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Repetitive tunings are a type of alternative tunings for the guitar. A repetitive tuning begins with a list of notes that is duplicated, either at unison or at higher octaves.

Among regular tunings, there are four repetitive-tunings (besides trivially repetitive tunings such as C-C-C-C-C-C); this article discusses three minor-thirds tuning, major-thirds tuning, and augmented-fourths tuning (but not major seconds tuning, which is not repetitive on six strings). Among open tunings, there are repetitive versions of open C tuning and open G tuning, which have been associated with the English and Russian guitars, respectively.

Repetition eases the learning of fretboard and chords and eases improvisation. For example, in major-thirds tuning, chords are raised an octave by shifting fingers by three strings on the same frets.^[2]

Repetitive tunings are listed after their number of open pitches. For example, the repetitive open-C tuning C-E-G-C-E-G has three open-pitches, each of which is associated with repeated notes {(C,C), (E,E), (G,G)}.

One

The trivial tuning repeats the same note every string. It is also called a unison regular tuning.

C-C-C-C-C-C.^[3]

Other trivial-tunings repeat their single notes on a higher octave (or on higher octaves), for example,

C-C-c-c-c'-c'.

Two

The following tunings repeat their notes on a higher octave after two strings:

Augmented-fourths tuning, for example, B-F-b-f-b'-f'.

Any note fingered on one string can be fingered on two other strings. Thus chords can be fingered in many ways in augmented-fourths tuning. It is also a regular tuning in which the interval between its strings is a tritone (augmented fourth).^[4]

A cittern tuning, such as C-G-c-g-c'-g'.^[5]

There are other tunings for the cittern.^[6]

Alternating fourths and fifths tuning, such as A1-D2-A2-D3-A3-D4. (ADADAD)

This kind of tuning can also be called modal D or open D5 as it contains a D chord without a third. It is also used on other instruments, e.g. fiddle, mandolin and the Irish bouzouki.

Three

For the Russian guitar, the open strings form a G-major chord, which is twice repeated

The following tunings repeat their notes after three strings:

Major-thirds tuning, such as E-G♯-c-e-g♯-c' and

D♯-G-B-D♯-G-B-D♯,^[7]

Chord inversion is especially simple in major-thirds tuning. Chords are inverted simply by raising one or two notes three strings. The raised notes are played with the same finger as the original notes. The major-thirds tuning is also a regular tuning having a major third interval between strings.^[1]^[2]

Open G tuning, which is used as D', G', B, D, g, b, d' for the (7-string) Russian guitar.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]
Open C tuning.^[12] For the English guitar's open C tuning,^[13] there are ten strings—of which the highest eight are paired in four courses (duplicated strings), C E GG cc ee gg.

Four

In each minor-thirds tuning, every interval between successive strings is a minor third. It repeats its open-notes after four strings. Doubled notes have different sounds because of differing "string widths, tensions and tunings, and [they] reinforce each other, like the doubled strings of a twelve string guitar add chorusing and depth," according to William Sethares.^[14]

In the minor-thirds tuning beginning with C,

C-D♯-F♯-a-c-d♯

the open strings contain the notes (c, d♯, f♯) of the diminished C chord. The minor-thirds tuning is also a regular tuning, which has a minor third interval between consecutive strings.^[14]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Kirkeby (2012, "Fretmaps, major chords: Major Triads"): Kirkeby, Ole (1 March 2012). "Major thirds tuning". m3guitar.com. cited by Sethares (2011) and Griewank (2010, p. 1). Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ ^a ^b Griewank (2010, p. 10)
^ Sethares (2001, "Regular tunings", p. 53; and "The augmented fourths tuning" 60):
Sethares, Bill (2001). "Regular tunings". Alternate tuning guide (PDF). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering. pp. 52–67. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ Sethares (2001, "The augmented fourth tuning", p. 60)
^ Sethares (2001i, "Instrumental tunings: Cittern tuning two, p. 42)
^ Sethares (2001i, pp. 34 and 41–42)
Sethares, Bill (2001i). "Instrumental tunings". Alternate tuning guide (PDF). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering. pp. 34–51. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
^ Sethares (2001, "The major third tuning", pp. 56–57)
^ Ophee, Matanya (ed.). 19th Century etudes for the Russian 7-string guitar in G Op. The Russian Collection. Vol. 9. Editions Orphee. PR.494028230.
^ Ophee, Matanya (ed.). Selected Concert Works for the Russian 7-String Guitar in G open tuning. The Russian Collection. Vol. 10 ("X"). Editions Orphee. PR.494028240.
^ Smith, Gerald Stanton (1984). Songs to seven strings: Russian guitar poetry and Soviet "mass song". Soviet history, politics, society, and thought. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–271. ISBN 978-0-253-35391-7.
^ Timofeyev, Oleg V. (1999). The golden age of the Russian guitar: Repertoire, performance practice, and social function of the Russian seven-string guitar music, 1800-1850. Duke University, Department of Music. pp. 1–584. University Microfilms (UMI), Ann Arbor, Michigan, number 9928880.
^ Sethares (2001o, The open C tuning, p. 18):
Sethares, Bill (2001o). "Open tunings". Alternate tuning guide (PDF). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering. pp. 16–33. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
^ Hannu Annala; Heiki Mätlik (2007). "Composers for other plucked instruments: Rudolf Straube (1717-1785)". Handbook of Guitar and Lute Composers. Translated by Katarina Backman. Mel Bay. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7866-5844-2.
^ ^a ^b Sethares (2001, "The minor third tuning", p. 54)

References

Griewank, Andreas (1 January 2010), Tuning guitars and reading music in major thirds, Matheon preprints, vol. 695, Berlin: DFG research center "MATHEON, Mathematics for key technologies" Berlin, MSC-Classification 97M80 Arts. Music. Language. Architecture. Postscript file and Pdf file, archived from the original on 8 November 2012
Sethares, William A. (2011). "Alternate tuning guide". Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering. 2010 PDF version by Bill Sethares. Retrieved 19 May 2012.

[KirkebyMajor-1] Kirkeby (2012, "Fretmaps, major chords: Major Triads"): Kirkeby, Ole (1 March 2012). "Major thirds tuning". m3guitar.com. cited by Sethares (2011) and Griewank (2010, p. 1). Retrieved 10 June 2012.

[Griewank10-2] Griewank (2010, p. 10)

[SetharesRegularTrivial-3] Sethares (2001, "Regular tunings", p. 53; and "The augmented fourths tuning" 60):
Sethares, Bill (2001). "Regular tunings". Alternate tuning guide (PDF). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering. pp. 52–67. Retrieved 9 September 2012.

[4] Sethares (2001, "The augmented fourth tuning", p. 60)

[SetharesInstrumental42-5] Sethares (2001i, "Instrumental tunings: Cittern tuning two, p. 42)

[SetharesInstrumentalCittern-6] Sethares (2001i, pp. 34 and 41–42)
Sethares, Bill (2001i). "Instrumental tunings". Alternate tuning guide (PDF). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering. pp. 34–51. Retrieved 12 September 2012.

[Sethares56-7] Sethares (2001, "The major third tuning", pp. 56–57)

[8] Ophee, Matanya (ed.). 19th Century etudes for the Russian 7-string guitar in G Op. The Russian Collection. Vol. 9. Editions Orphee. PR.494028230.

[9] Ophee, Matanya (ed.). Selected Concert Works for the Russian 7-String Guitar in G open tuning. The Russian Collection. Vol. 10 ("X"). Editions Orphee. PR.494028240.

[10] Smith, Gerald Stanton (1984). Songs to seven strings: Russian guitar poetry and Soviet "mass song". Soviet history, politics, society, and thought. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–271. ISBN 978-0-253-35391-7.

[11] Timofeyev, Oleg V. (1999). The golden age of the Russian guitar: Repertoire, performance practice, and social function of the Russian seven-string guitar music, 1800-1850. Duke University, Department of Music. pp. 1–584. University Microfilms (UMI), Ann Arbor, Michigan, number 9928880.

[SetharesOpen-12] Sethares (2001o, The open C tuning, p. 18):
Sethares, Bill (2001o). "Open tunings". Alternate tuning guide (PDF). Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering. pp. 16–33. Retrieved 9 September 2012.

[13] Hannu Annala; Heiki Mätlik (2007). "Composers for other plucked instruments: Rudolf Straube (1717-1785)". Handbook of Guitar and Lute Composers. Translated by Katarina Backman. Mel Bay. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7866-5844-2.

[Sethares54-14] Sethares (2001, "The minor third tuning", p. 54)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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[8]

[9]

[10]

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[13]

[14]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 [[File:First and second inversions of C-major chord on six-string guitar with major-thirds tuning.png|right|thumb|300px|alt=The C major chord and its first and second inversions. In the first inversion, the C note has been raised 3 strings on the same fret. In the second inversion, both the C note and the E note have been raised 3 strings on the same fret.|Chords are inverted by shifting notes by three strings ''on the same fret'' in major-thirds tuning.<ref name="KirkebyMajor">{{harvtxt|Kirkeby|2012|loc=[http://v3p0.m3guitar.com/html/fretmaps_chords_major.html "Fretmaps, major chords: Major Triads"]}}: {{cite web|first=Ole|last=Kirkeby|date=1 March 2012|title=Major&nbsp;thirds tuning|access-date=10 June 2012|url=http://v3p0.m3guitar.com/html/ |publisher=m3guitar.com|id=cited by {{harvtxt|Sethares|2011}} and {{harvtxt|Griewank|2010|p=1}}}}</ref>]]
-'''Repetitive tunings''' are [[guitar tunings#Alternate|alternative tuning]]s for the [[guitar]]. A repetitive tuning begins with a list of notes that is [[Doubling (voicing)|duplicated]], either at unison or at higher [[octave]]s.
+'''Repetitive tunings''' are a type of [[guitar tunings#Alternate|alternative tuning]]s for the [[guitar]]. A repetitive tuning begins with a list of notes that is [[Doubling (voicing)|duplicated]], either at unison or at higher [[octave]]s.
 Among [[regular tunings]], there are four repetitive-tunings (besides trivially repetitive tunings such as C-C-C-C-C-C); this article discusses three [[minor-thirds tuning]], [[major-thirds tuning]], and [[augmented-fourths tuning]] (but not [[major second]]s tuning, which is not repetitive on six strings). Among [[open tuning]]s, there are repetitive versions of [[open C tuning]] and [[open G tuning]], which have been associated with the [[English guitar|English]] and [[Russian guitar]]s, respectively.
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 The [[Ostrich guitar|trivial tuning]] repeats the same note every string. It is also called a [[unison]] [[regular tuning]].
-:C-C-C-C-C-C.<ref name="SetharesRegularTrivial" >{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001|loc=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf "Regular tunings", p. 53; and "The augmented fourths tuning"&nbsp;60]}}:<p>{{cite book|chapter=Regular&nbsp;tunings|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=Bill|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|year=2001|pages=52–67|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref>
+:C-C-C-C-C-C.<ref name="SetharesRegularTrivial" >{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001|loc=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf "Regular tunings", p. 53; and "The augmented fourths tuning"&nbsp;60]}}:<p>{{cite book|chapter=Regular&nbsp;tunings|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=Bill|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|year=2001|pages=52–67|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=9 September 2012}}</p></ref>
 Other trivial-tunings repeat their single notes on a higher octave (or on higher octaves), for example,
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 * A [[cittern]] tuning, such as C-G-c-g-c'-g'.<ref name="SetharesInstrumental42" >{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001i|loc=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alltunings.pdf "Instrumental tunings: Cittern tuning two, p. 42]}}</ref>
-There are other tunings for the cittern.<ref name="SetharesInstrumentalCittern">{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001i|pp=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alltunings.pdf 34 and 41–42]}}<p>{{cite book|chapter=Instrumental tunings|pages=34–51|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=Bill|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|year=2001i|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alltunings.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=12 September 2012}}</ref>
+There are other tunings for the cittern.<ref name="SetharesInstrumentalCittern">{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001i|pp=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alltunings.pdf 34 and 41–42]}}<p>{{cite book|chapter=Instrumental tunings|pages=34–51|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=Bill|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|year=2001i|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alltunings.pdf|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=12 September 2012}}</p></ref>
-{{clear}}
+* Alternating fourths and fifths tuning, such as A1-D2-A2-D3-A3-D4. (ADADAD)
+This kind of tuning can also be called modal D or open D5 as it contains a D chord without a third. It is also used on other instruments, e.g. fiddle, mandolin and the Irish bouzouki.{{clear}}
 ==Three==
@@ Line 41: / Line 44: @@
 [[Chord inversion]] is especially simple in major-thirds tuning. Chords are inverted simply by raising one or two notes three strings. The raised notes are played with the same finger as the original notes. The major-thirds tuning is also a regular tuning having a [[major third]] interval between strings.<ref name="KirkebyMajor"/><ref name="Griewank10" >{{harvtxt|Griewank|2010|p=10}}</ref>
-* [[Open G tuning]], which is used as D', G', B, D, g, b, d' for the (7-string) [[Russian guitar]].<ref>{{cite book|series=The Russian Collection|volume=9|title=19th&nbsp;Century etudes for the Russian 7-string guitar in G&nbsp;Op<!-- "Op" is written, NOT "Open" -->|editor-first=Matanya|editor-last=Ophee|url=http://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/The-Russian-Collection-Vol-9/18377478|publisher=Editions Orphee|id=PR.494028230}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|series=The Russian Collection|volume=10 ("X")|title=Selected Concert Works for the Russian 7-String Guitar in G&nbsp;open tuning|editor-first=Matanya|editor-last=Ophee|publisher=Editions Orphee|id=PR.494028240|url=http://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/Selected-Concert-Works/18478341}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Songs to seven strings: Russian&nbsp;guitar poetry and Soviet "mass&nbsp;song"|series=Soviet history, politics, society, and thought|first=Gerald&nbsp;Stanton|last=Smith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKRiAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Indiana&nbsp;University Press|year=1984|isbn=9780253353917|pages=1–271}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The golden age of the Russian guitar: Repertoire, performance practice, and social function of the Russian seven-string guitar music, 1800-1850|first=Oleg&nbsp;V.|last=Timofeyev|author-link=Oleg V. Timofeyev|publisher=Duke University, Department of Music|year=1999|pages=1–584|id=University Microfilms (UMI), Ann Arbor, Michigan, number&nbsp;9928880}}
+* [[Open G tuning]], which is used as D', G', B, D, g, b, d' for the (7-string) [[Russian guitar]].<ref>{{cite book|series=The Russian Collection|volume=9|title=19th&nbsp;Century etudes for the Russian 7-string guitar in G&nbsp;Op<!-- "Op" is written, NOT "Open" -->|editor-first=Matanya|editor-last=Ophee|url=http://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/The-Russian-Collection-Vol-9/18377478|publisher=Editions Orphee|id=PR.494028230}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|series=The Russian Collection|volume=10 ("X")|title=Selected Concert Works for the Russian 7-String Guitar in G&nbsp;open tuning|editor-first=Matanya|editor-last=Ophee|publisher=Editions Orphee|id=PR.494028240|url=http://www.sheetmusicplus.com/title/Selected-Concert-Works/18478341}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Songs to seven strings: Russian&nbsp;guitar poetry and Soviet "mass&nbsp;song"|series=Soviet history, politics, society, and thought|first=Gerald&nbsp;Stanton|last=Smith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKRiAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Indiana&nbsp;University Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-253-35391-7|pages=1–271}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The golden age of the Russian guitar: Repertoire, performance practice, and social function of the Russian seven-string guitar music, 1800-1850|first=Oleg&nbsp;V.|last=Timofeyev|author-link=Oleg V. Timofeyev|publisher=Duke University, Department of Music|year=1999|pages=1–584|id=University Microfilms (UMI), Ann Arbor, Michigan, number&nbsp;9928880}}
 </ref>
-* [[Open C tuning]].<ref name="SetharesOpen" >{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001o|loc=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf The open C tuning, p.&nbsp;18]}}:<p>{{cite book|chapter=Open&nbsp;tunings|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=Bill|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|year=2001o|pages=16–33|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf|format=pdf|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref>  For the [[English guitar]]'s open C tuning,<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Guitar and Lute Composers|authors=Hannu Annala, Heiki Mätlik|translator=Katarina Backman|publisher=Mel Bay|year=2007|isbn=0786658444|page=30|chapter=Composers for other plucked instruments: Rudolf Straube (1717-1785)}}</ref> there are ten strings—of which the highest eight are paired in four [[course (music)|course]]s (duplicated strings), C E GG cc ee gg.
+* [[Open C tuning]].<ref name="SetharesOpen" >{{harvtxt|Sethares|2001o|loc=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf The open C tuning, p.&nbsp;18]}}:<p>{{cite book|chapter=Open&nbsp;tunings|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=Bill|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|year=2001o|pages=16–33|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/regulartunings.pdf|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=9 September 2012}}</p></ref>  For the [[English guitar]]'s open C tuning,<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Guitar and Lute Composers|author=Hannu Annala |author2=Heiki Mätlik |translator=Katarina Backman|publisher=Mel Bay|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7866-5844-2|page=30|chapter=Composers for other plucked instruments: Rudolf Straube (1717-1785)}}</ref> there are ten strings—of which the highest eight are paired in four [[course (music)|course]]s (duplicated strings), C E GG cc ee gg.
 {{clear}}
@@ Line 73: / Line 76: @@
 ==References==
-* {{citation|last=Griewank|first=Andreas|author-link=Andreas Griewank|title=Tuning guitars and reading music in major thirds|date=1 January 2010|url=http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/frontdoor/index/index/docId/675|series=Matheon preprints|volume=695|publisher=DFG research center "MATHEON, Mathematics for key technologies" Berlin|location=Rosestr.&nbsp;3a, 12524 Berlin, Germany|id=MSC-Classification 97M80 Arts. Music. Language. Architecture. [http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/files/675/7047_mathtune.ps Postscript file] and [http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/files/675/7046_mathtune.pdf Pdf file]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108070453/http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/frontdoor/index/index/docId/675|archive-date=8 November 2012}}
+* {{citation|last=Griewank|first=Andreas|author-link=Andreas Griewank|title=Tuning guitars and reading music in major thirds|date=1 January 2010|url=http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/frontdoor/index/index/docId/675|series=Matheon preprints|volume=695|publisher=DFG research center "MATHEON, Mathematics for key technologies" Berlin|location=Berlin|id=MSC-Classification 97M80 Arts. Music. Language. Architecture. [http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/files/675/7047_mathtune.ps Postscript file] and [http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/files/675/7046_mathtune.pdf Pdf file]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108070453/http://vs24.kobv.de/opus4-matheon/frontdoor/index/index/docId/675|archive-date=8 November 2012}}
 * {{cite web|title=Alternate tuning guide|first=William A.|last=Sethares|author-link=William Sethares|year=2011|url=http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alternatetunings.html|publisher=University of Wisconsin; Department of Electrical Engineering|location=Madison, Wisconsin|access-date=19 May 2012|id=[http://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/alternatetunings/alltunings.pdf 2010 PDF version by Bill&nbsp;Sethares]}}

Latest revision as of 16:05, 28 September 2023

One

Two

Three

Four

See also

Notes

References