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#REDIRECT [[Sorcery (goetia)]] |
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{{For|the various editions of the book, ''The Goetia''|Lesser Key of Solomon}} |
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{{merge|Lesser Key of Solomon|discuss=Talk:Lesser Key of Solomon#Merger proposal|date=August 2018}} |
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[[File:goetia2.jpg|thumb|200px|Aleister Crowley's variant of the Goetic [[magic circle|circle]] and [[evocation|triangle]], magic symbols/objects used in the conjuration of the seventy-two spirits of the ''Ars Goetia'']] |
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'''''{{lang|la|Goetia}}''''' or '''''{{lang|la|Goëtia}}''''' ([[Medieval Latin]]; <ref group=Notes>variously pronounced as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|.|ᵻ|t|i}}, {{IPAc-en||ɡ|oʊ|ˈ|iː|t|iː|ə}}), {{IPAc-en||ɡ|oʊ|ˈ|iː|ʃ|iː|ə}}, and {{IPAc-en||ɡ|oʊ|ˈ|iː|ʃ|ə}}, among others</ref> ) is a practice that includes the conjuration of [[demon]]s, specifically the ones summoned by the Biblical figure, King [[Solomon]]. The use of the term in English largely derives from the 17th-century grimoire ''[[The Lesser Key of Solomon]]'', which features an ''Ars Goetia'' as its first section. It contains descriptions of the [[evocation]], or "calling out", of seventy-two demons, famously edited by [[Aleister Crowley]] in 1904 as ''The Book of the Goetia of Solomon the King''. |
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''Goetic Theurgy'', another practice described in the ''Lesser Key of Solomon'', is similar to the book's description of Goetia, but is used to invoke aerial [[spirit]]s. |
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==Etymology== |
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The [[Ancient Greek]] word {{lang|grc|γοητεία}} (''goēteía'') means "charm, jugglery, [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcery]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?layout.reflang=greek;layout.refembed=2;layout.refwordcount=1;layout.reflookup=gohtei%2Fas;doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322589 |title=LSJ |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-10-18}}</ref> from {{lang|grc|γόης}} (''góēs'') "sorcerer, wizard" (plural: {{lang|grc|γόητες}} ''góētes'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2322587 |title=LSJ |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-10-18}}</ref> The meaning of "sorcerer" is attested in a [[scholia|scholion]], or commentary, referring to the [[Dactyl (mythology)|Dactyli]], a mythical race, stating that according to [[Pherecydes of Syros]] and [[Hellanicus of Lesbos]], those to the left are ''goētes'', while those to the right are deliverers from sorcery.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Muller|first1=Carl Otfried|last2=Müller|first2=Theodor|last3=Carl|first3=Müller|title=Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016605|url=https://books.google.fi/books?id=lW_IPqgQolEC&lpg=PA180&ots=WQz7svYDuH&dq=m%C3%BCller%20Fragmenta%20historicorum%20Graecorum&hl=fi&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote= Ἀριστεροὶ μὲν, ὥς φησι Φερεκύδης, οἱ γόητες αὐτῶν· οἱ δὲ ἀναλύοντες, δεξιοὶ, ὡς Ἑλλάνικος.}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2016}} The word may be ultimately derived from the verb {{lang|grc|γοάω}} "groan, bewail" (''goáō''). Derivative terms are {{lang|grc|γοήτευμα}} "a charm" (''goḗteuma'', plural {{lang|grc|γοητεύματα}} ''goēteúmata'') and {{lang|grc|γοητεύω}} "to bewitch, beguile" (''goēteúō''). |
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{{lang|grc|Γοητεία}} was a term for the magic in the [[Greco-Roman world]]. Its Latinized form is ''{{lang|la|goëtia}}''; in the 16th century, English adopted it as ''goecie'' or ''goety'' (and the adjectival form ''goetic''), via French ''{{lang|fr|goétie}}''.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} |
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==Renaissance magic== |
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During [[the Renaissance]], ''goëtia'' was sometimes contrasted with ''magia'', as "evil magic" vs. "good magic" or "natural magic",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mebane |first1=John S. |title=Renaissance magic and the return of the Golden Age : the occult tradition and Marlowe, Jonson, and Shakespeare |date=1992 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |isbn=9780803281790 |pages=44, 45}}</ref> or sometimes with [[theurgy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thorndike |first1=Lynn |title=History of magic and experimental science |date=2003 |publisher=Kessinger |location=[Whitefish, Mont.] |isbn=9780766143135 |page=505}}</ref> [[Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa]], in his ''Three Books of Occult Philosophy'', writes "Now the parts of ceremonial magic are goetia and theurgia. Goetia is unfortunate, by the commerces of unclean spirits made up of the rites of wicked curiosities, unawful charms, and deprecations, and is abandoned and execrated by all laws."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nettesheim |first1=written by Henry Cornelius Agrippa of |last2=edited |first2=completely annotated with modern commentary ; translated by James Freake ; |last3=Tyson |first3=annotated by Donald |title=Three books of occult philosophy |date=1993 |publisher=Llewellyn |location=St. Paul, MN, U.S.A. |isbn=9780875428321 |page=695 |edition= 1st}}</ref> |
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==The ''Ars Goetia''== |
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{{main|Lesser Key of Solomon}} |
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The ''Ars Goetia'' is the first section of the ''[[Lesser Key of Solomon]]'', containing descriptions of the [[List of demons in the Ars Goetia|seventy-two demons]] that [[Solomon]] is said to have evoked and confined in a bronze vessel sealed by [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] symbols, and that he obliged to work for him. |
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The ''Ars Goetia'' assigns a rank and a title of nobility to each member of the infernal hierarchy, and gives the demons "signs they have to pay allegiance to", or [[Sigil (magic)|seals]]. |
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The lists of entities in the ''Ars Goetia'' correspond (to high but varying degree, often according to edition) with those in [[Johann Weyer]]'s ''[[Pseudomonarchia Daemonum]]'' an appendix appearing in later editions of his ''[[De praestigiis daemonum]]'', of 1563. |
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A revised English edition of the ''Ars Goetia'' was published in 1904 by [[Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers]] and [[Aleister Crowley]] as ''The Goetia'' which is based on manuscripts from the [[British Museum]], with additions by Crowley, including a ''Preliminary Invocation'' drawn from Goodwin's ''Fragment of a Graeco-Egyptian Work upon Magic'', and the essay ''The Initiated Interpretation of Ceremonial Magic''. It is not a faithful edition of the source manuscripts but contains several innovations,<ref>Stephen Skinner & David Rankine, ''The Goetia of Dr. Rudd'' Golden Hoard Press, 2007, pp. 47–50</ref> including some evocations in [[Enochian]] written by Crowley. In his introduction, Crowley argues that the work of demonic evocation is merely a form of psychological self-exploration. It has since become a relatively well-known book of magic and has even been featured in places like the graphic novel ''[[Promethea]]'' by [[Alan Moore]], and [[James Blish]]'s novel ''[[Black Easter]]''. |
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==The Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage== |
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{{main|The Book of Abramelin}} |
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''The Sacred Magic of Abramelin the Mage''<ref>The Secrets of the Magical Grimoires, By: Aaron Leitch Chapter 1</ref> is considered both a theurgic and goetic book of magic, mostly used in a religious context. Contrary to the other Goetia [[Grimoire]]s, this book does not denote the evocation of demons to do one's bidding or involuntary handiwork, but describes how one might summon these infernal forces, solely for the purpose of excommunicating them from the life of the Magus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/abr/abr036.htm |title=Sacred Magic of Abramelin: The Second Book: The Seventeenth Chapter. What We Should Answer Unto the Interrogations of the Spirits, and How We Should Resist Their Demands |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-18}}</ref> This book was considered a system that led the aspirant closer to the goal of [[henosis]], or spiritual reunion with God. Describing how to summon the dukes of Hell, even [[Lucifer]], for the purpose of resisting the temptation of their [[vice]]s, and binding their influence in the aspirant's life. |
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This book describes a system of holy magic through an eighteen-month [[Ritual purification|purification]], then after the conversation of the [[Holy Guardian Angel]], one would summon the four Great Kings of Hell (Lucifer, [[Leviathan]], [[Satan]], [[Belial]]), and make them sign an oath. This Oath (after gaining the power of the supernal realm), would grant the Adept power over the Infernal Realm and aid the Adept in discovering the "True and Sacred Wisdom" in the form of [[magic square]]s. |
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== In popular culture == |
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{{main|Goetic demons in popular culture}} |
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== See also == |
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*[[Grimoire]] |
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*[[List of magical terms and traditions]] |
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*[[The Lesser Key of Solomon]] |
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*[[Works of Aleister Crowley]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist| group=Notes}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== References == |
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*E. J. Langford Garstin, ''Theurgy'' or ''The Hermetic Practice: A Treatise on Spiritual Alchemy''. Berwick: Ibis Press, 2004. (Published posthumously) |
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*Aleister Crowley (ed.), Samuel Liddell Mathers (trans.), ''The Goetia: The Lesser Key of Solomon the King''. York Beach, ME : [[Samuel Weiser]] (1995) {{ISBN|0-87728-847-X}}. |
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*Stephen Skinner, & David Rankine, ''The Goetia of Dr Rudd: The Angels and Demons of Liber Malorum Spirituum Seu Goetia (Sourceworks of Ceremonial Magic)''. Golden Hoard Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-9547639-2-3}} |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks05.htm Demon list with descriptions] |
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[[Category:Goetia]] |
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[[Category:Demonology]] |
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[[Category:Rituals]] |
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Latest revision as of 12:19, 15 July 2023
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