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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
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:''Grass of Parnassus is also the title of a book of [[poetry]] by [[Andrew Lang]].''
{{For|the butterfly genus|Parnassius}}
{{Taxobox
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{{Redirect|Grass of Parnassus|the book of poetry|Andrew Lang}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = DwNorthernGrassofParnassus.jpg
| image = DwNorthernGrassofParnassus.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Parnassia palustris]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Parnassia palustris]]''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| taxon = Parnassia
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
| ordo = [[Celastrales]]
| familia = [[Celastraceae]]
| genus = '''''Parnassia'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision = About 50<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=20220 | work = Flora of Pakistan | title = Parnassiaceae }}</ref>–70<ref>{{cite web | title = Parnassia | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=124074 | work = Flora of China }}</ref>
| subdivision =
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About 50<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=20220 | work = Flora of Pakistan | title = Parnassiaceae }}</ref>–70<ref>{{cite web | title = Parnassia | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=124074 | work = Flora of China }}</ref>
}}
}}
[[Image:TH northern grass of parnassus.jpg|240px|thumb|right|Northern Grass of Parnassus]]
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The [[genus]] '''''Parnassia''''', also known as '''Grass of Parnassus''' or '''bog-stars''', are plants in the family [[Celastraceae]]. The plants occur in [[arctic]] and [[alpine climate|alpine]] habitats, as well as in [[dune]] systems and [[fen]]s, swamps, [[wet meadow]]s, open seepage areas, moist woods, and across the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. It is actually not a [[Poaceae|grass]], but an herbaceous [[dicot]]. The stalk of the plant can reach up to {{convert|8|in|mm|sp=us}}, the leaves up to {{convert|4|in|mm|sp=us}} and the petals can be up to {{convert|1.4|in|mm|sp=us}} wide. The flower has five white petals with light green venation. There are five three-pronged sterile stamens, each tipped with drop-like, false nectaries, which (along with the visual cue of veins) attract pollinating flies and bees. The flower blooms in late summer, around July, and into October.


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The [[genus]] '''''Parnassia''''', also known as '''grass of Parnassus''' or '''bog-stars''', are plants now placed in the family [[Celastraceae]],<ref name=GRIN>{{cite web | url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?8907 | title=''Parnassia'' L. | access-date=8 January 2015| work=Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area}}</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=ID=24203|taxon=''Parnassia''}}</ref> formerly classified in [[Parnassiaceae]] or [[Saxifragaceae]]. The plants occur in [[arctic]] and [[alpine climate|alpine]] habitats, as well as in [[dune]] systems and [[fen]]s, swamps, [[wet meadow]]s, open seepage areas, moist woods, and across the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. It is actually not a [[Poaceae|grass]], but an herbaceous [[dicot]]. The stalk of the plant can reach up to {{convert|8|in|mm|sp=us|order=flip}}, the leaves up to {{convert|4|in|mm|sp=us|order=flip|abbr=on|-1}} and the petals can be up to {{convert|1.4|in|mm|order=flip|abbr=on}} wide. The flower has five white petals with light green venation. There are five three-pronged sterile stamens, each tipped with drop-like false nectaries, which (along with the visual cue of veins) attract pollinating flies and bees.
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The species is often found in wet calcareous habitats with low fertility, low canopy cover, and high plant diversity.<ref>Moore, D.R.J. and P.A. Keddy. 1989. The relationship between species richness and standing crop in wetlands: the importance of scale. Vegetatio 79: 99-106.</ref> ''Parnassia glauca'' is considered to be an indicator species of [[fens]].<ref>Godwin, K. S., Shallenberger, J., Leopold, D. J., and Bedford, B. L. (2002). Linking landscape properties to local hydrogeologic gradients and plant species occurrence in New York fens: a hydrogeologic setting (HGS) framework. Wetlands, 22, 722–37. Table 3.</ref> Such habitats are often becoming rare, and so species of ''Parnassia'' may have high conservation value. For example, ''Parnassia palustris'' is threatened and legally protected in Michigan [http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/explorer/species.cfm?id=14896] while ''Parnassia caroliniana'' is considered imperiled in North Carolina [http://www.ncwildflower.org/index.php/plants/details/parnassia-caroliniana/].


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Some species are often found in wet calcareous habitats with low fertility, low canopy cover, and high plant diversity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Dwayne R. J.|last2=Keddy|first2=Paul A.|title=The relationship between species richness and standing crop in wetlands: the importance of scale|journal=Vegetatio|date=1988|volume=79|issue=1–2|pages=99–106|doi=10.1007/BF00044853|jstor=20038396}}</ref> ''[[Parnassia glauca]]'' is considered to be an indicator species of [[fen]]s in New York State.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Godwin|first1=Kevin S.|last2=Shallenberger|first2=James P.|last3=Leopold|first3=Donald J.|last4=Bedford|first4=Barbara L.|title=Linking landscape properties to local hydrogeologic gradients and plant species occurrence in minerotrophic fens of New York State, USA: A Hydrogeologic Setting (HGS) framework|journal=Wetlands|date=December 2002|volume=22|issue=4|pages=722–737|doi=10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0722:LLPTLH]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Such habitats are often becoming rare, and so species of ''Parnassia'' may have high conservation value. For example ''[[Parnassia palustris]]'' is threatened and legally protected in Michigan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/explorer/species.cfm?id=14896 |title=Parnassia palustris (Marsh grass-of-parnassus) - MNFI Rare Species Explorer |website=Mnfi.anr.msu.edu |date= |author=Michigan Natural Features Inventory |access-date= March 1, 2015}}</ref> while ''[[Parnassia caroliniana]]'' is considered imperiled in North Carolina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncwildflower.org/index.php/plant_galleries/details/parnassia-caroliniana |title=Plant Details - Parnassia caroliniana |website=NCwildflower.org |date= |author=North Carolina Native Plant Society |access-date= March 1, 2015}}</ref>
Parnassus flowers are the symbol of the [[clan MacLea]], also known as the highland Livingstone clan, which is said to be the favorite flower of [[St. Moluag]], the Irish missionary whose staff the clan chiefs hold. Three Grass of Parnassus flowers appear on the [[Flag of Cumberland]], a British county, as that flower grows on Cumberland's lofty fells.

Parnassus flowers are the symbol of the [[Clan MacLea]], also known as the highland Livingstone clan, and said to be the favorite flower of [[St. Moluag]], the Irish missionary whose staff the clan chiefs hold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clanmclea.co.uk/Warrant.htm |title=Warrant for Letters Patent |website=Clanmclea.co.uk |date= |first=Clan |last=MacLea |access-date=March 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928091006/http://www.clanmclea.co.uk/Warrant.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Three Grass of Parnassus flowers appear on the [[Flag of Cumberland]], a British county, since that flower grows on Cumberland's lofty fells.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/cumberland.html |title=Civic Heraldry of England and Wales - Cumberland |website=Civicheraldry.co.uk |date= |first=Robert |last=Young |access-date= March 1, 2015}}</ref>


Species include:
Species include:
* ''[[Parnassia asarifolia|P. asarifolia]]''
* ''[[Parnassia asarifolia]]''
* ''[[Parnassia cabulica|P. cabulica]]''
* ''[[Parnassia cabulica]]''
* ''[[Parnassia caroliniana|P. caroliniana]]''
* ''[[Parnassia caroliniana]]''
* ''[[Parnassia californica|P. californica]]''
* ''[[Parnassia californica]]''
* ''[[Parnassia cirrata|P. cirrata]]''
* ''[[Parnassia cirrata]]''
* ''[[Parnassia fimbriata|P. fimbriata]]''
* ''[[Parnassia fimbriata]]''
* ''[[Parnassia glauca|P. glauca]]''
* ''[[Parnassia foliosa]]''
* ''[[Parnassia grandifolia|P. grandifolia]]''
* ''[[Parnassia glauca]]''
* ''[[Parnassia kotzebuei|P. kotzebuei]]''
* ''[[Parnassia grandifolia]]''
* ''[[Parnassia palustris|P. palustris]]''
* ''[[Parnassia kotzebuei]]''
* ''[[Parnassia palustris]]''
* ''[[Parnassia parviflora]]''
[[Image:Parnassia parviflora.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Parnassia parviflora]]'']]


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
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*[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PARNA ''Parnassia'' entry at USDA PLANTS database]
<references/>

{{Taxonbar|from=Q159077}}
{{Authority control}}


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[[Category:Parnassia| ]]
==Further reading==
[[Category:Celastrales genera]]
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[http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch USDA plant database]


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[[Category:Celastraceae]]


{{Celastraceae-stub}}
{{Celastraceae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 20:46, 14 October 2023

For the butterfly genus, see Parnassius.
"Grass of Parnassus" redirects here. For the book of poetry, see Andrew Lang.

Parnassia
Parnassia palustris
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Celastrales
Family: Celastraceae
Subfamily: Parnassioideae
Genus: Parnassia
L.
Species

About 50[1]–70[2]

The genus Parnassia, also known as grass of Parnassus or bog-stars, are plants now placed in the family Celastraceae,[3][4] formerly classified in Parnassiaceae or Saxifragaceae. The plants occur in arctic and alpine habitats, as well as in dune systems and fens, swamps, wet meadows, open seepage areas, moist woods, and across the Northern Hemisphere. It is actually not a grass, but an herbaceous dicot. The stalk of the plant can reach up to 200 millimeters (8 in), the leaves up to 100 mm (4 in) and the petals can be up to 36 mm (1.4 in) wide. The flower has five white petals with light green venation. There are five three-pronged sterile stamens, each tipped with drop-like false nectaries, which (along with the visual cue of veins) attract pollinating flies and bees.

Some species are often found in wet calcareous habitats with low fertility, low canopy cover, and high plant diversity.[5] Parnassia glauca is considered to be an indicator species of fens in New York State.[6] Such habitats are often becoming rare, and so species of Parnassia may have high conservation value. For example Parnassia palustris is threatened and legally protected in Michigan[7] while Parnassia caroliniana is considered imperiled in North Carolina.[8]

Parnassus flowers are the symbol of the Clan MacLea, also known as the highland Livingstone clan, and said to be the favorite flower of St. Moluag, the Irish missionary whose staff the clan chiefs hold.[9] Three Grass of Parnassus flowers appear on the Flag of Cumberland, a British county, since that flower grows on Cumberland's lofty fells.[10]

Species include:

Parnassia parviflora

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Parnassiaceae". Flora of Pakistan.
  2. ^ "Parnassia". Flora of China.
  3. ^ "Parnassia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
  4. ^ "Parnassia". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  5. ^ Moore, Dwayne R. J.; Keddy, Paul A. (1988). "The relationship between species richness and standing crop in wetlands: the importance of scale". Vegetatio. 79 (1–2): 99–106. doi:10.1007/BF00044853. JSTOR 20038396.
  6. ^ Godwin, Kevin S.; Shallenberger, James P.; Leopold, Donald J.; Bedford, Barbara L. (December 2002). "Linking landscape properties to local hydrogeologic gradients and plant species occurrence in minerotrophic fens of New York State, USA: A Hydrogeologic Setting (HGS) framework". Wetlands. 22 (4): 722–737. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0722:LLPTLH]2.0.CO;2.
  7. ^ Michigan Natural Features Inventory. "Parnassia palustris (Marsh grass-of-parnassus) - MNFI Rare Species Explorer". Mnfi.anr.msu.edu. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  8. ^ North Carolina Native Plant Society. "Plant Details - Parnassia caroliniana". NCwildflower.org. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  9. ^ MacLea, Clan. "Warrant for Letters Patent". Clanmclea.co.uk. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  10. ^ Young, Robert. "Civic Heraldry of England and Wales - Cumberland". Civicheraldry.co.uk. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
[edit]
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