Kurmali language: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in eastern India}} |
{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in eastern India}} |
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{{Distinguish|text=the [[Kumhali language]], a language of Kumal people (Nepal) |
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Kumhali language]], a language of Kumal people (Nepal)}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} |
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== Uses of Language == |
== Uses of Language == |
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The language Kurmali (Kudmali) is spoken by 555,465 people as a native language in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 November 2021|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref> Apart from Kudumi Mahato, the language also spoken by [[Bagal (caste)|Bagal]], [[Duruwa|Dharua]], [[Chik Baraik]], [[Tanti]], Ghasi, Karga and [[Rautia]] community as their [[First language|Mother tounge]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saha|first=Atanu|date=28 July 2018|title=Census and the Aspects of Growth and Development of Bangla vs. Bangla-Hindi Bilingualism-With Special Focus on West Bengal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326673438}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OLAC resources in and about the Kudmali language|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/kyw|access-date=24 October 2021|website=www.language-archives.org}}</ref |
The language Kurmali (Kudmali) is spoken by 555,465 people as a native language in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=20 November 2021|website=[[Census of India]]}}</ref> Apart from Kudumi Mahato, the language also spoken by [[Bagal (caste)|Bagal]], [[Duruwa|Dharua]], [[Chik Baraik]], [[Tanti]], Ghasi, Karga and [[Rautia]] community as their [[First language|Mother tounge]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Saha|first=Atanu|date=28 July 2018|title=Census and the Aspects of Growth and Development of Bangla vs. Bangla-Hindi Bilingualism-With Special Focus on West Bengal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326673438}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OLAC resources in and about the Kudmali language|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/kyw|access-date=24 October 2021|website=www.language-archives.org}}</ref> |
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The language created an identity in festival like [[Bandna]], [[Tusu Festival|Tusu]], [[Karam (festival)|Karam]] and [[Jhumair]] with the [[Jhumar song]]. In which the songs are formatted in Kurmali. |
The language created an identity in festival like [[Bandna]], [[Tusu Festival|Tusu]], [[Karam (festival)|Karam]] and [[Jhumair]] with the [[Jhumar song]]. In which the songs are formatted in Kurmali. |
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Revision as of 15:51, 18 June 2022
| Kurmali | |
|---|---|
| Panchpargania | |
| কুড়মালি, কুর্মালী कुड़मालि, कुरमालि କୁଡ଼ମାଲି पंचपरगनिया, পঞ্চপরগনিয়া | |
 | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Assam, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal[1] |
| Ethnicity | Kudumi Mahato |
Native speakers | 555,465 (2011 census)[2][a] 619,689 (2001 census)[4] |
| Devanagari, Bengali, Odia, Chisoi[5] | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  India
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:kyw – Kurmali/Kudmalitdb – Panchpargania |
| Glottolog | kudm1238 Kudmalipanc1246 Panchpargania |
 Distribution of Kurmali language in India | |
Kurmali (Devanagari: कुड़मालि, Bengali: কুর্মালী, কুড়মালি, Odia: କୁଡ଼ମାଲି / କୁର୍ମାଲି, kur(a)mālī) is an Indo-Aryan language classified under Bihari group spoken in eastern India.[6] As per census 2011, Kurmali language spoken by 5.5 lakh people mainly in fringe region Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal, also sizable population speak Kurmali in Assam tea valleys.[1] Intellectuals claim that Kurmali may be the nearest form of language used in Charyapada.[7] As a trade dialect, it is known as Panchpargania (Bengali: পঞ্চপরগনিয়া), for the "five districts" of the region it covers in Jharkhand.
Geographical distribution
Kurmali language is spoken in south-eastern Jharkhand in Seraikela Kharswan, East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum, Bokaro and Ranchi districts; northern Odisha in Mayurbhanj; and in western West Bengal in Purulia, Jhargram and Paschim Medinipur districts.[8]
Distribution of Kurmali language in the state of India[citation needed][9]
As per Census 2011, there are 3,11,175 Kurmali Thar speaker in India mostly from West Bengal, Odisha, Assam and Maharashtra and 2,44,290 Panch Pargania speaker mostly from Jharkhand making 555,465 total speaker in India.[2] They are grouped under the umbrella of "Hindi languages".[3] Note that both, Kurmali Thar and Panch Pargania are dialects of the Kurmali language.[3]
Language variation
The speaker of the Kurmali language spread over a vast region of East India, especially in fringe area of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. Which are dominated by Bengali language and Odia language. So dialectal change and language shift were also noticed. As the Kurmi of West Bengal identifies themselves as the speaker of Kurmali but due to age-long settlement in the Bengali region their language shifted towards Manbhum dialect of Bengali. As did in northern Odisha with Odia admixture.[10]
In Manbhum this [Kurmali] language (a kind of mixed dialect essentially Bihari in its nature but with a curious Bengali colouring) is principally spoken by people of the KuRmi caste, who are numerous in the district of chotanagpur, and in the Orissa Tributary state of Mayurbhanja.[11]
It is believed that the early form of the Kurmali language is spoken in Jharkhand, the original homeland of the Kurmi Mahato.[12]
Sentence sample
-
- He likes it. – OẽiTa pOsOnd kOrOt
- One person is sitting. – ek lOke bOise ahe.
- Invite all of them. – Okhrak sObke neuta de deo.
- The tree comes out from the seed. – muji lẽgach hek.
- Cows are grazing in the field. – gOru gila bai dẽ cOrOhOt.
- You are not going to school. – tÕe iskulẽ ni jais.
- He did not do the work. – Õe kamTa ni kOrlak.
- Go to my house. – mOr gharke ke ja.[10]
Number
| English | Kurmali (Old) | Kurmali (Current) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | eRi | ek |
| 2 | dORi | du |
| 3 | ghurOn | tin |
| 4 | cain | caer |
| 5 | cOmpa | pãc |
| 6 | jheg | chO |
| 7 | sutOil | sat |
| 8 | aiNTal | aTh |
| 9 | nemi | nO |
| 10 | dhOmi | dOs |
| 20 | kuRi | kuRie |
Uses of Language
The language Kurmali (Kudmali) is spoken by 555,465 people as a native language in India.[8] Apart from Kudumi Mahato, the language also spoken by Bagal, Dharua, Chik Baraik, Tanti, Ghasi, Karga and Rautia community as their Mother tounge.[13][14]
The language created an identity in festival like Bandna, Tusu, Karam and Jhumair with the Jhumar song. In which the songs are formatted in Kurmali.
Education
 |
There a some institution, whare Kurmali language as Higher education core subject.
- Ranchi University, Ranchi
- Kolhan University, Chaibasa[15]
- Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University, Dhanbad
- Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University, Ranchi
- Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia
- Jhargram University
- Binoba Bhave University, Hazaribag
- Chitta Mahato Memorial College, Purulia[16]
Trade language
Panchpargania is the common language for communication for Bundu, Tamar, Silli, Sonahatu, Arki & Angara blocks of Ranchi district of Jharkhand state.
Notes
References
- ^ a b "Kudmali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ a b "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011" (PDF). www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 19 April 2022 suggested (help) - ^ a b c "Kurmali Thar" (PDF). lsi.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
- ^ "Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues –2001". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 15 April 2022 suggested (help) - ^ "Proposal to Encode Chisoi in the Universal Character Set" (PDF). unicode.org. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
- ^ Alam, Qaiser Zoha (1996). Language and Literature: Divers Indian Experiences. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-7156-586-3.
- ^ Basu, Sajal (1994). Jharkhand movement: ethnicity and culture of silence – Sajal Basu – Google Books. ISBN 9788185952154. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ^ a b "ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011" (PDF). Census of India. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "C-16 POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ a b Ghosh, Tapati. "KURMALI THAR" (PDF). lsi.gov.in. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ India, Linguistic Survey of (1994). Indo-Aryan family (Eastern group). pt. 1. Specimens of the Bengali and Assamese languages. pt. 2. Specimens of the Bihārī and Oriyā languages. Low Price Publications. p. 145. ISBN 978-81-85395-27-2.
- ^ Bhattacharya, Snigdhendu (9 May 2022). "How Grouping Of Languages Inflated Number Of Hindi Speakers". Outlook. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ Saha, Atanu (28 July 2018). "Census and the Aspects of Growth and Development of Bangla vs. Bangla-Hindi Bilingualism-With Special Focus on West Bengal".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "OLAC resources in and about the Kudmali language". www.language-archives.org. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
- ^ "PG TRL, KURMALI, SEM-II, CC-2, कुड़माली डमकच गीत - Kolhan University". www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ "Chitta Mahato Memorial CollegeHome". chittamahatomemorialcollege.ac.in. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
Further reading
- SINGH (RETD), WG CDR GYANESHWAR (25 November 2020). Historical Perspective of Kurmali Language. Blue Rose Publishers.
- Majumder, Arup (5 June 2018). "Kurmali Kinship Terms and Its Morphology: An Anthropo-linguistic Study". 2: 38–48.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Dash, Biswanandan. Kurmali noun morphology. An inflectional study on gender and number. ISBN 978-3-656-71900-7.
- Paudyal, Netra P.; Peterson, John (1 September 2020). "How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics. 7 (2): 275–306. doi:10.1515/jsall-2021-2028. ISSN 2196-078X. S2CID 233732014.
