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{{Short description| Genus of spiders}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| color = pink
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range| Palaeogene| Present}}
| name = ''Episinus''
| image =
| image = Episinus angulatus.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_caption = ''[[Episinus angulatus]]''
| image_width = 250px
| taxon = Episinus
| authority = [[Charles Athanase Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1809<ref name=NMBE />
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| type_species = ''[[Episinus truncatus|E. truncatus]]''
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| type_species_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1809
| classis = [[Arachnida]]
| ordo = [[Araneae]]
| familia = [[Theridiidae]]
| genus = '''''Episinus'''''
| genus_authority =
| diversity_link = List of Theridiidae species#Episinus
| diversity = 80 species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = 47, [[#Species|see text]]
| synonyms = *''Episinopsis'' <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1894</small><ref name=Levi1962>{{cite journal| last=Levi| first=H. W.| last2=Levi| first2=L. R.| year=1962| title=The genera of the spider family Theridiidae| journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology| volume=127| page=20}}</ref>
''[[Episinus maculipes|E. maculipes]]''<br>
*''Hyocrea'' <small>Simon, 1894</small><ref name=Levi1962 />
''[[Episinus angulatus|E. angulatus]]''<br>
*''Hyptimorpha'' <small>[[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1906</small><ref name=Levi1962 />
''[[Episinus truncatus|E. truncatus]]''<br>
*''Penictis'' <small>Simon, 1894</small><ref name=Levi1962 />
&nbsp;<small>''many others, see text''</small>
*''Plocamis'' <small>Simon, 1894</small><ref name=Levi1962 />
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=NMBE />
}}
}}


'''''Episinus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Theridiidae|comb-footed spiders]] that was first described by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in 1809.<ref name=Latr1809>{{cite book| last=Latreille| first=P. A.| year=1809| title=Genera crustaceorum et insectorum| publisher=Paris 4| pages=370–371| author-link=Pierre_André_Latreille}}</ref>
'''''Episinus''''' is a spider genus of the family [[Theridiidae]].


They can grow up to {{convert|5|mm}} long.<ref name=Latr1809 />
These spiders reach about 5mm in size. They occur almost world wide.


==Species==
==Species==
{{as of|2022|09}} it contains forty-seven species and one subspecies, found worldwide:<ref name="NMBE">{{cite web |year=2022 |title=Gen. ''Episinus'' Walckenaer, 1809 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3481 |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 23.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |doi=10.24436/2}}</ref>
* ''[[Episinus affinis]]'' B&ouml;senberg & Strand, 1906 (Russia, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Is.)
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Episinus albescens]]'' Denis, 1965 (France)
*''[[Episinus affinis|E. affinis]]'' <small>Bösenberg & [[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1906</small> – [[India]], [[Russia]] (Far East), [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]]
* ''[[Episinus albostriatus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Peru)
* ''[[Episinus algiricus]]'' Lucas, 1846 (Spain, France, Italy, Northwest Africa)
*''[[Episinus algiricus|E. algiricus]]'' <small>Lucas, 1846</small> – [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Italy]], Northwest Africa, Malta?
* ''[[Episinus amoenus]]'' Banks, 1911 (USA)
*''[[Episinus amoenus|E. amoenus]]'' <small>[[Nathan Banks|Banks]], 1911</small> – USA, [[Mexico]]
* ''[[Episinus angulatus]]'' (Blackwall, 1836) (Europe to Russia)
*''[[Episinus angulatus|E. angulatus]]'' <small>([[John Blackwall|Blackwall]], 1836)</small> – [[Europe]], [[Turkey]], Russia ([[Europe]] to West Siberia), Central Asia
* ''[[Episinus antipodianus]]'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1879 (New Zealand)
*''[[Episinus antipodianus|E. antipodianus]]'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1880</small> – [[New Zealand]]
* ''[[Episinus aspus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Nicaragua)
*''[[Episinus baoshanensis|E. baoshanensis]]'' <small>Liu, Irfan & Peng, 2019</small> – [[China]]
* ''[[Episinus bicorniger]]'' (Simon, 1894) (Brazil)
*''[[Episinus bilineatus|E. bilineatus]]'' <small>Simon, 1894</small> – [[South Africa]]
* ''[[Episinus bicornis]]'' (Thorell, 1881) (Queensland)
*''[[Episinus bimucronatus|E. bimucronatus]]'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> – [[Venezuela]]
* ''[[Episinus bicruciatus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Brazil)
*''[[Episinus bishopi|E. bishopi]]'' <small>(Lessert, 1929)</small> – [[Central Africa|Congo]]
* ''[[Episinus bifrons]]'' (Thorell, 1895) (Myanmar)
*''[[Episinus bonjovi|E. bonjovi]]'' <small>Lin & Li, 2021</small> – China
*''[[Episinus cavernicola|E. cavernicola]]'' <small>([[Władysław Kulczyński|Kulczyński]], 1897)</small> – [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]]
* ''[[Episinus bigibbosus]]'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 (Panama)
* ''[[Episinus bilineatus]]'' Simon, 1894 (South Africa)
*''[[Episinus chikunii|E. chikunii]]'' <small>Yoshida, 1985</small> Japan
* ''[[Episinus bimucronatus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Venezuela)
*''[[Episinus emanus|E. emanus]]'' <small>Levi, 1964</small> – [[Panama]]
* ''[[Episinus bishopi]]'' (Lessert, 1929) (Congo)
*''[[Episinus fontinalis|E. fontinalis]]'' <small>Levy, 1985</small> – [[Israel]]
* ''[[Episinus bruneoviridis]]'' (Mello-Leit&atilde;o, 1948) (Panama, Trinidad to Guyana)
*''[[Episinus garisus|E. garisus]]'' <small>Buckup & Marques, 1992</small> Brazil
* ''[[Episinus cavernicola]]'' (Kulczyn'ski, 1897) (Croatia, Slovenia)
*''[[Episinus gibbus|E. gibbus]]'' <small>Zhu & Wang, 1995</small> – China
*''[[Episinus hickmani|E. hickmani]]'' <small>[[Lodovico di Caporiacco|Caporiacco]], 1949</small> – [[Kenya]]
* ''[[Episinus chiapensis]]'' Levi, 1955 (Mexico)
*''[[Episinus immundus|E. immundus]]'' <small>([[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1884)</small> – Peru, Brazil
* ''[[Episinus chikunii]]'' Yoshida, 1985 (Japan)
* ''[[Episinus coercerveus]]'' Roberts, 1978 (Seychelles)
*''[[Episinus implexus|E. implexus]]'' <small>(Simon, 1894)</small> – Venezuela
* ''[[Episinus cognatus]]'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1893 (USA to Peru, Brazil)
*''[[Episinus israeliensis|E. israeliensis]]'' <small>Levy, 1985</small> Israel
* ''[[Episinus colima]]'' Levi, 1955 (Mexico to Panama)
*''[[Episinus jiangweni|E. jiangweni]]'' <small>Lin & Li, 2021</small> China
* ''[[Episinus conifer]]'' (Urquhart, 1886) (New Zealand)
*''[[Episinus kitazawai|E. kitazawai]]'' <small>Yaginuma, 1958</small> – Russia (Kurile Is.), Japan
* ''[[Episinus crysus]]'' Buckup & Marques, 1992 (Brazil)
*''[[Episinus longabdomenus|E. longabdomenus]]'' <small>Zhu, 1998</small> China
* ''[[Episinus cuzco]]'' Levi, 1967 (Peru)
*''[[Episinus macrops|E. macrops]]'' <small>Simon, 1903</small> – [[Equatorial Guinea]], Congo
*''[[Episinus maculipes|E. maculipes]]'' <small>Cavanna, 1876</small> – Europe, [[Algeria]], Turkey, [[Caucasus]]
* ''[[Episinus dominicus]]'' Levi, 1955 (Hispaniola)
* ''[[Episinus emanus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Panama)
**''[[Episinus maculipes|Episinus m. numidicus]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1905</small> – Algeria, [[Tunisia]]
* ''[[Episinus erythrophthalmus]]'' (Simon, 1894) (Panama, Lesser Antilles to Bolivia)
*''[[Episinus maderianus|E. maderianus]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1905</small> Canary Is., Madeira
* ''[[Episinus fontinalis]]'' Levy, 1985 (Israel)
*''[[Episinus makiharai|E. makiharai]]'' <small>Okuma, 1994</small> – Taiwan
* ''[[Episinus garisus]]'' Buckup & Marques, 1992 (Brazil)
*''[[Episinus marignaci|E. marignaci]]'' <small>(Lessert, 1933)</small> – [[Angola]]
* ''[[Episinus gibbus]]'' Zhu & Wang, 1995 (China)
*''[[Episinus meruensis|E. meruensis]]'' <small>[[Albert Tullgren|Tullgren]], 1910</small> – [[Tanzania]]
* ''[[Episinus gratiosus]]'' Bryant, 1940 (Cuba, Hispaniola)
*''[[Episinus mikhailovi|E. mikhailovi]]'' <small>Zamani & Marusik, 2021</small> – Iran
* ''[[Episinus hickmani]]'' Caporiacco, 1949 (Kenya)
*''[[Episinus mucronatus|E. mucronatus]]'' <small>(Simon, 1894)</small> – [[Singapore]]
* ''[[Episinus immundus]]'' (Keyserling, 1884) (Peru, Brazil)
*''[[Episinus nanyue|E. nanyue]]'' <small>Yin, 2012</small> China
*''[[Episinus nubilus|E. nubilus]]'' <small>Yaginuma, 1960</small> – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Is.
* ''[[Episinus implexus]]'' (Simon, 1894) (Venezuela)
* ''[[Episinus israeliensis]]'' Levy, 1985 (Israel)
*''[[Episinus pentagonalis|E. pentagonalis]]'' <small>Chakrabarti, 2013</small> – India
* ''[[Episinus juarezi]]'' Levi, 1955 (Mexico)
*''[[Episinus porteri|E. porteri]]'' <small>(Simon, 1901)</small> – [[Chile]], [[Argentina]]
* ''[[Episinus kitazawai]]'' Yaginuma, 1958 (Russia, Japan)
*''[[Episinus punctisparsus|E. punctisparsus]]'' <small>Yoshida, 1983</small> Taiwan
*''[[Episinus rhomboidalis|E. rhomboidalis]]'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> – [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], Singapore
* ''[[Episinus longabdomenus]]'' Zhu, 1998 (China)
* ''[[Episinus luteolimbatus]]'' (Thorell, 1898) (Myanmar)
*''[[Episinus similanus|E. similanus]]'' <small>Urquhart, 1893</small> – New Zealand
* ''[[Episinus macrops]]'' Simon, 1903 (Equatorial Guinea, Congo)
*''[[Episinus similitudus|E. similitudus]]'' <small>Urquhart, 1893</small> New Zealand
* ''[[Episinus maculipes]]'' Cavanna, 1876 (England to Algeria)
*''[[Episinus taibeli|E. taibeli]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1949</small> [[Ethiopia]]
*''[[Episinus theridioides|E. theridioides]]'' <small>Simon, 1873</small> – Spain, France (mainland, [[Corsica]]), Italy ([[Sardinia]])
** ''[[Episinus maculipes numidicus]]'' Kulczyn'ski, 1905 (North Africa)
* ''[[Episinus maderianus]]'' Kulczyn'ski, 1905 (Madeira)
*''[[Episinus tongyani|E. tongyani]]'' <small>Lin & Li, 2021</small> – China
*''[[Episinus truncatus|E. truncatus]]'' <small>Latreille, 1809</small> ([[Type species|type]]) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, [[Iran]]
* ''[[Episinus makiharai]]'' Okuma, 1994 (Taiwan)
* ''[[Episinus malachinus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Peru)
*''[[Episinus typicus|E. typicus]]'' <small>(Nicolet, 1849)</small> – Chile
* ''[[Episinus marginatus]]'' (Thorell, 1898) (Myanmar)
*''[[Episinus variacorneus|E. variacorneus]]'' <small>Chen, Peng & Zhao, 1992</small> – China
* ''[[Episinus marignaci]]'' (Lessert, 1933) (Angola)
*''[[Episinus xiushanicus|E. xiushanicus]]'' <small>Zhu, 1998</small> – China
* ''[[Episinus meruensis]]'' Tullgren, 1910 (Tanzania)
*''[[Episinus yoshidai|E. yoshidai]]'' <small>Okuma, 1994</small> – Taiwan
{{Div col end}}
* ''[[Episinus modestus]]'' (Thorell, 1898) (Myanmar)
* ''[[Episinus moyobamba]]'' Levi, 1964 (Peru)
* ''[[Episinus mucronatus]]'' (Simon, 1894) (Singapore)
* ''[[Episinus nadleri]]'' Levi, 1955 (Bahama Is., Jamaica)
* ''[[Episinus nebulosus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Brazil, Paraguay)
* ''[[Episinus nubilus]]'' Yaginuma, 1960 (China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Is.)
* ''[[Episinus ocreatus]]'' (Simon, 1909) (Vietnam)
* ''[[Episinus panamensis]]'' Levi, 1955 (Panama)
* ''[[Episinus pictus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Singapore)
* ''[[Episinus porteri]]'' (Simon, 1901) (Chile, Argentina)
* ''[[Episinus punctisparsus]]'' Yoshida, 1983 (Taiwan)
* ''[[Episinus putus]]'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1894 (Mexico to Panama)
* ''[[Episinus pyrus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Panama)
* ''[[Episinus recifensis]]'' Levi, 1964 (Brazil)
* ''[[Episinus rhomboidalis]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Cameroon, Myanmar, Singapore)
* ''[[Episinus rio]]'' Levi, 1967 (Brazil)
* ''[[Episinus salobrensis]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Trinidad, Brazil, Guyana)
* ''[[Episinus similanus]]'' Urquhart, 1893 (New Zealand)
* ''[[Episinus similitudus]]'' Urquhart, 1893 (New Zealand)
* ''[[Episinus taibeli]]'' Caporiacco, 1949 (Ethiopia)
* ''[[Episinus taprobanicus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Sri Lanka)
* ''[[Episinus teresopolis]]'' Levi, 1964 (Brazil)
* ''[[Episinus theridioides]]'' Simon, 1873 (Spain, Corsica, Sardinia)
* ''[[Episinus truncatus]]'' Latreille, 1809 (Palearctic)
* ''[[Episinus typicus]]'' (Nicolet, 1849) (Chile)
* ''[[Episinus unitus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Cuba, Jamaica)
* ''[[Episinus variacorneus]]'' Chen, Peng & Zhao, 1992 (China)
* ''[[Episinus vaticus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Costa Rica, Panama)
* ''[[Episinus xiushanicus]]'' Zhu, 1998 (China)
* ''[[Episinus yoshidai]]'' Okuma, 1994 (Taiwan)
* ''[[Episinus zurlus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Venezuela)


'''Formerly included:'''
[[Category:Spiders]]
{{Div col}}
*''E. bicorniger'' <small>(Simon, 1894)</small> (Transferred to ''[[Janula]]'')
*''E. bicornis'' <small>(Thorell, 1881)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. bicruciatus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. bifrons'' <small>(Thorell, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. caudifer'' <small>Dönitz & Strand, 1906</small> (Transferred to ''[[Moneta (spider)|Moneta]]'')
*''E. coercerveus'' <small>Roberts, 1978</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'')
*''E. conifer'' <small>(Urquhart, 1886)</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'')
*''E. erythrophthalmus'' <small>(Simon, 1894)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. gratiosus'' <small>Bryant, 1940</small> (Transferred to ''[[Neopisinus]]'')
*''E. longipes'' <small>Keyserling, 1884</small> (Transferred to ''Neopisinus'')
*''E. luteolimbatus'' <small>(Thorell, 1898)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. malachinus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. marginatus'' <small>(Thorell, 1898)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. minusculus'' <small>Gertsch, 1936</small> (Transferred to ''[[Chrosiothes]]'')
*''E. mirabilis'' <small>(Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'')
*''E. modestus'' <small>(Thorell, 1898)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. nebulosus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. ocreatus'' <small>(Simon, 1909)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. paiki'' <small>Seo, 1985</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'')
*''E. pictus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. recifensis'' <small>Levi, 1964</small> (Transferred to ''Neopisinus'')
*''E. salobrensis'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. spinigeroides'' <small>Zhu & Song, 1992</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'')
*''E. tanikawai'' <small>Yoshida, 1991</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'')
*''E. taprobanicus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'')
*''E. yoshimurai'' <small>Yoshida, 1983</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'')
{{Div col end}}


'''[[Nomen dubium]]'''
*''E. americanus'' <small>Nicolet, 1849</small>


==See also==
{{arachnid-stub}}
* [[List of Theridiidae species]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar| from=Q389793}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]]
[[Category:Cosmopolitan spiders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]]
[[Category:Theridiidae]]


{{Theridiidae-stub}}

Latest revision as of 20:43, 15 October 2023

Episinus
Temporal range: Palaeogene– Present
Episinus angulatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Theridiidae
Genus: Episinus
Walckenaer, 1809[1]
Type species
E. truncatus
Latreille, 1809
Species

47, see text

Synonyms[1]

Episinus is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1809.[3]

They can grow up to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long.[3]

Species

[edit]

As of September 2022 it contains forty-seven species and one subspecies, found worldwide:[1]

Formerly included:

  • E. bicorniger (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. bicornis (Thorell, 1881) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. bicruciatus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. bifrons (Thorell, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. caudifer Dönitz & Strand, 1906 (Transferred to Moneta)
  • E. coercerveus Roberts, 1978 (Transferred to Moneta)
  • E. conifer (Urquhart, 1886) (Transferred to Moneta)
  • E. erythrophthalmus (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. gratiosus Bryant, 1940 (Transferred to Neopisinus)
  • E. longipes Keyserling, 1884 (Transferred to Neopisinus)
  • E. luteolimbatus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. malachinus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. marginatus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. minusculus Gertsch, 1936 (Transferred to Chrosiothes)
  • E. mirabilis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Transferred to Moneta)
  • E. modestus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. nebulosus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. ocreatus (Simon, 1909) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. paiki Seo, 1985 (Transferred to Moneta)
  • E. pictus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. recifensis Levi, 1964 (Transferred to Neopisinus)
  • E. salobrensis (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. spinigeroides Zhu & Song, 1992 (Transferred to Moneta)
  • E. tanikawai Yoshida, 1991 (Transferred to Moneta)
  • E. taprobanicus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
  • E. yoshimurai Yoshida, 1983 (Transferred to Moneta)

Nomen dubium

  • E. americanus Nicolet, 1849

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Gen. Episinus Walckenaer, 1809". World Spider Catalog Version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2022. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  2. ^ a b c d e Levi, H. W.; Levi, L. R. (1962). "The genera of the spider family Theridiidae". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 127: 20.
  3. ^ a b Latreille, P. A. (1809). Genera crustaceorum et insectorum. Paris 4. pp. 370–371.