Jump to content

Erbium(III) chloride: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,695,952 edits
m Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 5 templates: del empty params (9×);
einecs
 
(24 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)
Line 11: Line 11:
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 59656
| ChemSpiderID = 59656
| EC_number = 233-385-0
| InChI = 1/3ClH.Er/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
| InChI = 1/3ClH.Er/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
| InChIKey = HDGGAKOVUDZYES-DFZHHIFOAE
| InChIKey = HDGGAKOVUDZYES-DFZHHIFOAE
Line 23: Line 24:
| CASNo2_Comment = (hexahydrate)
| CASNo2_Comment = (hexahydrate)
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|changed|FDA}}
| UNII = 867J5QOF46
| UNII = 867J5QOF46

| PubChem = 66277
| PubChem = 66277
}}
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = ErCl<sub>3</sub> (anhydrous)<br/>ErCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O (hexahydrate)
| Formula = {{chem2|ErCl3}} (anhydrous)<br/>{{chem2|ErCl3*6H2O}} (hexahydrate)
| MolarMass = 273.62 g/mol (anhydrous)<br/>381.71 g/mol (hexahydrate)
| MolarMass = 273.62 g/mol (anhydrous)<br/>381.71 g/mol (hexahydrate)
| Appearance = violet [[hygroscopic]] [[monoclinic]] crystals (anhydrous)<br/>pink [[hygroscopic]] crystals (hexahydrate)
| Appearance = violet [[hygroscopic]] [[monoclinic]] crystals (anhydrous)<br/>pink [[hygroscopic]] crystals (hexahydrate)
Line 37: Line 37:
| Solubility = soluble in [[water]] (anhydrous)<br/>slightly soluble in [[ethanol]] (hexahydrate)<ref name="hand">
| Solubility = soluble in [[water]] (anhydrous)<br/>slightly soluble in [[ethanol]] (hexahydrate)<ref name="hand">
{{Cite book
{{Cite book
| last = Lide
| last = Lide
| first = David R.
| first = David R.
| year = 1998
| year = 1998
| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
| title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
| edition = 87
| edition = 87
| location = Boca Raton, Florida
| location = Boca Raton, Florida
| publisher = CRC Press
| publisher = CRC Press
| isbn = 0-8493-0594-2
| isbn = 0-8493-0594-2
| pages = 4–57
| pages = 4–57
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
}}
}}
Line 64: Line 64:
}}
}}
}}
}}
'''Erbium(III) chloride''', is a violet solid with the formula ErCl<sub>3</sub>. It is used in the preparation of [[erbium]] metal.
'''Erbium(III) chloride''' is a violet solid with the formula {{chem2|ErCl3}}. It is used in the preparation of [[erbium]] metal.


==Properties==
==Preparation==
[[Image:Erbium(III) chloride in fluorescent light.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Erbium(III) chloride hydrate photographed under a fluorescent lamp]]
[[Image:Erbium(III) chloride in fluorescent light.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Erbium(III) chloride hydrate photographed under a fluorescent lamp]]
Anhydrous erbium(III) chloride can be produced by the [[ammonium chloride route]].<ref name=Brauer>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry|edition=2nd|editor=Brauer, G. |publisher=Academic Press|year=1963|place=New York}}</ref><ref name=IS>
It is also found as a pink crystalline [[Hydrate|hexahydrate]], [[CAS number]] [10025-75-9]. It has the interesting property that the pink colour is much more intense under light from a [[fluorescent lamp]], as may be seen from the picture.
{{cite book

| last =Meyer
Anhydrous erbium(III) chloride is formed from the hexahydrate by heating under a strongly chlorinating atmosphere, such as [[chlorine]] or [[hydrogen chloride]]; otherwise [[erbium oxide chloride]], ErOCl, is formed. An alternative preparation is to react the readily available [[erbium oxide|Er<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] with excess [[ammonium chloride|NH<sub>4</sub>Cl]] to make the intermediate salt (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>ErCl<sub>6</sub> plus both ammonia and water. This salt is stable with respect to hydrolysis and can be thermally decomposed under vacuum to yield anhydrous erbium(III) chloride with loss of ammonia and gaseous HCl.
| first =G.

| title =The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides-The Example of YCl<sub>3</sub>
It reacts with alkalis to form [[erbium(III) hydroxide]]:
| chapter =The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides—The Example of Ycl <sub>3</sub>

| series =Inorganic Syntheses
:ErCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 MOH → Er(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3 MCl
| volume =25
| year =1989
| pages =146–150
| doi =10.1002/9780470132562.ch35
| isbn =978-0-470-13256-2}}
</ref><ref name="EdelmannPoremba1997">{{cite book |title=Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry |volume=VI |last=Edelmann |first=F. T. |author2=Poremba, P. |editor=Herrmann, W. A. |year=1997 |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-13-103021-4 }}</ref> In the first step, [[erbium(III) oxide]] is heated with [[ammonium chloride]] to produce the ammonium salt of the pentachloride:
:{{chem2|Er2O3 + 10 [NH4]Cl → 2 [NH4]2ErCl5 + 6 H2O + 6 NH3}}
In the second step, the ammonium chloride salt is converted to the trichloride by heating in a vacuum at 350-400 °C:
:{{chem2|[NH4]2ErCl5 → ErCl3 + 2 HCl + 2 NH3}}


==Structural data==
==Structural data==
Erbium chloride forms crystals of the [[aluminium chloride|AlCl<sub>3</sub>]] type, with [[monoclinic]] crystals and the [[point group]] ''C''2/m.<ref name="Tempelton">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tempelton DH, Carter GF | title= The Crystal Structure of Yttrium Trichloride and Similar Compounds | journal=J Phys Chem | year=1954 | pages=940–943 | doi= 10.1021/j150521a002 | volume= 58 | issue=11 }}</ref>
Erbium(III) chloride forms crystals of the [[aluminium chloride|{{chem2|AlCl3}}]] type, with [[monoclinic]] crystals and the [[point group]] ''C''2/m.<ref name="Tempelton">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tempelton DH, Carter GF | title= The Crystal Structure of Yttrium Trichloride and Similar Compounds | journal=J Phys Chem | year=1954 | pages=940–943 | doi= 10.1021/j150521a002 | volume= 58 | issue=11 }}</ref>


Erbium(III) chloride hexahydrate also forms monoclinic crystals with the point group of ''P''2/''n'' (''P''2/''c'') - ''C''<sup>4</sup><sub>2h</sub>. The erbium is octa-coordinated to form [Er(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> ions with the isolated Cl<sup>&minus;</sup> completing the structure.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Graebner EJ, Conrad GH, Duliere SF | title=Crystallographic data for solvated rare earth chlorides| journal=[[Acta Crystallographica]] | year=1966 | pages=1012–1013 | volume=21 | issue=6| doi=10.1107/S0365110X66004420 }}</ref>
Erbium(III) chloride hexahydrate also forms monoclinic crystals with the point group of ''P''2/''n'' (''P''2/''c'') - ''C''<sup>4</sup><sub>2h</sub>. In this compound, erbium is octa-coordinated to form {{chem2|[Er(H2O)6Cl2]+}} ions with the isolated {{chem2|Cl−}} completing the structure.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Graebner EJ, Conrad GH, Duliere SF | title=Crystallographic data for solvated rare earth chlorides| journal=[[Acta Crystallographica]] | year=1966 | pages=1012–1013 | volume=21 | issue=6| doi=10.1107/S0365110X66004420 }}</ref>


==Optical properties==
==Optical properties==
Erbium(III) chloride solutions show a [[negative nonlinear absorption]] effect.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Maeda Y, Akidzuki Y, Yamada T | title= All-optical liquid device derived from negative nonlinear absorption effect in an erbium chloride solution | journal=Applied Physics Letters | year=1998 | volume=73 | pages=2411–2413 | doi= 10.1063/1.122450 | issue=17 }}</ref>
Erbium(III) chloride solutions show a [[negative nonlinear absorption]] effect.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Maeda Y, Akidzuki Y, Yamada T | title= All-optical liquid device derived from negative nonlinear absorption effect in an erbium chloride solution | journal=Applied Physics Letters | year=1998 | volume=73 | pages=2411–2413 | doi= 10.1063/1.122450 | issue=17 | bibcode= 1998ApPhL..73.2411M }}</ref>{{clarification needed|date=August 2022}}


==Catalytic properties==
==Catalytic properties==
The use of erbium(III) chloride as a [[catalyst]] has been demonstrated in the [[acylation]] of alcohols and phenols <ref>Dalpozzo Renato, De Nino Antonio, Maiuolo Loredana, Oliverio Manuela, Procopio Antonio, Russo Beatrice, Tocci Amedeo (2007) ''Erbium(iii) Chloride: a Very Active Acylation Catalyst.'' Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, 75-79. {{doi|10.1071/CH06346}}</ref> and in an amine functionalisation of furfural.<ref>''Synthesis of trans-4,5-Bis-dibenzylaminocyclopent-2-enone from Furfural Catalyzed by ErCl3·6H2O'' Mónica S. Estevão, Ricardo J. V. Martins, and Carlos A. M. Afonso Journal of Chemical Education 2017 94 (10), 1587-1589 {DOI|10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00470}</ref> It is a catalyst for [[Friedel–Crafts reaction|Friedel–Crafts-type reactions]], and can be used in place of [[cerium(III) chloride]] for [[Luche reduction|Luche reductions]].<ref name="Luche">{{Citation|last=Luche|first=Jean-Louis|title=Erbium(III) Chloride|date=2001-04-15|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis|pages=re006|editor-last=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|place=Chichester, UK|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/047084289x.re006|isbn=978-0-471-93623-7}}</ref>
The use of erbium(III) chloride as a [[catalyst]] has been demonstrated in the [[acylation]] of [[alcohols]] and [[phenols]]<ref>Dalpozzo Renato, De Nino Antonio, Maiuolo Loredana, Oliverio Manuela, Procopio Antonio, Russo Beatrice, Tocci Amedeo (2007) ''Erbium(iii) Chloride: a Very Active Acylation Catalyst.'' Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, 75-79. {{doi|10.1071/CH06346}}</ref> and in an [[amine]] functionalisation of [[furfural]].<ref>''Synthesis of trans-4,5-Bis-dibenzylaminocyclopent-2-enone from Furfural Catalyzed by ErCl3·6H2O'' Mónica S. Estevão, Ricardo J. V. Martins, and Carlos A. M. Afonso Journal of Chemical Education 2017 94 (10), 1587-1589 {DOI|10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00470}</ref> It is a catalyst for [[Friedel–Crafts reaction|Friedel–Crafts-type reactions]], and can be used in place of [[cerium(III) chloride]] for [[Luche reduction|Luche reductions]].<ref name="Luche">{{Citation|last=Luche|first=Jean-Louis|title=Erbium(III) Chloride|date=2001-04-15|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis|pages=re006|editor-last=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|place=Chichester, UK|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/047084289x.re006|isbn=978-0-471-93623-7}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 92: Line 101:
{{Erbium compounds}}
{{Erbium compounds}}
{{Chlorides}}
{{Chlorides}}
{{Lanthanide halides}}


[[Category:Erbium compounds]]
[[Category:Erbium compounds]]
[[Category:Chlorides]]
[[Category:Chlorides]]
[[Category:Metal halides]]
[[Category:Lanthanide halides]]

Latest revision as of 12:32, 29 December 2023

Erbium(III) chloride
Erbium(III) chloride hydrate photographed in sunlight
Names
IUPAC name
Erbium(III) chloride
Other names
Erbium trichloride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.337 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 233-385-0
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3ClH.Er/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3 checkY
    Key: HDGGAKOVUDZYES-UHFFFAOYSA-K checkY
  • InChI=1/3ClH.Er/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
    Key: HDGGAKOVUDZYES-DFZHHIFOAE
  • Cl[Er](Cl)Cl
Properties
ErCl3 (anhydrous)
ErCl3·6H2O (hexahydrate)
Molar mass 273.62 g/mol (anhydrous)
381.71 g/mol (hexahydrate)
Appearance violet hygroscopic monoclinic crystals (anhydrous)
pink hygroscopic crystals (hexahydrate)
Density 4.1 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
Melting point 776 °C (1,429 °F; 1,049 K) (anhydrous)
decomposes (hexahydrate)
Boiling point 1,500 °C (2,730 °F; 1,770 K)
soluble in water (anhydrous)
slightly soluble in ethanol (hexahydrate)[1]
Structure[2]
monoclinic
C2/m, No. 12
a = 6.80 Å, b = 11.79 Å, c = 6.39 Å
α = 90°, β = 110.7°, γ = 90°
479 Å3
4
Related compounds
Other anions
 Erbium(III) oxide
Other cations
 Holmium(III) chloride, Thulium(III) chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Erbium(III) chloride is a violet solid with the formula ErCl3. It is used in the preparation of erbium metal.

Preparation

[edit]
Erbium(III) chloride hydrate photographed under a fluorescent lamp

Anhydrous erbium(III) chloride can be produced by the ammonium chloride route.[3][4][5] In the first step, erbium(III) oxide is heated with ammonium chloride to produce the ammonium salt of the pentachloride:

Er2O3 + 10 [NH4]Cl → 2 [NH4]2ErCl5 + 6 H2O + 6 NH3

In the second step, the ammonium chloride salt is converted to the trichloride by heating in a vacuum at 350-400 °C:

[NH4]2ErCl5 → ErCl3 + 2 HCl + 2 NH3

Structural data

[edit]

Erbium(III) chloride forms crystals of the AlCl3 type, with monoclinic crystals and the point group C2/m.[2]

Erbium(III) chloride hexahydrate also forms monoclinic crystals with the point group of P2/n (P2/c) - C42h. In this compound, erbium is octa-coordinated to form [Er(H2O)6Cl2]+ ions with the isolated Cl− completing the structure.[6]

Optical properties

[edit]

Erbium(III) chloride solutions show a negative nonlinear absorption effect.[7][clarification needed]

Catalytic properties

[edit]

The use of erbium(III) chloride as a catalyst has been demonstrated in the acylation of alcohols and phenols[8] and in an amine functionalisation of furfural.[9] It is a catalyst for Friedel–Crafts-type reactions, and can be used in place of cerium(III) chloride for Luche reductions.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 4–57. ISBN 0-8493-0594-2.
  2. ^ a b Tempelton DH, Carter GF (1954). "The Crystal Structure of Yttrium Trichloride and Similar Compounds". J Phys Chem. 58 (11): 940–943. doi:10.1021/j150521a002.
  3. ^ Brauer, G., ed. (1963). Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.
  4. ^ Meyer, G. (1989). "The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides—The Example of Ycl 3". The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides-The Example of YCl3. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 25. pp. 146–150. doi:10.1002/9780470132562.ch35. ISBN 978-0-470-13256-2.
  5. ^ Edelmann, F. T.; Poremba, P. (1997). Herrmann, W. A. (ed.). Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. VI. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 978-3-13-103021-4.
  6. ^ Graebner EJ, Conrad GH, Duliere SF (1966). "Crystallographic data for solvated rare earth chlorides". Acta Crystallographica. 21 (6): 1012–1013. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66004420.
  7. ^ Maeda Y, Akidzuki Y, Yamada T (1998). "All-optical liquid device derived from negative nonlinear absorption effect in an erbium chloride solution". Applied Physics Letters. 73 (17): 2411–2413. Bibcode:1998ApPhL..73.2411M. doi:10.1063/1.122450.
  8. ^ Dalpozzo Renato, De Nino Antonio, Maiuolo Loredana, Oliverio Manuela, Procopio Antonio, Russo Beatrice, Tocci Amedeo (2007) Erbium(iii) Chloride: a Very Active Acylation Catalyst. Australian Journal of Chemistry 60, 75-79. doi:10.1071/CH06346
  9. ^ Synthesis of trans-4,5-Bis-dibenzylaminocyclopent-2-enone from Furfural Catalyzed by ErCl3·6H2O Mónica S. Estevão, Ricardo J. V. Martins, and Carlos A. M. Afonso Journal of Chemical Education 2017 94 (10), 1587-1589 {DOI|10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00470}
  10. ^ Luche, Jean-Louis (2001-04-15), "Erbium(III) Chloride", in John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (ed.), Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. re006, doi:10.1002/047084289x.re006, ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erbium(III)_chloride&oldid=1192452189"