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Lewis Paul Bremer III, also known as Jerry Bremer, (born September 30, 1941) was named Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for post-war Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq to replace Jay Garner on May 6, 2003. He arrived in Iraq on May 11 and left on June 28, 2004, when sovereignty was returned to Iraq.

Biography

Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Bremer was educated at Phillips Academy and at Yale University (earning a BA in 1963) and went on to earn a Master of Business Administration from Harvard University in 1967. That year he joined the Foreign Service as Officer General in Kabul, Afghanistan, later continuing his education at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (more widely referred to as Sciences Po), where he earned a Certificate of Political Studies (CEP). He was also assigned in Blantyre, Malawi as Economic and Commercial Officer from 1968 to 1971. In addition to his native English, Bremer speaks Arabic, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Persian, German, and Spanish.

During the 1970s Bremer held various domestic posts with the State Department, including posts as assistant to Henry Kissinger from 1972-76. He was Deputy Chief of Mission in Oslo from 1976-79, returning stateside to take a post of Deputy Executive Secretary of State where he remained from 1979-81. In 1981 he became Executive Secretary and Special Assistant to Alexander Haig.

Ronald Reagan appointed Bremer as Ambassador to the Netherlands in 1983 and Ambassador-at-Large for Counterterrorism in 1986. Bremer retired from the Foreign Service in 1989 and became managing director at Kissinger and Associates, a worldwide consulting firm founded by Henry Kissinger. A Career Member of the Senior Foreign Service, Class of Career Minister, Ambassador Bremer received the State Department Superior Honor Award, two Presidential Meritorious Service Awards, and the Distinguished Honor Award from the Secretary of State. Before rejoining government in 2003, he was Chairman and CEO of Marsh Crisis Consulting, a risk and insurance services firm which is a subsidiary of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., a trustee on the Economic Club of New York, and a board member of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Akzo Nobel NV, the Harvard Business School Club of New York and The Netherlands-America Foundation.

Ambassador Bremer was the founder and president of the Lincoln/Douglass Scholarship Foundation, a Washington-based not for profit organization that provides high school scholarships to inner city youths.

Bremer was appointed Chairman of the National Commission on Terrorism by House Speaker Dennis Hastert in 1999. He also served on the National Academy of Science Commission examining the role of Science and Technology in countering terrorism. In late 2001, along with former Attorney General Edwin Meese, Bremer co-chaired the Heritage Foundation's Homeland Security Task Force, which created a blueprint for the White House's Department of Homeland Security. For two decades Bremer has been a regular at Congressional hearings and is recognized as an expert on terrorism and internal security. Some of Bremer's published work includes "Warfare & Defence Military Science Alliance Response to Nuclear Weapons Proliferation", "The Alliance Response to Nuclear Weapons Proliferation: Deterrence, Defense, and Cooperative Options", and "Countering the Changing Threat of International Terrorism: Report from the National Commission on Terrorism" and a New York Times article "What I Really Said About Iraq".

Ambassador Bremer was awarded on December 14, 2004 the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America's highest civil award for "exceptional merit, integrity, and achievement" for his "pivotol role" in bringing about freedom and world peace.

External links

Paul Bremer profile, NNDB
Transcript: Paul Bremer, Former U.S. Administrator in Iraq Foxnews July 6, 2004
Bremer Answers QuestionsUSAToday June 17, 2004
In Iraq, the Job Opportunity of a LifetimeWashington Post, May 22nd 2004 (about young volunteers hired by the Pentagon to handle financial tasks in Iraq)
Racing the Clock in IraqNewsweek February 9, 2004
Frontline Interview with L. Paul Bremer August 1, 2003
Faith Gives Him Strength, June 19, 2003
Countering the Changing Threat of International Terrorism A Presentation by Ambassador L. Paul Bremer The Nixon Center July 19, 2000

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 Ambassador Bremer was awarded on December 14, 2004 the [http://www.medaloffreedom.com/PaulBremer.htm Presidential Medal of Freedom], America's highest civil award for "exceptional merit, integrity, and achievement" for his "pivotol role" in bringing about freedom and world peace.
-==Administrator of Iraq==
-Bremer arrived in [[Iraq]] as the U.S. Presidential Envoy in May 2003. In June, President [[George W. Bush|Bush]] appointed Bremer the chief executive authority in the country as U.S. Administrator of Iraq.  Unlike the retired U.S. Army general [[Jay Garner]], Bremer is not a military man and therefore, brought political and diplomatic skills, which some had accused Garner and other military leaders of lacking. Though Garner's leadership was largely praised, Bremer's appointment was criticized by [[human rights]] groups, who note that while chairing the National Commission on Terrorism, Bremer advocated relaxation of [[CIA]] guidelines which since 1995 restricted working with ''terrorist spies'' or individuals and groups who have a record of human rights abuses.  [http://www.nixoncenter.org/publications/Program%20Briefs/vol6no19Bremer.htm]
-As the top civil administrator of the former [[Coalition Provisional Authority]], Bremer was tasked with a very challenging job of overseeing the [[U.S.-led occupation of Iraq]] until the country was deemed to be in a state in which it can be self-governed.  Faced with the complex task of paving the way to a multi-ethnic, democratic government in Iraq, while ensuring that a fundamentalist Islamic government or other dictatorial group or figure does not win control of the country, Bremer was empowered to issue [[decree]]s to modify Iraq's society and infrastructure. Some notable decrees have included removing all restrictions on [[freedom of assembly]], suspending use of the [[death penalty]], and establishing a [[Central Criminal Court of Iraq]]. [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/regulations/index.html]
-Through his efforts to remove remnants of the former regime, Bremer was credited and later criticized for disbanding the former Iraqi Army.  Critics claimed his extreme measures, which included the firing of thousands of school teachers and removing [[Ba'ath party]] members from top government positions, helped create an atmosphere of discontent among those who did not "fit in" with the socioeconomic profile the Americans were working with.  As the insurgency grew stronger, so did the criticisms.  Bremer was also in danger and heavily guarded.  An attempt to assassinate the former administrator took place on December 6, 2003 when his convoy driving on the dangerous Baghdad airport road was attacked by rebels as he was returning to the fortified [[Green Zone]].
-On [[July 13]], [[2003]] Bremer approved the creation of an [[Iraq Interim Governing Council]] as a way of "ensuring that the Iraqi people's interests are represented." The council members were appointed by Bremer, and were chosen from prominent political, ethnic, and religious leaders who had opposed Saddam Hussein. Though the council was given several important powers (such as the appointment of a [[cabinet]]), Bremer retained [[veto]] power over their proposals.
-On [[March 1]], [[2004]] after several hours of negotiations, with Bremer acting as mediator, the Iraq Interim Governing Council resolved the disagreements the council members had with clauses written in the interim constitution. A formal signing ceremony was scheduled for that Friday, [[March 5]], [[2004]].  The stage was set and over 200 guests were present to witness the accomplishment of a major milestone.  As the guests waited and the orchestra played, the signing was canceled due to objections by certain Shia members in the council, more notably by Grand Ayatollah [[Ali al-Sistani]], a prominent religious leader in Iraq.  The official signing finally took place the following Monday, [[March 8]], [[2004]].
-On [[June 28]], [[2004]] at 10:26 AM local time, the US-led Coalition Provisional Authority formally transferred sovereignty of Iraqi territory to the [[Iraq interim government|Iraqi interim government]], two days ahead of schedule. Bremer departed from the country on the same day.  In his farewell speech which was broadcast on Iraqi television, he said "I leave Iraq gladdened by what has been accomplished and confident that your future is full of hope. A piece of my heart will always remain here in the beautiful land between the two rivers with its fertile valleys, its majestic mountains and its wonderful people...."
-Bremer's office was a division of the [[United States Department of Defense]], and as Administrator he reported directly to the [[United States Secretary of Defense]]. His senior advisor [[Dan Senor]] served as coalition spokesman, working with military spokesman [[Mark Kimmitt]].
-==Terrorism & Politics==
-Ambassador Bremer's nickname '''Jerry''' originated from a renown [[Bible]] translator and religious historian known today as [[St. Jerome]][http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08341a.htm] his patron saint.  While in Iraq, Bremer became famously known for wearing tan desert combat boots with his tailored suits.  Other household words included ''Bremer Walls'', ten-foot high concrete blast walls that protect buildings in Baghdad from car-bombings and the ''Bremer Dollar'', a nickname used at the time when the new [[Iraqi dinar]] was first introduced.  The most sensational and unsubstantiated rumor was found in an article published by [http://www.daralhayat.com/ Dar Al-Hayat], an Arabic language newspaper, claiming Ambassador Bremer, a married man, left behind a young 35-year old [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/printer-friendly.asp?ARTICLE_ID=39236 Iraqi lover], but the newspaper later recanted with a follow-up story that Bremer did not leave his lover behind; instead they are together as Bremer happily writes "his diary".  A more substantial story occurred on March 28, 2004 when the former administrator ordered [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/news/archive/2004/07/18/international1038EDT0453.DTL Al-Hawza], a controversial Iraqi newspaper, shut down for two months.
-Since his return from Iraq, Bremer had been on a few speech tours. One speaking engagement he made on October 4, 2004 during a private conference held at a resort in [[White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia]] started a media frenzy when an excerpt of Bremer's speech was released to the public; and thereby implying that lawlessness in Iraq might have been under better control by having more troops on the ground earlier on. It was reported, both a member of the [[White House]] staff and [[Condoleezza Rice]], the [[United States National Security Advisor|National Security Advisor]] at the time, telephoned Bremer to clarify what he had said. This took place during the [[U.S. Presidential election, 2004]]. Bremer made public what he actually said about Iraq in his article published October 8, 2004 in the New York Times titled [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/08/opinion/08bremer.html What I Really Said About Iraq].
-In January 2005, an official report by the general inspector for the reconstruction of Iraq, Stuart Bowen, cited by ''Time'', stated that 9 billion dollars for the reconstruction of Iraq might have disappeared in frauds, corruption and other misbehaviour. On one perticular salary register, only 602 names among 8206 could be verified. As another cited example, the Coallition Authority autorised Iraqi officials to postpone declaring the reception of 2,5 billions of dollars, which the provisiory government had received in spring through the Oil for Food program. [http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/01/30/iraq.audit/] [http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1332676/posts]
-Ambassador Bremer wrote a 8-page reply to deny the accusations.  Ambassador Bremer tried to counter the criticisms by pointing out that the IG refused to interview his people during the inquiry and failed to mention that he and his people were working under extraordinary conditions trying to rebuild a nation while a war was ongoing; not to mention a high turnover rate and insufficient number of personnel to carry out some of these tasks.
-However, as head of the CPA, Ambassador Bremer bears the overall responsibility for the very questionable [[Coalition Provisional Authority#The CPA.27s staffing policies|hiring policies]] that lead to his staff being dangerously inexperienced and unable to provide the oversight necessary to protect the funds they were administering.
 ==See also==