==
Carpetweed has narrow, [[Whorl (botany)|whorled]] leaves, 3-8 at each [[Node (botany)|node]]. At maturity the plant may lose its characteristic [[basal rosette]] formation. Leaves are approximately 1–3&nbsp;cm in length and possess an [[Glossary of leaf morphology|obovate]] shape. Leaf apex may vary from rounded to acute.<ref name=vert>{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220008715|title=Mollugo verticillata in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref>The plant will grow and sprawl across the soil due to its habit of prostrate growth and form mats. <ref name=health>{{Cite journal|last=Ferreira|first=A. P.|last2=Soares|first2=G. L. G.|last3=Salgado|first3=C. A.|last4=Gonçalves|first4=L. S.|last5=Teixeira|first5=F. M.|last6=Teixeira|first6=H. C.|last7=Kaplan|first7=M. A. C.|date=2003-01-01|title=Immunomodulatory activity of Mollugo verticillata L.|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711304702081|journal=Phytomedicine|volume=10|issue=2|pages=154–158|doi=10.1078/094471103321659861}}</ref> The flowers are usually in clusters of 2-5, blooming from July through September.  Flowers are white or greenish white with tiny 5–15&nbsp;mm stalks. Flowers quickly turn into fruit that is egg shaped and 1.5–4&nbsp;mm in length. The dehiscent capsule opens at maturity. The seeds are 0.5&nbsp;mm long and are red to rusty brown in coloration.<ref>D'Arcy, W.G. 1987. Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index. Part 1: The introduction and checklist. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 17: v–xxx, 1–328.</ref><ref>P. D. Strausbaugh and Earl L. Core. ''Flora of West Virginia''. 2nd ed. Seneca Books Inc., 1964. {{ISBN|0-89092-010-9}}</ref><ref>Richard H. Uva, Joseph C. Neal, and Joseph M. Ditomaso. Weeds of the Northeast. Cornell University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8014-8334-4}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
Advances in molecular genetic sequencing has improved understandings of the taxonomic relationship in the family Molluginaceae which had previously not been as inclusive.<ref name=isolated>{{Cite journal|last=Schäferhoff|first=Bastian|last2=Müller|first2=Kai|last3=Borsch|first3=Thomas|title=Caryophyllales phylogenetics: disentangling Phytolaccaceae and Molluginaceae and description of Microteaceae as a new isolated family|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.3372/wi.39.39201|journal=Willdenowia|volume=39(2):209-228|doi=10.3372/wi.39.39201}}</ref> Genera from Molluginaceae had previously been placed under Aizoaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and Phytolaccaceae before recent studies. <ref name= family>{{Cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=20193|title=Molluginaceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org|access-date=2016-11-03}}</ref> The genus ''Mollugo'' [[Taxonomic authority|L.]] is currently compromised of about 35 species of annual herbs.<ref name=herbarium>{{Cite web|url=http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm|title=UNC Herbarium|website=herbarium.unc.edu|access-date=2016-10-30}}</ref> Several sub taxa species of ''M. verticillata'' have been reported due to its varying morphological nature however they are not thoroughly documented. <ref name=vert /> ''Mollugo'' ''verticillata'' has many accepted synonyms including: ''Mollugo'' ''dichotoma, Mollugo diffusa, Mollugo costata, Pharnaceum arenarium,'' and ''Pharnaceum verticellatum'' to name a few. <ref name=plantlist>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2501530|title=Mollugo verticillata L. — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|access-date=2016-10-30}}</ref> It is also referred to as alfombra in spanish, and mollugine in french. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=19899#null|title=ITIS Report Mollugo verticillata  L.|last=|first=|date=November 3, 2016|website=ITIS Standard Report|publisher=|access-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref> Other closely related sister taxa include ''Mollugo floriana, Mollugo flavescens, Mollugo snodgrassii, Mollugo crockeri,'' and ''Mollugo enneandra.'' <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Christin|first=Pascal-Antoine|last2=Sage|first2=Tammy L.|last3=Edwards|first3=Erika J.|last4=Ogburn|first4=R. Matthew|last5=Khoshravesh|first5=Roxana|last6=Sage|first6=Rowan F.|date=2011-03-01|title=Complex Evolutionary Transitions and the Significance of C3–C4 Intermediate Forms of Photosynthesis in Molluginaceae|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01168.x/abstract|journal=Evolution|language=en|volume=65|issue=3|pages=643–660|doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01168.x|issn=1558-5646}}</ref>

== Distribution and Habitat ==
The wide range of ''M. verticillata'' is apparent across North America, Brazil, Columbia, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia and Africa.<ref name=idplant>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=163201-2&back_page=/ipni/editAdvPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=C3214871BA37F05EAB1A5480EFD02228?find_infragenus=&find_isAPNIRecord=true&find_geoUnit=&find_includePublicationAuthors=true&find_addedSince=&find_family=Molluginaceae&find_genus=&find_isGCIRecord=true&find_infrafamily=&find_rankToReturn=&find_publicationTitle=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_infraspecies=&find_includeBasionymAuthors=true&find_modifiedSince=&find_isIKRecord=true&find_species=&output_format=normal|title=IPNI Plant Name Details|website=www.ipni.org|access-date=2016-10-30}}</ref> There is agreement among some studies that the carpetweed origin is from the New World tropics and it spread into more temperate zones afterwards.<ref name=vert /> Overall the place of origin has been attributed to the tropics or subtropics of the northern and southern hemispheres. <ref name=archeology /> Commonly found in warm to wet environments across North America. <ref name=health />

== Uses ==
Along with ''Glinus'' (Molluginaceae)'', Mollugo'' are edible plants that have historically been utilized as vegetables or for medicinal benefits.<ref name=family /> The family Molluginaceae has been studied for its therapeutic enduing characteristics due to the production of [[Triterpene]] sapanonins and [[Flavonoid]]<nowiki/>s. Research has shown that acetic acid extracted from ''M. verticillata'' could be a potential [[Immunomodulators|immunomodulator]]. The chemical makeup in members of the Molluginaceae family in general have anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties. <ref name="health" />

== Ethnobotany ==
Carbon dating has dated seeds of ''M. verticillata'' found in [[Icehouse Bottom]] Tennessee back to 1170- 140 B.C. Other seeds found in [[Troyville Earthworks|Troyville,]] Louisiana were dated back to 500 A.D. It is unsure exactly when or how ''M. verticillata'' spread into temperate North America. European movements were not the cause of this migration because carbon dating reveals that the plant was in the Little Tennessee river valley 3000 years ago. Despite littleapparent  food value, native aborigines may have had uses of ''M. verticillata'' that are unclear today. Carpetweed, also referred to as "Indian chickweed", was utilized as a [[Leaf vegetable|potherb]] by the Southern Appalachian aborigines. <ref name="archeology">{{Cite journal|last=Chapman|first=Jefferson|last2=Stewart|first2=Robert|last3=Yarnell|first3=Richard|title=Archaeological Evidence for Precolumbian Introduction of Portulaca oleracea and Mollugo verticillata into Eastern North America|journal=Economic Botany|volume=28.4}}</ref> <ref name="aborigines">{{Cite journal|last=Core|first=Earl|date=23 December 1966|title=Ethnobotany of the Southern Appalachian Aborigines|journal=Economic Botany|volume=21|issue=3|page=199-214|doi=10.1007/BF02860370}}</ref>  

== Conservation Status ==
Carpetweed is considered an invasive weed by USDA.gov.<ref name=usda>{{Cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=MOVE|title=Plants Profile for Mollugo verticillata (green carpetweed)|website=plants.usda.gov|access-date=2016-10-30}}</ref> IUCN RedList states that the taxon has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/search|title=Search Results|website=www.iucnredlist.org|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> Other accounts cite the weed as being native to the Continental US, Caribbean territories, Mexico and introduced to Canada.<ref name=":0" /> It can be found in disturbed habitats such as fields, parking lots and gardens.<ref name=idplant /> 

== External links ==
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220008715 Mollugo verticillata in the ''Flora of North America'']
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MOVE Mollugo verticillata in the USDA database]
* [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/mollugin.htm photographs]
* [http://efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=13252&flora_id=1 ''Mollugo verticillata'' North American distribution map]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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