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{{Short description| Genus of spiders}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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| color = pink |
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| fossil_range = {{Fossil range| Palaeogene| Present}} |
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| name = ''Episinus'' |
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| image = |
| image = Episinus angulatus.jpg |
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| image_caption = |
| image_caption = ''[[Episinus angulatus]]'' |
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| taxon = Episinus |
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| authority = [[Charles Athanase Walckenaer|Walckenaer]], 1809<ref name=NMBE /> |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| type_species = ''[[Episinus truncatus|E. truncatus]]'' |
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| phylum = [[Arthropoda]] |
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| type_species_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1809 |
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| classis = [[Arachnida]] |
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| ordo = [[Araneae]] |
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| familia = [[Theridiidae]] |
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| genus = '''''Episinus''''' |
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| genus_authority = |
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| diversity_link = List of Theridiidae species#Episinus |
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| diversity = 80 species |
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| subdivision_ranks = Species |
| subdivision_ranks = Species |
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| subdivision = |
| subdivision = 47, [[#Species|see text]] |
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| synonyms = *''Episinopsis'' <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1894</small><ref name=Levi1962>{{cite journal| last=Levi| first=H. W.| last2=Levi| first2=L. R.| year=1962| title=The genera of the spider family Theridiidae| journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology| volume=127| page=20}}</ref> |
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''[[Episinus maculipes|E. maculipes]]''<br> |
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*''Hyocrea'' <small>Simon, 1894</small><ref name=Levi1962 /> |
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''[[Episinus angulatus|E. angulatus]]''<br> |
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*''Hyptimorpha'' <small>[[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1906</small><ref name=Levi1962 /> |
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''[[Episinus truncatus|E. truncatus]]''<br> |
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*''Penictis'' <small>Simon, 1894</small><ref name=Levi1962 /> |
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<small>''many others, see text''</small> |
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*''Plocamis'' <small>Simon, 1894</small><ref name=Levi1962 /> |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name=NMBE /> |
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}} |
}} |
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'''''Episinus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Theridiidae|comb-footed spiders]] that was first described by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in 1809.<ref name=Latr1809>{{cite book| last=Latreille| first=P. A.| year=1809| title=Genera crustaceorum et insectorum| publisher=Paris 4| pages=370–371| author-link=Pierre_André_Latreille}}</ref> |
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'''''Episinus''''' is a spider genus of the family [[Theridiidae]]. |
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They can grow up to {{convert|5|mm}} long.<ref name=Latr1809 /> |
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These spiders reach about 5mm in size. They occur almost world wide. |
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==Species== |
==Species== |
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{{as of|2022|09}} it contains forty-seven species and one subspecies, found worldwide:<ref name="NMBE">{{cite web |year=2022 |title=Gen. ''Episinus'' Walckenaer, 1809 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/3481 |access-date=2020-06-19 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 23.5 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |doi=10.24436/2}}</ref> |
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* ''[[Episinus affinis]]'' Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 (Russia, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Is.) |
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{{Div col}} |
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* ''[[Episinus albescens]]'' Denis, 1965 (France) |
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*''[[Episinus affinis|E. affinis]]'' <small>Bösenberg & [[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1906</small> – [[India]], [[Russia]] (Far East), [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]] |
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* ''[[Episinus albostriatus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Peru) |
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* |
*''[[Episinus algiricus|E. algiricus]]'' <small>Lucas, 1846</small> – [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Italy]], Northwest Africa, Malta? |
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* |
*''[[Episinus amoenus|E. amoenus]]'' <small>[[Nathan Banks|Banks]], 1911</small> – USA, [[Mexico]] |
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* |
*''[[Episinus angulatus|E. angulatus]]'' <small>([[John Blackwall|Blackwall]], 1836)</small> – [[Europe]], [[Turkey]], Russia ([[Europe]] to West Siberia), Central Asia |
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* |
*''[[Episinus antipodianus|E. antipodianus]]'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1880</small> – [[New Zealand]] |
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* |
*''[[Episinus baoshanensis|E. baoshanensis]]'' <small>Liu, Irfan & Peng, 2019</small> – [[China]] |
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* |
*''[[Episinus bilineatus|E. bilineatus]]'' <small>Simon, 1894</small> – [[South Africa]] |
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* |
*''[[Episinus bimucronatus|E. bimucronatus]]'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> – [[Venezuela]] |
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* |
*''[[Episinus bishopi|E. bishopi]]'' <small>(Lessert, 1929)</small> – [[Central Africa|Congo]] |
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* |
*''[[Episinus bonjovi|E. bonjovi]]'' <small>Lin & Li, 2021</small> – China |
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*''[[Episinus cavernicola|E. cavernicola]]'' <small>([[Władysław Kulczyński|Kulczyński]], 1897)</small> – [[Croatia]], [[Slovenia]] |
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* ''[[Episinus bigibbosus]]'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 (Panama) |
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* |
*''[[Episinus chikunii|E. chikunii]]'' <small>Yoshida, 1985</small> – Japan |
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* |
*''[[Episinus emanus|E. emanus]]'' <small>Levi, 1964</small> – [[Panama]] |
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* |
*''[[Episinus fontinalis|E. fontinalis]]'' <small>Levy, 1985</small> – [[Israel]] |
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* |
*''[[Episinus garisus|E. garisus]]'' <small>Buckup & Marques, 1992</small> – Brazil |
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* |
*''[[Episinus gibbus|E. gibbus]]'' <small>Zhu & Wang, 1995</small> – China |
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*''[[Episinus hickmani|E. hickmani]]'' <small>[[Lodovico di Caporiacco|Caporiacco]], 1949</small> – [[Kenya]] |
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* ''[[Episinus chiapensis]]'' Levi, 1955 (Mexico) |
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*''[[Episinus immundus|E. immundus]]'' <small>([[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1884)</small> – Peru, Brazil |
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* ''[[Episinus chikunii]]'' Yoshida, 1985 (Japan) |
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* |
*''[[Episinus implexus|E. implexus]]'' <small>(Simon, 1894)</small> – Venezuela |
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* |
*''[[Episinus israeliensis|E. israeliensis]]'' <small>Levy, 1985</small> – Israel |
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*''[[Episinus jiangweni|E. jiangweni]]'' <small>Lin & Li, 2021</small> – China |
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* |
*''[[Episinus kitazawai|E. kitazawai]]'' <small>Yaginuma, 1958</small> – Russia (Kurile Is.), Japan |
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* |
*''[[Episinus longabdomenus|E. longabdomenus]]'' <small>Zhu, 1998</small> – China |
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* |
*''[[Episinus macrops|E. macrops]]'' <small>Simon, 1903</small> – [[Equatorial Guinea]], Congo |
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*''[[Episinus maculipes|E. maculipes]]'' <small>Cavanna, 1876</small> – Europe, [[Algeria]], Turkey, [[Caucasus]] |
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* ''[[Episinus dominicus]]'' Levi, 1955 (Hispaniola) |
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* |
**''[[Episinus maculipes|Episinus m. numidicus]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1905</small> – Algeria, [[Tunisia]] |
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*''[[Episinus maderianus|E. maderianus]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1905</small> – Canary Is., Madeira |
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* |
*''[[Episinus makiharai|E. makiharai]]'' <small>Okuma, 1994</small> – Taiwan |
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* |
*''[[Episinus marignaci|E. marignaci]]'' <small>(Lessert, 1933)</small> – [[Angola]] |
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*''[[Episinus meruensis|E. meruensis]]'' <small>[[Albert Tullgren|Tullgren]], 1910</small> – [[Tanzania]] |
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*''[[Episinus mikhailovi|E. mikhailovi]]'' <small>Zamani & Marusik, 2021</small> – Iran |
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*''[[Episinus mucronatus|E. mucronatus]]'' <small>(Simon, 1894)</small> – [[Singapore]] |
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*''[[Episinus nanyue|E. nanyue]]'' <small>Yin, 2012</small> – China |
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*''[[Episinus nubilus|E. nubilus]]'' <small>Yaginuma, 1960</small> – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Is. |
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* ''[[Episinus implexus]]'' (Simon, 1894) (Venezuela) |
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* |
*''[[Episinus pentagonalis|E. pentagonalis]]'' <small>Chakrabarti, 2013</small> – India |
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* |
*''[[Episinus porteri|E. porteri]]'' <small>(Simon, 1901)</small> – [[Chile]], [[Argentina]] |
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*''[[Episinus punctisparsus|E. punctisparsus]]'' <small>Yoshida, 1983</small> – Taiwan |
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*''[[Episinus rhomboidalis|E. rhomboidalis]]'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> – [[Malaysia]], [[Myanmar]], Singapore |
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* ''[[Episinus longabdomenus]]'' Zhu, 1998 (China) |
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* |
*''[[Episinus similanus|E. similanus]]'' <small>Urquhart, 1893</small> – New Zealand |
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* |
*''[[Episinus similitudus|E. similitudus]]'' <small>Urquhart, 1893</small> – New Zealand |
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* |
*''[[Episinus taibeli|E. taibeli]]'' <small>Caporiacco, 1949</small> – [[Ethiopia]] |
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*''[[Episinus theridioides|E. theridioides]]'' <small>Simon, 1873</small> – Spain, France (mainland, [[Corsica]]), Italy ([[Sardinia]]) |
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** ''[[Episinus maculipes numidicus]]'' Kulczyn'ski, 1905 (North Africa) |
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* |
*''[[Episinus tongyani|E. tongyani]]'' <small>Lin & Li, 2021</small> – China |
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*''[[Episinus truncatus|E. truncatus]]'' <small>Latreille, 1809</small> ([[Type species|type]]) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, [[Iran]] |
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* ''[[Episinus makiharai]]'' Okuma, 1994 (Taiwan) |
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* |
*''[[Episinus typicus|E. typicus]]'' <small>(Nicolet, 1849)</small> – Chile |
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* |
*''[[Episinus variacorneus|E. variacorneus]]'' <small>Chen, Peng & Zhao, 1992</small> – China |
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*''[[Episinus xiushanicus|E. xiushanicus]]'' <small>Zhu, 1998</small> – China |
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* |
*''[[Episinus yoshidai|E. yoshidai]]'' <small>Okuma, 1994</small> – Taiwan |
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{{Div col end}} |
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* ''[[Episinus modestus]]'' (Thorell, 1898) (Myanmar) |
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* ''[[Episinus moyobamba]]'' Levi, 1964 (Peru) |
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* ''[[Episinus mucronatus]]'' (Simon, 1894) (Singapore) |
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* ''[[Episinus nadleri]]'' Levi, 1955 (Bahama Is., Jamaica) |
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* ''[[Episinus nebulosus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Brazil, Paraguay) |
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* ''[[Episinus nubilus]]'' Yaginuma, 1960 (China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Is.) |
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* ''[[Episinus ocreatus]]'' (Simon, 1909) (Vietnam) |
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* ''[[Episinus panamensis]]'' Levi, 1955 (Panama) |
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* ''[[Episinus pictus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Singapore) |
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* ''[[Episinus porteri]]'' (Simon, 1901) (Chile, Argentina) |
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* ''[[Episinus punctisparsus]]'' Yoshida, 1983 (Taiwan) |
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* ''[[Episinus putus]]'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1894 (Mexico to Panama) |
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* ''[[Episinus pyrus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Panama) |
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* ''[[Episinus recifensis]]'' Levi, 1964 (Brazil) |
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* ''[[Episinus rhomboidalis]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Cameroon, Myanmar, Singapore) |
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* ''[[Episinus rio]]'' Levi, 1967 (Brazil) |
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* ''[[Episinus salobrensis]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Trinidad, Brazil, Guyana) |
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* ''[[Episinus similanus]]'' Urquhart, 1893 (New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Episinus similitudus]]'' Urquhart, 1893 (New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Episinus taibeli]]'' Caporiacco, 1949 (Ethiopia) |
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* ''[[Episinus taprobanicus]]'' (Simon, 1895) (Sri Lanka) |
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* ''[[Episinus teresopolis]]'' Levi, 1964 (Brazil) |
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* ''[[Episinus theridioides]]'' Simon, 1873 (Spain, Corsica, Sardinia) |
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* ''[[Episinus truncatus]]'' Latreille, 1809 (Palearctic) |
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* ''[[Episinus typicus]]'' (Nicolet, 1849) (Chile) |
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* ''[[Episinus unitus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Cuba, Jamaica) |
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* ''[[Episinus variacorneus]]'' Chen, Peng & Zhao, 1992 (China) |
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* ''[[Episinus vaticus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Costa Rica, Panama) |
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* ''[[Episinus xiushanicus]]'' Zhu, 1998 (China) |
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* ''[[Episinus yoshidai]]'' Okuma, 1994 (Taiwan) |
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* ''[[Episinus zurlus]]'' Levi, 1964 (Venezuela) |
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'''Formerly included:''' |
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[[Category:Spiders]] |
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{{Div col}} |
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*''E. bicorniger'' <small>(Simon, 1894)</small> (Transferred to ''[[Janula]]'') |
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*''E. bicornis'' <small>(Thorell, 1881)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. bicruciatus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. bifrons'' <small>(Thorell, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. caudifer'' <small>Dönitz & Strand, 1906</small> (Transferred to ''[[Moneta (spider)|Moneta]]'') |
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*''E. coercerveus'' <small>Roberts, 1978</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'') |
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*''E. conifer'' <small>(Urquhart, 1886)</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'') |
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*''E. erythrophthalmus'' <small>(Simon, 1894)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. gratiosus'' <small>Bryant, 1940</small> (Transferred to ''[[Neopisinus]]'') |
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*''E. longipes'' <small>Keyserling, 1884</small> (Transferred to ''Neopisinus'') |
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*''E. luteolimbatus'' <small>(Thorell, 1898)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. malachinus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. marginatus'' <small>(Thorell, 1898)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. minusculus'' <small>Gertsch, 1936</small> (Transferred to ''[[Chrosiothes]]'') |
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*''E. mirabilis'' <small>(Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'') |
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*''E. modestus'' <small>(Thorell, 1898)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. nebulosus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. ocreatus'' <small>(Simon, 1909)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. paiki'' <small>Seo, 1985</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'') |
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*''E. pictus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. recifensis'' <small>Levi, 1964</small> (Transferred to ''Neopisinus'') |
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*''E. salobrensis'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. spinigeroides'' <small>Zhu & Song, 1992</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'') |
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*''E. tanikawai'' <small>Yoshida, 1991</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'') |
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*''E. taprobanicus'' <small>(Simon, 1895)</small> (Transferred to ''Janula'') |
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*''E. yoshimurai'' <small>Yoshida, 1983</small> (Transferred to ''Moneta'') |
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{{Div col end}} |
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'''[[Nomen dubium]]''' |
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*''E. americanus'' <small>Nicolet, 1849</small> |
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==See also== |
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{{arachnid-stub}} |
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* [[List of Theridiidae species]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar| from=Q389793}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Araneomorphae genera]] |
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[[Category:Cosmopolitan spiders]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]] |
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[[Category:Theridiidae]] |
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{{Theridiidae-stub}} |
Latest revision as of 20:43, 15 October 2023
Episinus Temporal range:
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Episinus angulatus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
Class: | Arachnida |
Order: | Araneae |
Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
Family: | Theridiidae |
Genus: | Episinus Walckenaer, 1809[1] |
Type species | |
E. truncatus Latreille, 1809
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Species | |
47, see text | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Episinus is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1809.[3]
They can grow up to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long.[3]
Species
[edit]As of September 2022[update] it contains forty-seven species and one subspecies, found worldwide:[1]
- E. affinis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – India, Russia (Far East), Korea, Taiwan, Japan
- E. algiricus Lucas, 1846 – Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Northwest Africa, Malta?
- E. amoenus Banks, 1911 – USA, Mexico
- E. angulatus (Blackwall, 1836) – Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to West Siberia), Central Asia
- E. antipodianus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – New Zealand
- E. baoshanensis Liu, Irfan & Peng, 2019 – China
- E. bilineatus Simon, 1894 – South Africa
- E. bimucronatus (Simon, 1895) – Venezuela
- E. bishopi (Lessert, 1929) – Congo
- E. bonjovi Lin & Li, 2021 – China
- E. cavernicola (Kulczyński, 1897) – Croatia, Slovenia
- E. chikunii Yoshida, 1985 – Japan
- E. emanus Levi, 1964 – Panama
- E. fontinalis Levy, 1985 – Israel
- E. garisus Buckup & Marques, 1992 – Brazil
- E. gibbus Zhu & Wang, 1995 – China
- E. hickmani Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya
- E. immundus (Keyserling, 1884) – Peru, Brazil
- E. implexus (Simon, 1894) – Venezuela
- E. israeliensis Levy, 1985 – Israel
- E. jiangweni Lin & Li, 2021 – China
- E. kitazawai Yaginuma, 1958 – Russia (Kurile Is.), Japan
- E. longabdomenus Zhu, 1998 – China
- E. macrops Simon, 1903 – Equatorial Guinea, Congo
- E. maculipes Cavanna, 1876 – Europe, Algeria, Turkey, Caucasus
- Episinus m. numidicus Kulczyński, 1905 – Algeria, Tunisia
- E. maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 – Canary Is., Madeira
- E. makiharai Okuma, 1994 – Taiwan
- E. marignaci (Lessert, 1933) – Angola
- E. meruensis Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania
- E. mikhailovi Zamani & Marusik, 2021 – Iran
- E. mucronatus (Simon, 1894) – Singapore
- E. nanyue Yin, 2012 – China
- E. nubilus Yaginuma, 1960 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Is.
- E. pentagonalis Chakrabarti, 2013 – India
- E. porteri (Simon, 1901) – Chile, Argentina
- E. punctisparsus Yoshida, 1983 – Taiwan
- E. rhomboidalis (Simon, 1895) – Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore
- E. similanus Urquhart, 1893 – New Zealand
- E. similitudus Urquhart, 1893 – New Zealand
- E. taibeli Caporiacco, 1949 – Ethiopia
- E. theridioides Simon, 1873 – Spain, France (mainland, Corsica), Italy (Sardinia)
- E. tongyani Lin & Li, 2021 – China
- E. truncatus Latreille, 1809 (type) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran
- E. typicus (Nicolet, 1849) – Chile
- E. variacorneus Chen, Peng & Zhao, 1992 – China
- E. xiushanicus Zhu, 1998 – China
- E. yoshidai Okuma, 1994 – Taiwan
Formerly included:
- E. bicorniger (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. bicornis (Thorell, 1881) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. bicruciatus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. bifrons (Thorell, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. caudifer Dönitz & Strand, 1906 (Transferred to Moneta)
- E. coercerveus Roberts, 1978 (Transferred to Moneta)
- E. conifer (Urquhart, 1886) (Transferred to Moneta)
- E. erythrophthalmus (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. gratiosus Bryant, 1940 (Transferred to Neopisinus)
- E. longipes Keyserling, 1884 (Transferred to Neopisinus)
- E. luteolimbatus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. malachinus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. marginatus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. minusculus Gertsch, 1936 (Transferred to Chrosiothes)
- E. mirabilis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Transferred to Moneta)
- E. modestus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. nebulosus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. ocreatus (Simon, 1909) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. paiki Seo, 1985 (Transferred to Moneta)
- E. pictus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. recifensis Levi, 1964 (Transferred to Neopisinus)
- E. salobrensis (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. spinigeroides Zhu & Song, 1992 (Transferred to Moneta)
- E. tanikawai Yoshida, 1991 (Transferred to Moneta)
- E. taprobanicus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)
- E. yoshimurai Yoshida, 1983 (Transferred to Moneta)
- E. americanus Nicolet, 1849
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Gen. Episinus Walckenaer, 1809". World Spider Catalog Version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2022. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
- ^ a b c d e Levi, H. W.; Levi, L. R. (1962). "The genera of the spider family Theridiidae". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 127: 20.
- ^ a b Latreille, P. A. (1809). Genera crustaceorum et insectorum. Paris 4. pp. 370–371.