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United Nations geoscheme for Africa
  Eastern Africa

  Central Africa

  Northern Africa

  Southern Africa

  Western Africa

Portuguese Africans (Portuguese: luso-africanos) are Portuguese people born or permanently settled in Africa (they should not be confused with Portuguese of Black African ancestry). The largest Portuguese African population lives in Portugal numbering over 1 million with large and important minorities living in South Africa, Namibia and the Portuguese-speaking African countries (Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Equatorial Guinea).The descendants of the Portuguese settlers who were born and "raised" locally since Portuguese colonial time were called crioulos. Much of the original population is unnumbered having been assimilated into Portugal, Brazil, and other countries.

Some from Angola or Mozambique went to South Africa, Malawi, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, the United States, Brazil or Europe. Most Portuguese Africans are Portuguese-South Africans, and Portuguese Angolans, mainly as a result of direct migration from Portugal, namely from Madeira.

PALOP countries

The overwhelming majority of Portuguese Africans are found in countries where Portuguese enjoys the status of official language. This is due to historical, linguistic and cultural reasons. They are commonly known as "PALOP". The acronym "PALOP" stands for "Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa" in Portuguese, which translates to "African Countries with Portuguese as the Official Language" in English.^[1]

Guinea-Bissau became an independent country in 1974, followed by the rest of the colonies in 1975. Most Portuguese residents, for this reason, returned to Portugal, where they were called retornados.

When the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries was founded in 1996, some Portuguese and a number of Brazilians of Portuguese ethnic background arrived for providing economic and educational aid to the Portuguese-speaking African countries. Some of these people of Portuguese background adopted Africa as their permanent home.

Western Africa

Excluding Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese-speaking African countries) there aren't large Portuguese communities in Western African countries.

Benin

In Benin, despite there not being nor Portuguese diplomatic representation nor an expressive Portuguese community, there is a remembrance of the Portuguese community once settled there.^[2]^[3] In particular, there is still the Portuguese fort in Ouidah (São João Baptista de Ajudá), a Portuguese exclave until 1961 and now converted into a museum.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Also, the country's capital Porto-Novo, draws its name from the Portuguese city of Porto.^[8]

Burkina Faso

The Portuguese community in Burkina Faso, on the other hand, seems to be continuously decreasing. Even though there has never been a significative Portuguese presence in the country, as of the 2014 uprising there were 20 Portuguese living in the country.^[9] Due to the political instability and the death of a Portuguese national in 2016^[10], the community has decreased to 5 people only, according to data released in the occasion of the 2022 coup.^[11] Despite the recent issues and the fact that Portugal doesn't have an official representation in Ouagadougou^[12], relations, both diplomatic - the Portuguese chargé d'affaires visited Burkina Faso in 2023 -^[13] and cultural are strengthening^[14].

Gambia

Relations between Portugal and the Gambia aren't very strong: only 6 Portuguese are officially registered as living in the Gambia and the bilateral trade amounts to a little over 2 million € per year. There is no Portuguese embassy in the country but there are direct flights connecting Lisbon to Banjul though.^[15]^[16]^[17] Since 2018 Portugal is active in humanitarian projects in the country along with other EU states such as Germany and Belgium.^[18]

Relations between Portugal and Gambia, despite not being particularly significant today, date back to the XV century; in fact, even the country's name comes from the Portuguese word for trade, cambio.^[19]^[20] The Portuguese brought Christianity to the country and built the first church in Gambia: today an estimated 2% of Gambians is Catholic.^[21] Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão and Venetian Luiz de Cadamosto as well as Genoese trader Antoniotto Usodimare (both sailing for Portugal) were the first Europeans exploring the Gambia river.^[22]

They arrived at the River Gambia in June 1455 and proceeded a short way upstream. They repeated the voyage the next year in May 1456, proceeding further upstream and making contact with some of the native chiefs. When they were near the river's mouth, they cast anchor at an island where one of their sailors, who had previously died of a fever, was buried. As his name was Andrew, they named the island St Andrew's Island.^[23]

Following this expedition, the Portuguese made endeavors to establish a settlement along the riverbanks. However, none of these settlements attained significant proportions, and a considerable number of settlers intermarried with the indigenous population. Despite such intermingling, these settlers adhered to Portuguese attire and traditions, maintaining their Christian faith. Communities of Portuguese lineage persisted in the Gambia until the 18th century, with Portuguese churches established in San Domingo, Geregia, and Tankular by 1730. Another Portuguese settlement further up the river was established at Setuku near Fattatenda.^[23] Towards the close of the 16th century, the Songhai Empire, subject to persistent Portuguese incursions, eventually succumbed to collapse.

Following the seizure of the Portuguese throne by Philip II in 1580, a contingent of Portuguese individuals sought sanctuary in England. Among these refugees was Francisco Ferreira, who, in 1587, captained two English vessels to the Gambia, returning with a lucrative cargo comprising hides and ivory. In 1588, António, Prior of Crato, asserting a claim to the Portuguese throne, granted London and Devon merchants the exclusive trading rights between the Rivers Senegal and Gambia. This privilege was formally ratified for a decade through letters patent issued by Queen Elizabeth I.. Despite dispatching numerous ships to the region, these merchants, deterred by Portuguese animosity, refrained from venturing south beyond Joal, situated 30 miles north of the river mouth. Their accounts depicted the Gambia as "a river of clandestine commerce and wealth concealed by the Portuguese."^[23] Presently, in the Gambia, approximately 1% of the population, or 25,000 individuals, still converse in a Portuguese creole^[24].

Liberia

The Portuguese presence in Liberia isn't expressive, and only 1 Portuguese was registered as living in the country as of 2008.^[25]^[26] It is nonetheless interesting to point out that relations between the two countries date from a long time, with Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra establishing contacts with people of the land later known as "Liberia" as early as 1461. They named the area Costa da Pimenta (Pepper Coast), or Grain Coast, because of the abundance of melegueta pepper, which became desired in European cooking. Duarte Pacheco Pereira describes the region in his work "Esmeraldo de situ orbis," which came to be known as the "Pepper Coast" due to the abundance of pepper grains in the area, the main commercial product of the region. In 1462 the explorations went even further with Soeiro da Costa, who sailed in the Cavalla river.^[27]^[28]

Mali

The Portuguese community in Mali is also particularly small^[29] and shrinking due to the political instability in the country.^[30] For instance, in 2012 a French-Portuguese citizen was taken hostage^[31] while in 2017 a Portuguese was killed by a terrorist attack.^[32]^[33]^[34] Moreover, the Portuguese embassy^[35] as well as the direct connection between Lisbon and Bamako have been recently closed.^[36]^[37]^[38] Due to Portugal being part of numerous international coalitions, 74 Portuguese soldiers are active in Mali, mostly to fight terrorism and to train the local army^[39]; in particular, Portugal leads the EU mission in Mali since 2018.^[40]^[41]^[42] The Portuguese have also moved a C-295M aircraft to the country.^[43]^[44] The Portuguese military involvement in Maly was especially asked by the French government.^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51] It is nonetheless worth noting that the first contact between Portuguese and Malian authorities dates from 1534, when the Portuguese sent a delegation to the African country.^[52]^[53].

Mauritania

A small Portuguese community also exists in Mauritania. The latest data (2014) suggest that only 5 Portuguese live in the country.^[54] Portuguese people used to have a larger presence but their numbers have decreased due to political instability, especially after the 2008 coup, when there were at least 30 Portuguese working in construction.^[55]^[56] A notable Portuguese living in Mauritania is artist Isabel Fiadeiro, considered a reference for Nouakchott cultural landscape.^[57]^[58]^[59]^[60] Despite relations between Nouakchott and Lisbon aren't significant (although a visit of the Portuguese chargé d'affaires to Mauritania in 2023 is set to deepen bilateral ties in the near future^[61]^[62]^[63]^[64]. Nowadays the cooperation between the two countries revolves mostly around fishing and military training.^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68] Despite today's relations aren't strong, it is worth noting that the Portuguese extensively explored the country's coast starting in the XV century. In particular, the Portuguese settled the island of Arguin (Arabic: أرغين, Portuguese: Arguim), first visited by the Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão, in 1443.^[69] ^[70]In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on the island, which acquired gum arabic and slaves for Portugal. By 1455, 800 slaves were shipped from Arguin to Portugal every year.^[71]^[72] The island would later be lost to the Netherlands in 1633, during the Dutch-Portuguese War. The Dutch destroyed the Portuguese fort in 1728, upon abandoning the island. Arguin - now part of the Banc d'Arguin National Park - is also the place in which in July 1816, the French frigate Méduse, bound for Senegal, wrecked. The event is particularly famous because of the Le Radeau de la Méduse painting by Théodore Géricault.^[73] The Portuguese were also present in Ouadane (now a Unesco World Heritage site) starting from 1475.^[74]

Niger

Niger also had a small Portuguese community but after the rise in political instability in the country especially after the 2023 coup most left. At least 10 Portuguese were rescued by French troops and sent to Paris.^[75]^[76]

Senegal

In Senegal, where a Portuguese-based creole is widely spoken in Ziguinchor and wider Casamance region, there were 386 Portuguese people registered as electors in 2022.^[77] Despite in 1886 Southern Senegal ceased being a Portuguese colony, interest towards the language remains vivid and more than 50,000 pupils are thought to be studying Portuguese at school as of 2020, a 194% increase from 2008.^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81] Moreover, around 120,000 people speak a Portuguese creole language in the country.^[82] The majority of Portuguese living in Senegal works in construction.^[83]

Togo

The Portuguese community in Togo is also not very expressive, standing at around 20 people^[84]. Nonetheless, the relations between the two countries are expanding, especially in business; for instance, in 2018 Lomé hosted the "Open Day Portugal" event.^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88]^[89]^[90] To boost economic relations there is also a direct flight connecting Lisbon and Lomé.^[91]^[92] The Portuguese are also active in combatting piracy alongside Togolese forces; for instance, in 2017 three boats were given to Togo by the Portuguese Navy^[93]. The Portuguese support to "Support to West Africa Integrated Maritime Security" programme was reasserted in 2023.^[94] Despite there not being a Portuguese diplomatic mission in Togo, the relations between the two countries date back to the XV century. In fact, it is still possible to find some traces the Portuguese left behind them, notably Catholicism (the religion of 25% of the country's population^[95]), some vocabulary (eg. abounêké from "boneca" or "doll" or kopò from "copo" or "glass" or also dò from "dor" or "pain") and toponyms (e.g. Porto Seguro). Sylvanus Olympio, the first President of Togo was of Afro-Luso- Brazilian descent and member of the important Olympio family, which included his uncle Octaviano Olympio, one of the richest people in Togo in the early 1900s^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99]. It is also worth noting that a Portuguese was the EU head of mission in Togo.^[100]

Central Africa

Excluding Angola, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe (Portuguese-speaking African countries) there aren't large Portuguese communities in Central African countries.

A major community is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where around 6,100 Portuguese are thought to live.^[101]

Eastern Africa

Excluding Mozambique (Portuguese-speaking African country) there aren't large Portuguese communities in Eastern African countries.

There is a Portuguese African community found in Njanja Area of Zimbabwe. They are known as Njanja People.

Though a small cohort, Portuguese are also present in Ethiopia. For instance, Empress Mentewab is arguably one of the most prominent Portuguese-Ethiopians.^[102]^[103]

In Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda on the other hand the Portuguese presence has been historically insignificant. Despite this, there was a thrilling Portuguese community in Rwanda up the early 1990s but with the genocide the overwhelming majority left, especially for France.^[104]^[105]In recent years the relations with Rwanda have improved and Portugal was the biggest foreign investor in the country in 2017.^[106]^[107]^[108] With Burundi relations are limited and mainly deal with volunteering.^[109]^[110]^[111]^[112] Relations with Uganda are also very limited^[113]^[114] and the majority of Portuguese living in the country are associated with the Catholic church^[115]^[116] and international cooperation.^[117]^[118] The biggest recent event in Luso-Ugandan relations include a 261 million $ project in Uganda promoted by Mota-Engil.^[119]

Relations with Eastern African countries such as Eritrea and Djibouti also are very limited. Nonetheless, it is interesting to notice that the first Westerner to document a visit to Eritrea was the Portuguese explorer Francisco Alvares in 1520. His books have the first description of the local powers of Tigray, the kingdom of Axum and Barnagais (the lord of the lands by the sea)^[120]. The contemporary coast of Eritrea was the one that guaranteed the connection to the region of Tigray where the Portuguese had a small colony, and therefore the connection to the interior Ethiopian, allies of the Portuguese. Massawa was also the stage for the 1541 landing of troops by Cristóvão da Gama in the military campaign that would eventually defeat the Adal Sultanate in the final battle of Wayna Daga in 1543.^[121] The Portuguese came to the coast of the Horn of Africa in the XVI century in search for Prester John (Preste João), who was thought as a key ally for attacking Mecca and thus for ensuring the control the Red Sea. Using its navy, Portugal targeted the Ottoman Empire, establishing trade and supply bases. The Portuguese, including missionaries, also aimed to strengthen religious influence.^[122] The Portuguese occupied Massawa and Arquico. Not much remains but Massawa's port was designed for the first time by Portuguese D. João de Castro in 1541.^[123] Massawa was also the point in which Cristóvão da Gama's troops disembarked when they came to Africa to confront Adal in the Wayna Daga battle. In fact, the Eritrean coast secured a link to the Portuguese ally, Ethiopia. Nowadays relations between the two countries are almost non-existent. Interestingly, relations seem to be stronger with Eritrea's neighbour Djibouti, now harbouring an important international port.^[124]^[125]

South Africa

The largest Portuguese community found in Southern Africa is by far the one established in South Africa.

North Africa

Amongst North African countries, Morocco has a small but significant Portuguese diaspora.

Algeria hosts around 1,621 Portuguese people.^[126] The Portuguese community in Algeria is a recent diaspora, mainly consisting of people working for one of the more than 80 Portuguese enterprises active in the Northern African country.^[127]

There was also a small Portuguese community in Sudan up until the 2023 coup. It is thought that at least 21 Portuguese fled the country due to the increased political instability. There is now record of only one Portuguese citizen remaining in the Northern African country as of 2023.^[128]^[129]

Population by country

As shown below, there are 64,000 estimated Portuguese Africans in African countries (except for South Africa) not being PALOP members.


Country	Population	Year
Portugal	1,390,000	2010
South Africa	750,000^[130]	2021
Angola	380,767	2010
Mozambique	250,413	2010
Malawi	19,000^[131]	2020
Cape Verde	18,561^[132]	2020
Zimbabwe	17,000^[133]	2020
Guinea-Bissau	10,314^[134]	2020
Democratic Republic of the Congo	6,100^[101]	2020
Zambia	5,600^[135]	2020
Namibia	4,783^[136]	2018
São Tomé and Príncipe	4,705^[137]	2020
Senegal	2,900^[138]	2020
Morocco	2,445^[139]	2020
Algeria	1,621	2022
Congo	1,485^[140]	2019
Tanzania	1,400^[141]	2020
Eswatini	1,026^[142]	2014
Kenya	782^[143]	2014
Botswana	466^[144]	2019
Egypt	229^[145]	2020
Tunisia	243^[146]	2020
Equatorial Guinea	134^[147]	2014
Mali	76^[148]	2020
Nigeria	66^[149]	2014
Guinea	60^[150]	2020

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^ "Dussey et Santos Silva renforcent la coopération Togo-Portugal - Togo Breaking News". togobreakingnews.info. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ First, Togo. "Togo's Chamber of Commerce to organize Portugal-dedicated open day on September 7th". www.togofirst.com. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Togo : tenue à Lomé de la journée économique "open day Portugal"_French.news.cn". french.xinhuanet.com (in French). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Togo : des hommes d'affaires portugais en opération séduction à Lomé". La Tribune (in French). 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Cultiver la proximité entre le Portugal et le Togo". République Togolaise (in French). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ Heitor, Jorge (1999-03-22). "Togo à procura da cooperação portuguesa". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Portugal e Togo querem criar programa conjunto de cooperação económica e política". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 2017-07-21. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Togo-Portugal relations".
^ "Portugal vai entregar ao Togo três embarcações semirrígidas". Notícias ao Minuto (in Portuguese). 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Marinha Portuguesa no Togo".
^ "L'Église au Togo". Mission et Migrations (in French). 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Douze mots portugais (lusitanismes) de Lomé". Dire ou ne pas dire (in French). 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Des comptoirs portugais au protectorat allemand de la tutelle française à l'" ablodé "". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1960-04-27. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Sophie Ekoué met l'eau à la bouche". Afrik (in French). 2003-03-20. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "L'élément portugais dans les univers linguistique et onomastique du Golfe de Guinée : étude de cas".
^ "Três portuguesas vão chefiar delegações da UE na Venezuela, Togo e Cabo Verde".
^ ^a ^b "People of the DRC".
^ Aga, Mark T. "Empress Mentewab — allaboutETHIO". allaboutethio.com. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ D&#39, Andreu Martínez; Alòs-Moner. "Early Portuguese Emigration To The Ethiopian Highlands: Geopolitics,Missions And Métissage". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Emigrantes portugueses no Ruanda" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Evacuação de estrangeiros do Ruanda" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "ENTREVISTA: Portugal foi o maior investidor no Ruanda em 2017 e tem oportunidades por explorar". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 2019-06-02. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Les Rwandais ont changé de langue après le génocide". La Croix (in French). 2019-07-30. ISSN 0242-6056. Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Portugal-Rwanda relations".
^ "Portugal-Burundi relations".
^ Monteiro, Jaime (2018-12-26). "O Natal de um português no Burundi". BOM DIA Luxemburgo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "L'art africain exposé à Bujumbura". BBC News Afrique (in French). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ admin (2018-02-27). "Burundi : 9 pays européens et asiatiques renouent les relations diplomatiques -". Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Portugal-Uganda relations".
^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ Carmo, Octávio (2022-12-14). "Combonianos: Missionários portugueses servem população e Igreja no Uganda". Agência ECCLESIA (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ Costa, Manuel (2023-01-30). "Um Missionário Português no Norte do Uganda". Agência ECCLESIA (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Alunos do Uganda recebem apoio de Militares portugueses". Portal da Defesa na Internet (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "RDP Internacional - RTP". RDP Internacional - RTP (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Mota-Engil ganha contratos de 261 milhões de dólares no Uganda". www.jornaldenegocios.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.
^ "Francisco Álvares". dacb.org. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ Pereira, Hugo. "Uma força Expedicionária Portuguesa na Campanha da Etiópia de 1541-1543" (PDF).
^ Carvalho, Maria (2009). "Correia, Gaspar, 1495-1561, História de Portugal, Século XVI, Crónicas (História), Descobrimentos portugueses Oriente".
^ Loureiro, Rui. "LEITURAS DE DIOGO DO COUTO: APONTAMENTOS SOBRE AS FONTES DAS DÉCADAS DA ÁSIA".
^ "Chairman Hadi's meeting with the Portuguese Ambassador, H.E Mrs. Luisa Fragoso | DPFZA". dpfza.gov.dj. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
^ "Portugal-Eritrea relations".
^ "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-19.
^ "Embaixador argelino em Lisboa relativiza exportações de gás para Portugal". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-19.
^ 21 dos 22 portugueses no Sudão quiseram sair do país. 11 estão no Djibouti (in Portuguese), retrieved 2023-11-22
^ Cruz, Luís (2021-10-29). "Comunidade portuguesa no Sudão não foi afetada pelo golpe militar". BOM DIA Luxemburgo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-22.
^ "Embaixador de Portugal na África do Sul insta os cerca de 450 mil portugueses no país a "ficarem em casa"".
^ "People of Malawi".
^ "Portugueses em Cabo Verde".
^ "People of Zimbabwe".
^ "Portugueses na Guiné Bissau".
^ "People of Zambia".
^ "Portuguese in Namibia".
^ "Portugueses em São Tomé e Príncipe".
^ "People of Senegal".
^ "Portuguese in Morocco".
^ "Portuguese-born people in Congo".
^ "People of Tanzania".
^ "Portuguese in Eswatini".
^ "Portuguese in Kenya".
^ "Portuguese-born people in Botswana".
^ "Portuguese in Egypt".
^ "Portuguese in Tunisia".
^ "Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea".
^ "Ministro da Defesa Nacional visita militares portugueses no Mali e reúne-se com autoridades locais".
^ "Portugueses na Nigeria".
^ "Vida dos portugueses na Guiné-Conacri mantém-se "normal" apesar da incerteza após o golpe".

This article about an ethnic group in Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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[53] Joos, Louis Cosme Damien (1961-01-01). Brève histoire de l'Afrique Noire (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. ISBN 978-2-402-26003-9.

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[68] "PROGRAMA OPERACIONAL DE COOPERAÇÃO TERRITORIAL" (PDF).

[Lander's_Travels-69] Huish, John. "Travels of Richard and John Lander into the interior of Africa".

[70] Bâ, Idrissa. ""Ahl Ghazal", "Naçara" ... : images et perceptions des Portugais et des Espagnols par les traditionnistes maures". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[AntiSlavery.org_Portugal-71] Slave Routes - Europe Portugal Archived November 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. New raw archival-sourced data regarding Arguin slave trade in the early sixteenth century have been released in Ivana Elbl, "Sand and Dreams: Daily Slave Purchases at the Portuguese Coastal Outpost of Arguim (Mauritania) (1519-1520) ~ Full Raw Serialized Data plus Archival Analysis Annotations,” Portuguese Studies Review 30 (1) (2022): 325-354. The data very simply supersedes other obsolete listings and / or previous unfounded speculations ("estimates"), for the period in question. Available on academia.edu.https://trentu.academia.edu/ivanaElbl Consulted 29 May 2023.

[72] Teixeira, Afonso Celso Malecha (2023-03). "Gouverner les villes maghrébines lors de l'occupation portugaise (XVe-XVIe siècles)". https://una-editions.fr/gouverner-les-villes-maghrebines-lors-de-loccupation-portugaise/. Retrieved 2023-11-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |website= (help)

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[93] "Portugal vai entregar ao Togo três embarcações semirrígidas". Notícias ao Minuto (in Portuguese). 2022-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[94] "Marinha Portuguesa no Togo".

[95] "L'Église au Togo". Mission et Migrations (in French). 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[96] "Douze mots portugais (lusitanismes) de Lomé". Dire ou ne pas dire (in French). 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[97] "Des comptoirs portugais au protectorat allemand de la tutelle française à l'" ablodé "". Le Monde.fr (in French). 1960-04-27. Retrieved 2023-11-21.

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[99] "L'élément portugais dans les univers linguistique et onomastique du Golfe de Guinée : étude de cas".

[100] "Três portuguesas vão chefiar delegações da UE na Venezuela, Togo e Cabo Verde".

[:0-101] "People of the DRC".

[102] Aga, Mark T. "Empress Mentewab — allaboutETHIO". allaboutethio.com. Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[103] D&#39, Andreu Martínez; Alòs-Moner. "Early Portuguese Emigration To The Ethiopian Highlands: Geopolitics,Missions And Métissage". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[104] "Emigrantes portugueses no Ruanda" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[105] "Evacuação de estrangeiros do Ruanda" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

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[108] "Portugal-Rwanda relations".

[109] "Portugal-Burundi relations".

[110] Monteiro, Jaime (2018-12-26). "O Natal de um português no Burundi". BOM DIA Luxemburgo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[111] "L'art africain exposé à Bujumbura". BBC News Afrique (in French). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

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[113] "Portugal-Uganda relations".

[114] "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[115] Carmo, Octávio (2022-12-14). "Combonianos: Missionários portugueses servem população e Igreja no Uganda". Agência ECCLESIA (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[116] Costa, Manuel (2023-01-30). "Um Missionário Português no Norte do Uganda". Agência ECCLESIA (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[117] "Alunos do Uganda recebem apoio de Militares portugueses". Portal da Defesa na Internet (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[118] "RDP Internacional - RTP". RDP Internacional - RTP (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[119] "Mota-Engil ganha contratos de 261 milhões de dólares no Uganda". www.jornaldenegocios.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-21.

[120] "Francisco Álvares". dacb.org. Retrieved 2020-09-07.

[121] Pereira, Hugo. "Uma força Expedicionária Portuguesa na Campanha da Etiópia de 1541-1543" (PDF).

[122] Carvalho, Maria (2009). "Correia, Gaspar, 1495-1561, História de Portugal, Século XVI, Crónicas (História), Descobrimentos portugueses Oriente".

[123] Loureiro, Rui. "LEITURAS DE DIOGO DO COUTO: APONTAMENTOS SOBRE AS FONTES DAS DÉCADAS DA ÁSIA".

[124] "Chairman Hadi's meeting with the Portuguese Ambassador, H.E Mrs. Luisa Fragoso | DPFZA". dpfza.gov.dj. Retrieved 2023-11-22.

[125] "Portugal-Eritrea relations".

[126] "Observatório da Emigração". observatorioemigracao.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-19.

[127] "Embaixador argelino em Lisboa relativiza exportações de gás para Portugal". www.cmjornal.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-19.

[128] 21 dos 22 portugueses no Sudão quiseram sair do país. 11 estão no Djibouti (in Portuguese), retrieved 2023-11-22

[129] Cruz, Luís (2021-10-29). "Comunidade portuguesa no Sudão não foi afetada pelo golpe militar". BOM DIA Luxemburgo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-22.

[130] "Embaixador de Portugal na África do Sul insta os cerca de 450 mil portugueses no país a "ficarem em casa"".

[131] "People of Malawi".

[132] "Portugueses em Cabo Verde".

[133] "People of Zimbabwe".

[134] "Portugueses na Guiné Bissau".

[135] "People of Zambia".

[136] "Portuguese in Namibia".

[137] "Portugueses em São Tomé e Príncipe".

[138] "People of Senegal".

[139] "Portuguese in Morocco".

[140] "Portuguese-born people in Congo".

[141] "People of Tanzania".

[142] "Portuguese in Eswatini".

[143] "Portuguese in Kenya".

[144] "Portuguese-born people in Botswana".

[145] "Portuguese in Egypt".

[146] "Portuguese in Tunisia".

[147] "Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea".

[148] "Ministro da Defesa Nacional visita militares portugueses no Mali e reúne-se com autoridades locais".

[149] "Portugueses na Nigeria".

[150] "Vida dos portugueses na Guiné-Conacri mantém-se "normal" apesar da incerteza após o golpe".

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@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 == Western Africa ==
-[[File:Vue de face du Fort Portugais à Ouidah au Benin.jpg|left|thumb|Portuguese fort in Benin, Ouidah]]
 Excluding Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese-speaking African countries) there aren't large Portuguese communities in Western African countries.
+=== Benin ===
-In [[Senegal]], where a [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese-based creole]] is widely spoken in [[Ziguinchor]] and wider [[Casamance|Casamance region]], there were 386 Portuguese people registered as electors in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eleitores Portugueses no estrangeiro - 2022 |url=https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMDUyYTMyOWMtNTUxNC00OGRkLWIyMTUtMTBlMmQ3ZDczZGIzIiwidCI6ImQwOTU5MzBkLTFmZjEtNDQ5YS1iMjI4LTAyMzdhZjgzMGNjZiIsImMiOjh9 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=app.powerbi.com}}</ref> Despite in 1886 Southern Senegal ceased being a Portuguese colony, interest towards the language remains vivid and more than 50,000 pupils are thought to be studying Portuguese at school as of 2020, a 194% increase from 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=132 anos após Portugal deixar Casamansa, há 48 mil senegaleses a aprender português |url=https://www.dn.pt/mundo/ha-48-mil-estudantes-de-portugues-no-senegal-9831255.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Luís |date=2020-02-27 |title=Mais de 50 mil jovens aprendem português no Senegal |url=https://bomdia.eu/mais-de-50-mil-jovens-aprendem-portugues-no-senegal/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=BOM DIA |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-14 |title=Cerca de 17 mil alunos aprendem Português no ensino médio e secundário no Senegal |url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/cerca-de-17-mil-alunos-aprendem-portugues-no-ensino-medio-e-secundario-no-senegal-979770.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-16 |title=Português no Senegal é língua do passado, presente e futuro -- embaixador de Portugal |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/portugues-no-senegal-e-lingua-do-passado-presente-e-futuro----embaixador-de-portugal-9193037.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref> The majority of Portuguese living in Senegal works in construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-12 |title=Portugueses no Senegal ″entusiasmadíssimos″ com visita de Marcelo |url=https://www.tsf.pt/internacional/portugueses-no-senegal-entusiasmadissimos-com-visita-de-marcelo-6217525.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
+[[File:Vue de face du Fort Portugais à Ouidah au Benin.jpg|thumb|Portuguese fort in Benin, Ouidah]]In [[Benin]], despite there not being nor Portuguese diplomatic representation nor an expressive Portuguese community, there is a remembrance of the Portuguese community once settled there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Representação Diplomática de Portugal em Benim |url=https://portaldascomunidades.mne.gov.pt/pt/rede-consular/africa/benim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no Benin |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=26}}</ref> In particular, there is still the Portuguese fort in [[Ouidah]] ([[Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá|São João Baptista de Ajudá]]), a Portuguese [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] until 1961 and now converted into a museum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANPT - République du Bénin |url=https://www.anpt.bj/projet/7/projet-ouidah/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=ANPT - République du Bénin |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Fort Portugais de Ouidah : témoin de l'histoire |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-TFzdCrHZ8 |access-date=2023-11-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-08-05 |title=MISE AU POINT DAHOMÉENNE à propos de l'expulsion des Portugais de la petite enclave d'Ouidah |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1961/08/05/mise-au-point-dahomeenne-a-propos-de-l-expulsion-des-portugais-de-la-petite-enclave-d-ouidah_2283702_1819218.html |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=alex |title=O Forte de Ouidah |url=https://www.pierreverger.org/br/acervo-foto/exposicoes/2013/doacao-de-fotografias-de-verger-ao-museu-historico-de-ouidah/o-forte-de-ouidah.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Fundação Pierre Verger |language=pt-br}}</ref> Also, the country's capital [[Porto-Novo]], draws its name from the Portuguese city of [[Porto]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portonovo - |url=https://www.hubizzy.com/portonovo.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.hubizzy.com}}</ref>
+=== Burkina Faso ===
-The Portuguese community in [[Burkina Faso]], on the other hand, seems to be continuously decreasing. Even though there has never been a significative Portuguese presence in the country, as of the [[2014 Burkina Faso uprising|2014 uprising]] there were 20 Portuguese living in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-30 |title=Portugueses no Burkina Faso estão bem |url=https://www.tsf.pt/internacional/africa/-portugueses-no-burkina-faso-estao-bem--4211481.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Due to the political instability and the death of a Portuguese national in 2016<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Rádio e Televisão de |date=2016-01-17 |title=Identidade do português morto em Ouagadougou ainda não foi divulgada |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/identidade-do-portugues-morto-em-ouagadougou-ainda-nao-foi-divulgada_v888815 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Identidade do português morto em Ouagadougou ainda não foi divulgada |language=pt}}</ref>, the community has decreased to 5 people only, according to data released in the occasion of the [[January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|2022 coup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso: cidadãos portugueses “estão bem”, adianta embaixador de Portugal |url=https://expresso.pt/internacional/2022-01-26-burkina-faso-cidadaos-portugueses-estao-bem-adianta-embaixador-de-portugal |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Jornal Expresso |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Despite the recent issues and the fact that Portugal doesn't have an official representation in [[Ouagadougou]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luso-Burkinabé relations |url=https://portaldascomunidades.mne.gov.pt/pt/rede-consular/africa/burkina-faso}}</ref>, relations, both diplomatic - the Portuguese chargé d'affaires visited Burkina Faso in 2023 -<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coopération : Ouagadougou et Lisbonne en quête d’un partenariat gagnant-gagnant |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/blog/cooperation-ouagadougou-et-lisbonne-en-quete-dun-partenariat-gagnant-gagnant/}}</ref> and cultural are strenghtening<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les candidatures pour le programme étudiant de premier cycle (PEC-G) édition 2024 seront ouvertes du 26 Mai au 21 juillet 2023 - leFaso.net |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article122037 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=lefaso.net |language=fr}}</ref>.
+The Portuguese community in [[Burkina Faso]], on the other hand, seems to be continuously decreasing. Even though there has never been a significative Portuguese presence in the country, as of the [[2014 Burkina Faso uprising|2014 uprising]] there were 20 Portuguese living in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-30 |title=Portugueses no Burkina Faso estão bem |url=https://www.tsf.pt/internacional/africa/-portugueses-no-burkina-faso-estao-bem--4211481.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Due to the political instability and the death of a Portuguese national in 2016<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Rádio e Televisão de |date=2016-01-17 |title=Identidade do português morto em Ouagadougou ainda não foi divulgada |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/identidade-do-portugues-morto-em-ouagadougou-ainda-nao-foi-divulgada_v888815 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Identidade do português morto em Ouagadougou ainda não foi divulgada |language=pt}}</ref>, the community has decreased to 5 people only, according to data released in the occasion of the [[January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état|2022 coup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso: cidadãos portugueses “estão bem”, adianta embaixador de Portugal |url=https://expresso.pt/internacional/2022-01-26-burkina-faso-cidadaos-portugueses-estao-bem-adianta-embaixador-de-portugal |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Jornal Expresso |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Despite the recent issues and the fact that Portugal doesn't have an official representation in [[Ouagadougou]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luso-Burkinabé relations |url=https://portaldascomunidades.mne.gov.pt/pt/rede-consular/africa/burkina-faso}}</ref>, relations, both diplomatic - the Portuguese chargé d'affaires visited Burkina Faso in 2023 -<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coopération : Ouagadougou et Lisbonne en quête d’un partenariat gagnant-gagnant |url=https://www.sidwaya.info/blog/cooperation-ouagadougou-et-lisbonne-en-quete-dun-partenariat-gagnant-gagnant/}}</ref> and cultural are strengthening<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les candidatures pour le programme étudiant de premier cycle (PEC-G) édition 2024 seront ouvertes du 26 Mai au 21 juillet 2023 - leFaso.net |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article122037 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=lefaso.net |language=fr}}</ref>.
+=== Gambia ===
-In [[Benin]], despite there not being nor Portuguese diplomatic representation nor an expressive Portuguese community, there is a remembrance of the Portuguese community once settled there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Representação Diplomática de Portugal em Benim |url=https://portaldascomunidades.mne.gov.pt/pt/rede-consular/africa/benim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no Benin |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=26}}</ref> In particular, there is still the Portuguese fort in [[Ouidah]] ([[Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá|São João Baptista de Ajudá]]), a Portuguese [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]] until 1961 and now converted into a museum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANPT - République du Bénin |url=https://www.anpt.bj/projet/7/projet-ouidah/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=ANPT - République du Bénin |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Fort Portugais de Ouidah : témoin de l'histoire |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-TFzdCrHZ8 |access-date=2023-11-19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1961-08-05 |title=MISE AU POINT DAHOMÉENNE à propos de l'expulsion des Portugais de la petite enclave d'Ouidah |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1961/08/05/mise-au-point-dahomeenne-a-propos-de-l-expulsion-des-portugais-de-la-petite-enclave-d-ouidah_2283702_1819218.html |access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=alex |title=O Forte de Ouidah |url=https://www.pierreverger.org/br/acervo-foto/exposicoes/2013/doacao-de-fotografias-de-verger-ao-museu-historico-de-ouidah/o-forte-de-ouidah.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=Fundação Pierre Verger |language=pt-br}}</ref> Also, the country's capital [[Porto-Novo]], draws its name from the Portuguese city of [[Porto]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portonovo - |url=https://www.hubizzy.com/portonovo.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.hubizzy.com}}</ref>
+[[File:20130530-DSC 8783 (8927543379).jpg|thumb|Ruins of San Domingo, [[Kunta Kinteh Island|Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites]]]]
+Relations between Portugal and the [[The Gambia|Gambia]] aren't very strong: only 6 Portuguese are officially registered as living in the Gambia and the bilateral trade amounts to a little over 2 million € per year. There is no Portuguese embassy in the country but there are direct flights connecting Lisbon to [[Banjul]] though.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=TAP retoma operação sazonal entre Lisboa e Banjul com três voos semanais |url=https://newsavia.com/tap-retoma-operacao-sazonal-entre-lisboa-e-banjul-com-tres-voos-semanais/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=NewsAvia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=78 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal-Gambia relations |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/gambia}}</ref> Since 2018 Portugal is active in humanitarian projects in the country along with other EU states such as [[Germany]] and [[Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=adminCatarina |date=2018-06-07 |title=IMVF implementa primeiro projeto da Cooperação Portuguesa na Gâmbia |url=https://www.imvf.org/2018/06/07/imvf-implementa-primeiro-projeto-na-gambia/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=IMVF - Instituto Marquês de Valle Flôr |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
+[[File:100escudos 1446-1987 Nuno Tristao.jpg|thumb|100 [[Escudo|escudos]] coin commemorating the fifth centennial since the arrival of Nuno Tristão in the Gambia]]
+Relations between Portugal and Gambia, despite not being particularly significant today, date back to the XV century; in fact, even the country's name comes from the Portuguese word for trade, ''cambio''.<ref name="AO">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2017 |title=The True Origin of The Gambia's Bizarre Borders |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-true-history-of-the-gambias-bizarre-origin-story |website=Atlas Obscura}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=J.M |title=The History of the Gambia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1940 |isbn=978-1-107-51196-5 |location=London}}</ref> The Portuguese brought Christianity to the country and built the first church in Gambia: today an [[Religion in the Gambia|estimated 2% of Gambians]] is Catholic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-17 |title=Gambia: Christians demand that the state be declared secular and not Islamic - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/africa/news/2019-12/gambia-christians-demand-that-the-state-be-declared-secular-and.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}</ref> Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão and Venetian  [[Alvise Cadamosto|Luiz de Cadamosto]] as well as Genoese trader [[Antoniotto Usodimare]] (both sailing for Portugal) were the first Europeans exploring the Gambia river.<ref>Gray, p. 5</ref>
+They arrived at the [[Gambia River|River Gambia]] in June 1455 and proceeded a short way upstream. They repeated the voyage the next year in May 1456, proceeding further upstream and making contact with some of the native chiefs. When they were near the river's mouth, they cast anchor at an island where one of their sailors, who had previously died of a fever, was buried. As his name was Andrew, they named the island [[Kunta Kinteh Island|St Andrew's Island]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=http://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/466568/466568_1938/466568_1938_opt.pdf |title=Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of The Gambia |publisher=HM Stationery Office |year=1938 |location=Bathurst |pages=1–10}}</ref>
+Following this expedition, the Portuguese made endeavors to establish a settlement along the riverbanks. However, none of these settlements attained significant proportions, and a considerable number of settlers intermarried with the indigenous population. Despite such intermingling, these settlers adhered to Portuguese attire and traditions, maintaining their [[Christians|Christian]] faith. Communities of Portuguese lineage persisted in the Gambia until the 18th century, with Portuguese churches established in San Domingo, Geregia, and Tankular by 1730. Another Portuguese settlement further up the river was established at Setuku near [[Fattatenda]].<ref name=":1" /> Towards the close of the 16th century, the [[Songhai Empire]], subject to persistent Portuguese incursions, eventually succumbed to collapse.
+Following the seizure of the Portuguese throne by  [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] in 1580, a contingent of Portuguese individuals sought sanctuary in [[England]]. Among these refugees was Francisco Ferreira, who, in 1587, captained two English vessels to the Gambia, returning with a lucrative cargo comprising hides and ivory. In 1588, [[António, Prior of Crato]], asserting a claim to the Portuguese throne, granted London and Devon merchants the exclusive trading rights between the Rivers Senegal and Gambia. This privilege was formally ratified for a decade through [[letters patent]] issued by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].. Despite dispatching numerous ships to the region, these merchants, deterred by Portuguese animosity, refrained from venturing south beyond [[Joal-Fadiouth|Joal]], situated 30 miles north of the river mouth. Their accounts depicted the Gambia as "a river of clandestine commerce and wealth concealed by the Portuguese."<ref name=":1" /> Presently, in the Gambia, approximately 1% of the population, or 25,000 individuals, still converse in a [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese creole]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gambia {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GM/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>.
+=== Liberia ===
+The Portuguese presence in Liberia isn't expressive, and only 1 Portuguese was registered as living in the country as of 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=130 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Rádio e Televisão de |date=2014-08-08 |title=Portugueses na Serra Leoa e Libéria contactam consulado por causa da crise do ébola |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/portugueses-na-serra-leoa-e-liberia-contactam-consulado-por-causa-da-crise-do-ebola_v758753 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Portugueses na Serra Leoa e Libéria contactam consulado por causa da crise do ébola |language=pt}}</ref> It is nonetheless interesting to point out that relations between the two countries date from a long time, with Portuguese explorer [[Pedro de Sintra]] establishing contacts with people of the land later known as "Liberia" as early as 1461.  They named the area ''Costa da Pimenta'' ([[Pepper Coast]]), or [[Grain Coast]], because of the abundance of [[Aframomum melegueta|melegueta pepper]], which became desired in European cooking. [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] describes the region in his work "Esmeraldo de situ orbis," which came to be known as the "Pepper Coast" due to the abundance of pepper grains in the area, the main commercial product of the region.     In 1462 the explorations went even further with [[Soeiro da Costa]], who sailed in the [[Cavalla River|Cavalla river]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=José Carlos |title=O que o mundo moderno deve à exploração de África e dos africanos |url=https://observador.pt/especiais/o-que-o-mundo-moderno-deve-a-exploracao-de-africa-e-dos-africanos/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uff |url=https://www.historia.uff.br/stricto/td/1787.pdf}}</ref>
+=== Mali ===
+The Portuguese community in [[Mali]] is also particularly small<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=144 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref> and shrinking due to the political instability in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atentado no hotel Radisson: relato de português no Mali |url=https://tvi.iol.pt/noticias/internacional/bamako/atentado-no-hotel-radisson-relato-de-portugues-no-mali |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=TVI Notícias |language=pt}}</ref> For instance, in 2012 a French-Portuguese citizen was taken hostage<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bras de fer entre la France et Al-Qaida sur les otages |url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/france-monde/bras-de-fer-entre-la-france-et-al-qaida-sur-les-otages}}</ref> while in 2017 a Portuguese was killed by a terrorist attack.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-20 |title=Corpo do militar português morto no Mali chega quarta-feira a Ovar |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/corpo-do-militar-portugues-morto-no-mali-chega-quarta-feira-a-ovar-8577748.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Notícia |url=https://www.exercito.pt/pt/informacao-publica/comunicacao?menu=noticias |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.exercito.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-20 |title=Portugal mantém compromisso no Mali após morte de militar |url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/mundo/20170620-portugal-mantem-compromisso-no-mali-apos-morte-de-militar-0 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=RFI |language=pt}}</ref> Moreover, the Portuguese embassy<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal-Mali relations |url=https://portaldascomunidades.mne.gov.pt/pt/rede-consular/africa/mali}}</ref> as well as the direct connection between Lisbon and [[Bamako]] have been recently closed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=JMJ 2023: toujours pas de visas pour les inscrits maliens - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/fr/afrique/news/2023-07/jmj-2023-toujours-pas-de-visas-pour-les-inscrits-maliens.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Une année après son installation au Mali : la compagnie aérienne «Tap Portugal» entend renforcer les acquis |url=https://www.afribone.com/une-annee-apres-son-installation-au-mali-la-compagnie-aerienne-tap-portugal-entend-renforcer-les-acquis/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Afribone}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=INSIDE |first=TRAVEL |date=2011-04-20 |title=TAP Portugal au Mali en juin - aboutTravel |url=https://abouttravel.ch/archives-travel-inside/tap-portugal-au-mali-en-juin/,%20https://abouttravel.ch/archives-travel-inside/tap-portugal-au-mali-en-juin/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |language=de-CH}}</ref> Due to Portugal being part of numerous international coalitions, 74 Portuguese soldiers are active in Mali, mostly to fight terrorism and to train the local army<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-19 |title=Governo acompanha com ″preocupação″ situação no Mali. Portugueses estão ″bem″ |url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/politica/governo-acompanha-com-preocupacao-situacao-no-mali-portugueses-estao-bem-12536541.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref>; in particular, Portugal leads the EU mission in Mali since 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-17 |title=Un Portugais, formateur dans l’âme, prend la tête de EUTM Mali – B2 Pro Le quotidien de l'Europe géopolitique |url=https://club.bruxelles2.eu/2019/12/un-portugais-prend-la-tete-de-leutm-mali/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Monteiro |first=Jaime |date=2020-05-27 |title=UE alarga missão liderada por Portugal no Mali |url=https://bomdia.lu/ue-alarga-missao-liderada-por-portugal-no-mali/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=BOM DIA Luxemburgo |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-19 |title=Ministro da Defesa visita tropas portuguesas no Mali |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/pais/2020-01-19-Ministro-da-Defesa-visita-tropas-portuguesas-no-Mali |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}}</ref> The Portuguese have also moved a C-295M aircraft to the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intervenção do Ministro da Defesa Nacional na cerimónia de tomada de posse do Vice Chefe do Estado-Maior da Força Aérea |url=https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/comunicacao/intervencao?i=intervencao-do-ministro-da-defesa-nacional-na-cerimonia-de-tomada-de-posse-do-vice-chefe-do-estado-maior-da-forca-aerea |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.portugal.gov.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Rádio e Televisão de |date=2020-08-19 |title=Portugal tem no Mali 74 militares e uma aeronave |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/mundo/portugal-tem-no-mali-74-militares-e-uma-aeronave_v1252828 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Portugal tem no Mali 74 militares e uma aeronave |language=pt}}</ref> The Portuguese military involvement in Maly was especially asked by the French government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrateur |date=2021-03-01 |title=Séance de travail à l'Ambassade du Portugal en France |url=https://jeunesueua.org/seance-de-travail-a-lambassade-du-portugal-en-france/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=JEUNES UE-UA |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forças militares portuguesas no Mali |url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/forcas-militares-portuguesas-no-mali/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=RTP Ensina |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Portugal poderá reforçar missão de paz no Mali com seis militares e avião em 2020 |url=https://observador.pt/2019/07/11/portugal-podera-reforcar-missao-de-paz-no-mali-com-seis-militares-e-aviao-em-2020/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tropas portuguesas no Mali alvo de ameaças terroristas |url=https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/541074/tropas-portuguesas-no-mali-alvo-de-ameacas-terroristas?seccao=Mundo_i |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=ionline |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-16 |title=Militares portugueses no Mali sentem-se abandonados pelo Estado |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/coronavirus/2021-05-16-Militares-portugueses-no-Mali-sentem-se-abandonados-pelo-Estado-e106e0e6 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |first=Agência |title=Missão europeia no Mali formou cerca de 300 militares desde novembro |url=https://observador.pt/2021/02/17/missao-europeia-no-mali-formou-cerca-de-300-militares-desde-novembro/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-13 |title=Ministro da Defesa realça elogios às forças portuguesas no Mali |url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/ministro-dadefesarealca-elogios-as-forcas-portuguesas-no-mali-5549795.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref> It is nonetheless worth noting that the first contact between Portuguese and Malian authorities dates from 1534, when the Portuguese sent a delegation to the African country.<ref>{{Ouvrage|prénom1=Jean|nom1=Jolly|titre=Histoire du continent africain, Volume 1|sous-titre=de la préhistoire à 1600|éditeur=[[Éditions L'Harmattan]]|année=1996|pages totales=236|isbn=978-2-7384-4688-6|lire en ligne={{Google Livres|e8p4DUAMMekC|page=169|surligne=}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Joos |first=Louis Cosme Damien |url=https://books.google.pt/books?id=_Mx2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40&lpg=PT40&dq=%22portugais+au+mali%22&source=bl&ots=ZlcJShV0g6&sig=ACfU3U3iAaRkH_I40O4RWSQ6U3knRRspew&hl=pt-PT&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN0rG729qCAxW57rsIHS7FDMkQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=%22portugais%20au%20mali%22&f=false |title=Brève histoire de l'Afrique Noire |date=1961-01-01 |publisher=FeniXX réédition numérique |isbn=978-2-402-26003-9 |language=fr}}</ref>.
+=== Mauritania ===
+[[File:Fort of Arguin 1721.jpg|thumb|The Portuguese fort of Arguin]]
+[[File:DC - Foto Serra No 120 - Monumento a Nuno Tristão - Bissau.jpg|thumb|Monument to Nuno Tristão in [[Bissau]]]]
+A small Portuguese community also exists in [[Mauritania]]. The latest data (2014) suggest that only 5 Portuguese live in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=150 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref> Portuguese people used to have a larger presence but their numbers have decreased due to political instability, especially after the [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état|2008 coup]], when there were at least 30 Portuguese working in construction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=“Portugueses estão bem na Mauritânia” |url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/mundo/detalhe/portugueses-estao--bem-na-mauritania |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.cmjornal.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lusa |date=2008-08-06 |title=Golpe de Estado na Mauritânia: Portugueses que precisem de apoio devem dirigir-se à embaixada de França |url=https://www.publico.pt/2008/08/06/mundo/noticia/golpe-de-estado-na-mauritania-portugueses-que-precisem-de-apoio-devem-dirigirse-a-embaixada-de-franca-1337903 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}}</ref> A notable Portuguese living in Mauritania is artist [[Isabel Fiadeiro]], considered a reference for [[Nouakchott]] cultural landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-12 |title=Convidado - Mauritânia: a arte ao serviço da luta contra o coronavírus |url=https://www.rfi.fr/pt/%C3%A1frica/20200512-maurit%C3%A2nia-a-arte-ao-servi%C3%A7o-da-luta-contra-o-coronav%C3%ADrus |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=RFI |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugueses no Mundo de 31 mar 2021 - RTP Play - RTP |url=https://www.rtp.pt/play/p518/e534243/portugueses-no-mundo |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=RTP Play |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-12 |title=Na Mauritânia, o sabão amarelo é herói no combate ao coronavírus. Graças a uma artista portuguesa |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/coronavirus/2020-06-12-Na-Mauritania-o-sabao-amarelo-e-heroi-no-combate-ao-coronavirus.-Gracas-a-uma-artista-portuguesa |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Expresso |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Correia |first=Alexandre |title=Aventura todo-o-terreno e arte? Tem tudo a ver |url=https://observador.pt/2017/05/20/aventura-todo-o-terreno-e-arte-tem-tudo-a-ver/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Despite relations between Nouakchott and Lisbon aren't significant (although a visit of the Portuguese chargé d'affaires to Mauritania in 2023 is set to deepen bilateral ties in the near future<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal-Mauritania relations |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises-geral/mauritania}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-10-20 |title=Le président de la république reçoit les lettres de créance du nouvel ambassadeur du Portugal en Mauritanie |url=https://ami.mr/fr/archives/-99 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Agence mauritanienne d'information |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-03 |title=Le Chef de l’Etat reçoit l’ambassadeur portugais à l’issue de sa mission |url=https://ami.mr/fr/archives/-99 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Agence mauritanienne d'information |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=La Mauritanie et le Portugal décident de renforcer leur coopération dans différents domaines |url=https://mauriweb.info/node/13067 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Mauriweb |language=fr}}</ref>. Nowadays the cooperation between the two countries revolves mostly around fishing and military training.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treino prático da Marinha Portuguesa na Mauritânia |url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/portugal/detalhe/treino-pratico-da-marinha-portuguesa-na-mauritania |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.cmjornal.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fragata da Marinha Portuguesa NRP Álvares Cabral desenvolve atividades de cooperação militar com a Mauritânia |url=https://www.marinha.pt/pt/media-center/Noticias/Paginas/Fragata-da-Marinha-Portuguesa-NRP-Alvares-Cabral-desenvolve-atividades-de-cooperacao-militar-com-a-Mauritania.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debates Parlamentares - Diário 073, p. 2373 (1995-05-05) |url=https://debates.parlamento.pt/catalogo/r3/dar/01/06/04/073/1995-05-05?sft=true&pgs=2389&org=PLC&plcdf=true#p2379 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=debates.parlamento.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PROGRAMA OPERACIONAL DE COOPERAÇÃO TERRITORIAL |url=https://www.adcoesao.pt/wp-content/uploads/mac_2014-2020_pt_v3.0.pdf}}</ref> Despite today's relations aren't strong, it is worth noting that the Portuguese extensively explored the country's coast starting in the XV century. In particular, the Portuguese settled the island of [[Arguin]] ({{lang-ar|أرغين}}, {{lang-pt|Arguim}}), first visited by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer [[Nuno Tristão]], in 1443.<ref name="Lander's Travels">{{cite web |last=Huish |first=John |title=Travels of Richard and John Lander into the interior of Africa |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12667/pg12667.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bâ |first=Idrissa |title=&quot;Ahl Ghazal&quot;, &quot;Naçara&quot; ... : images et perceptions des Portugais et des Espagnols par les traditionnistes maures. |url=https://www.academia.edu/33754146/_Ahl_Ghazal_Na%C3%A7ara_images_et_perceptions_des_Portugais_et_des_Espagnols_par_les_traditionnistes_maures}}</ref>In 1445, Prince [[Henry the Navigator]] set up a trading post on the island, which acquired [[gum arabic]] and [[Slavery in Portugal|slaves for Portugal]]. By 1455, 800 slaves were shipped from Arguin to [[Portugal]] every year.<ref name="AntiSlavery.org Portugal">[http://old.antislavery.org/breakingthesilence/slave_routes/slave_routes_portugal.shtml ''Slave Routes - Europe Portugal''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110230050/http://old.antislavery.org/breakingthesilence/slave_routes/slave_routes_portugal.shtml|date=November 10, 2013}}. New raw archival-sourced data regarding Arguin slave trade in the early sixteenth century have been released in Ivana Elbl, "Sand and Dreams: Daily Slave Purchases at the Portuguese Coastal Outpost of  Arguim (Mauritania) (1519-1520) ~ Full Raw Serialized Data plus Archival Analysis Annotations,” ''Portuguese Studies Review'' 30 (1) (2022): 325-354. The data very simply supersedes other obsolete listings and / or previous unfounded speculations ("estimates"), for the period in question. Available on academia.edu.https://trentu.academia.edu/ivanaElbl Consulted 29 May 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Teixeira |first=Afonso Celso Malecha |date=2023-03 |title=Gouverner les villes maghrébines lors de l’occupation portugaise (XVe-XVIe siècles) |url=https://una-editions.fr/gouverner-les-villes-maghrebines-lors-de-loccupation-portugaise/ |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=https://una-editions.fr/gouverner-les-villes-maghrebines-lors-de-loccupation-portugaise/}}</ref> The island would later be lost to the [[Netherlands]] in 1633, during the [[Dutch-Portuguese War]]. The Dutch destroyed the Portuguese fort in 1728, upon abandoning the island. Arguin - now part of the Banc d'Arguin National Park - is also the place in which in July 1816, the French frigate ''[[French frigate Méduse (1810)|Méduse]]'', bound for [[Senegal]], wrecked. The event is particularly famous because of the ''[[Le Radeau de la Méduse]]'' painting by [[Théodore Géricault]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Arguin|volume=2|page=482}}</ref> The Portuguese were also present in [[Ouadane]] (now a [[World Heritage Site|Unesco World Heritage site]]) starting from 1475.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cardeira da Silva |first=Maria |date=2018 |title=In the shadow of heritage |url=https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/126397 |journal=4ª Conferência International da ACHS "Heritage across borders", org. ACHS |pages=156–156}}</ref>
+=== Niger ===
 [[Niger]] also had a small Portuguese community but after the rise in political instability in the country especially after the [[2023 Nigerien crisis|2023 coup]] most left. At least 10 Portuguese were rescued by French troops and sent to [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retirada de portugueses do Níger |url=https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc23/comunicacao/comunicado?i=retirada-de-portugueses-do-niger |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.portugal.gov.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Neves |first=Bernardo |date=2022-06-08 |title=UE tem novos embaixadores em África com um português no Níger |url=https://bomdia.lu/ue-tem-novos-embaixadores-em-africa-com-um-portugues-no-niger/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=BOM DIA Luxemburgo |language=pt}}</ref>
-[[File:Sylvanus Olympio.jpg|left|thumb|223x223px|Sylvanus Olympio]]
+=== Senegal ===
-The Portuguese community in [[Togo]] is also not very expressive, standing at around 20 people<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=214 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>. Nonetheless, the relations between the two countries are expanding, especially in business; for instance, in 2018 [[Lomé]] hosted the "Open Day Portugal" event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dussey et Santos Silva renforcent la coopération Togo-Portugal - Togo Breaking News |url=https://togobreakingnews.info/dussey-et-santos-silva-renforcent-la-cooperation-togo-portugal/?print=print |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=togobreakingnews.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=First |first=Togo |title=Togo’s Chamber of Commerce to organize Portugal-dedicated open day on September 7th |url=https://www.togofirst.com/en/economic-governance/3008-1486-togo-s-chamber-of-commerce-to-organize-portugal-dedicated-open-day-on-september-7th |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.togofirst.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Togo : tenue à Lomé de la journée économique "open day Portugal"_French.news.cn |url=https://french.xinhuanet.com/2018-09/08/c_137452929.htm |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=french.xinhuanet.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-10 |title=Togo : des hommes d'affaires portugais en opération séduction à Lomé |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/decideurs/entrepreneurs/2018-09-10/togo-des-hommes-d-affaires-portugais-en-operation-seduction-a-lome-789881.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultiver la proximité entre le Portugal et le Togo |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/diplomatie/cultiver-la-proximite-entre-le-portugal-et-le-togo |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=République Togolaise |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heitor |first=Jorge |date=1999-03-22 |title=Togo à procura da cooperação portuguesa |url=https://www.publico.pt/1999/03/22/jornal/togo-a-procura-da-cooperacao-portuguesa-131179 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}}</ref> To boost economic relations there is also a direct flight connecting [[Lisbon]] and Lomé.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=Portugal e Togo querem criar programa conjunto de cooperação económica e política |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/portugal-e-togo-querem-criar-programa-conjunto-de-cooperacao-economica-e-politica-8654936.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Togo-Portugal relations |url=https://www.esquerda.net/en/node/52268}}</ref> The Portuguese are also active in combatting [[piracy]] alongside Togolese forces; for instance, in 2017 three boats were given to Togo by the [[Portuguese Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Portugal vai entregar ao Togo três embarcações semirrígidas |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/pais/2105695/portugal-vai-entregar-ao-togo-tres-embarcacoes-semirrigidas |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref>. The Portuguese support to "Support to West Africa Integrated Maritime Security" programme was reasserted in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marinha Portuguesa no Togo |url=https://www.marinha.pt/pt/media-center/Noticias/Paginas/Marinha-Portuguesa-colabora-na-area-da-formacao-com-a-Marinha-do-Togo.aspx}}</ref> Despite there not being a Portuguese diplomatic mission in Togo, the relations between the two countries date back to the XV century. In fact, it is still possible to find some traces the Portuguese left behind them, notably [[Catholicism]] (the [[Religion in Togo|religion]] of 25% of the country's population<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-11 |title=L’Église au Togo |url=https://missionetmigrations.catholique.fr/sinformer/afrique/292675-leglise-au-togo/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Mission et Migrations |language=fr-FR}}</ref>), some vocabulary (eg. ''abounêké'' from "boneca" or "doll" or ''kopò'' from "copo" or "glass" or also ''dò'' from "dor" or "pain") and toponyms (e.g. [[Agbodrafo|Porto Seguro]]). [[Sylvanus Olympio]], the first [[List of presidents of Togo|President of Togo]] was of Afro-Luso- Brazilian descent and member of the important Olympio family, which included his uncle [[Octaviano Olympio]], one of the richest people in Togo in the early 1900s<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=Douze mots portugais (lusitanismes) de Lomé |url=https://mawulolo.mondoblog.org/2021/02/05/douze-mots-portugais-lusitanismes-de-lome/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Dire ou ne pas dire |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1960-04-27 |title=Des comptoirs portugais au protectorat allemand de la tutelle française à l'" ablodé " |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1960/04/27/des-comptoirs-portugais-au-protectorat-allemand-de-la-tutelle-francaise-a-l-ablode_2086315_1819218.html |access-date=2023-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-03-20 |title=Sophie Ekoué met l'eau à la bouche |url=https://www.afrik.com/sophie-ekoue-met-l-eau-a-la-bouche |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Afrik |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L’élément portugais dans les univers linguistique et onomastique du Golfe de Guinée : étude de cas |url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-01355697/document}}</ref>. It is also worth noting that a Portuguese was the EU head of mission in Togo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Três portuguesas vão chefiar delegações da UE na Venezuela, Togo e Cabo Verde |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/tres-portuguesas-vao-chefiar-delegacoes-da-ue-na-venezuela-togo-e-cabo-verde-7219284.html}}</ref>
+In [[Senegal]], where a [[Portuguese-based creole languages|Portuguese-based creole]] is widely spoken in [[Ziguinchor]] and wider [[Casamance|Casamance region]], there were 386 Portuguese people registered as electors in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eleitores Portugueses no estrangeiro - 2022 |url=https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMDUyYTMyOWMtNTUxNC00OGRkLWIyMTUtMTBlMmQ3ZDczZGIzIiwidCI6ImQwOTU5MzBkLTFmZjEtNDQ5YS1iMjI4LTAyMzdhZjgzMGNjZiIsImMiOjh9 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=app.powerbi.com}}</ref> Despite in 1886 Southern Senegal ceased being a Portuguese colony, interest towards the language remains vivid and more than 50,000 pupils are thought to be studying Portuguese at school as of 2020, a 194% increase from 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=132 anos após Portugal deixar Casamansa, há 48 mil senegaleses a aprender português |url=https://www.dn.pt/mundo/ha-48-mil-estudantes-de-portugues-no-senegal-9831255.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Luís |date=2020-02-27 |title=Mais de 50 mil jovens aprendem português no Senegal |url=https://bomdia.eu/mais-de-50-mil-jovens-aprendem-portugues-no-senegal/ |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=BOM DIA |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-14 |title=Cerca de 17 mil alunos aprendem Português no ensino médio e secundário no Senegal |url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/cerca-de-17-mil-alunos-aprendem-portugues-no-ensino-medio-e-secundario-no-senegal-979770.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-16 |title=Português no Senegal é língua do passado, presente e futuro -- embaixador de Portugal |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/portugues-no-senegal-e-lingua-do-passado-presente-e-futuro----embaixador-de-portugal-9193037.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Moreover, around 120,000 people speak a Portuguese creole language in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sénégal |url=https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/senegal.htm |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca}}</ref> The majority of Portuguese living in Senegal works in construction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-12 |title=Portugueses no Senegal ″entusiasmadíssimos″ com visita de Marcelo |url=https://www.tsf.pt/internacional/portugueses-no-senegal-entusiasmadissimos-com-visita-de-marcelo-6217525.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=TSF Rádio Notícias |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
+=== Togo ===
+[[File:Sylvanus Olympio.jpg|thumb|216x216px|Sylvanus Olympio]]
+The Portuguese community in [[Togo]] is also not very expressive, standing at around 20 people<ref>{{Cite web |title=Observatório da Emigração |url=https://observatorioemigracao.pt/np4/paises.html?id=214 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=observatorioemigracao.pt |language=pt}}</ref>. Nonetheless, the relations between the two countries are expanding, especially in business; for instance, in 2018 [[Lomé]] hosted the "Open Day Portugal" event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dussey et Santos Silva renforcent la coopération Togo-Portugal - Togo Breaking News |url=https://togobreakingnews.info/dussey-et-santos-silva-renforcent-la-cooperation-togo-portugal/?print=print |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=togobreakingnews.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=First |first=Togo |title=Togo’s Chamber of Commerce to organize Portugal-dedicated open day on September 7th |url=https://www.togofirst.com/en/economic-governance/3008-1486-togo-s-chamber-of-commerce-to-organize-portugal-dedicated-open-day-on-september-7th |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.togofirst.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Togo : tenue à Lomé de la journée économique "open day Portugal"_French.news.cn |url=https://french.xinhuanet.com/2018-09/08/c_137452929.htm |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=french.xinhuanet.com |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-10 |title=Togo : des hommes d'affaires portugais en opération séduction à Lomé |url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/decideurs/entrepreneurs/2018-09-10/togo-des-hommes-d-affaires-portugais-en-operation-seduction-a-lome-789881.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=La Tribune |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultiver la proximité entre le Portugal et le Togo |url=https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/diplomatie/cultiver-la-proximite-entre-le-portugal-et-le-togo |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=République Togolaise |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heitor |first=Jorge |date=1999-03-22 |title=Togo à procura da cooperação portuguesa |url=https://www.publico.pt/1999/03/22/jornal/togo-a-procura-da-cooperacao-portuguesa-131179 |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}}</ref> To boost economic relations there is also a direct flight connecting [[Lisbon]] and Lomé.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=Portugal e Togo querem criar programa conjunto de cooperação económica e política |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/portugal-e-togo-querem-criar-programa-conjunto-de-cooperacao-economica-e-politica-8654936.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Togo-Portugal relations |url=https://www.esquerda.net/en/node/52268}}</ref> The Portuguese are also active in combatting [[piracy]] alongside Togolese forces; for instance, in 2017 three boats were given to Togo by the [[Portuguese Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Portugal vai entregar ao Togo três embarcações semirrígidas |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/pais/2105695/portugal-vai-entregar-ao-togo-tres-embarcacoes-semirrigidas |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref>. The Portuguese support to "Support to West Africa Integrated Maritime Security" programme was reasserted in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marinha Portuguesa no Togo |url=https://www.marinha.pt/pt/media-center/Noticias/Paginas/Marinha-Portuguesa-colabora-na-area-da-formacao-com-a-Marinha-do-Togo.aspx}}</ref> Despite there not being a Portuguese diplomatic mission in Togo, the relations between the two countries date back to the XV century. In fact, it is still possible to find some traces the Portuguese left behind them, notably [[Catholicism]] (the [[Religion in Togo|religion]] of 25% of the country's population<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-11 |title=L’Église au Togo |url=https://missionetmigrations.catholique.fr/sinformer/afrique/292675-leglise-au-togo/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Mission et Migrations |language=fr-FR}}</ref>), some vocabulary (eg. ''abounêké'' from "boneca" or "doll" or ''kopò'' from "copo" or "glass" or also ''dò'' from "dor" or "pain") and toponyms (e.g. [[Agbodrafo|Porto Seguro]]). [[Sylvanus Olympio]], the first [[List of presidents of Togo|President of Togo]] was of Afro-Luso- Brazilian descent and member of the important Olympio family, which included his uncle [[Octaviano Olympio]], one of the richest people in Togo in the early 1900s<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-05 |title=Douze mots portugais (lusitanismes) de Lomé |url=https://mawulolo.mondoblog.org/2021/02/05/douze-mots-portugais-lusitanismes-de-lome/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Dire ou ne pas dire |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1960-04-27 |title=Des comptoirs portugais au protectorat allemand de la tutelle française à l'" ablodé " |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1960/04/27/des-comptoirs-portugais-au-protectorat-allemand-de-la-tutelle-francaise-a-l-ablode_2086315_1819218.html |access-date=2023-11-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-03-20 |title=Sophie Ekoué met l'eau à la bouche |url=https://www.afrik.com/sophie-ekoue-met-l-eau-a-la-bouche |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Afrik |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=L’élément portugais dans les univers linguistique et onomastique du Golfe de Guinée : étude de cas |url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-01355697/document}}</ref>. It is also worth noting that a Portuguese was the [[European Union|EU]] head of mission in Togo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Três portuguesas vão chefiar delegações da UE na Venezuela, Togo e Cabo Verde |url=https://www.dn.pt/lusa/tres-portuguesas-vao-chefiar-delegacoes-da-ue-na-venezuela-togo-e-cabo-verde-7219284.html}}</ref>
 == Central Africa ==

v t e Portuguese diaspora
Africa (Luso-Africans)	Angola Guinea-Bissau Mozambique South Africa
Americas	Argentina Brazil Pardos Canada Guyana Mexico Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Hawaii New Jersey Uruguay Venezuela
Asia (Luso-Asians)	India Jews Indonesia Indo Mardijker Macau Malaysia Pakistan Sri Lanka Burghers Mestiços
Middle East	Israel Turkey
Europe	Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland Liechtenstein Luxembourg Netherlands Jews Norway Slovenia Sweden United Kingdom Jews
Oceania	Australia Hawaii New Zealand