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{{Short description|Species of oak tree}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
|name = Chinese Cork Oak
| name = Chinese cork oak
|image = Chinese cork oak.jpg
| image = Quercus Variabilis.jpg
|image_caption = Chinese Cork Oak planted at [[Tortworth Court]], England
| image_caption =
| status = LC
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Carrero, C. |year=2019 |title=''Quercus variabilis'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T194243A2305772 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T194243A2305772.en |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
| genus = Quercus
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
| display_parents = 2
|ordo = [[Fagales]]
| parent = Quercus sect. Cerris
|familia = [[Fagaceae]]
⚫
| species = variabilis
⚫
|genus = ''[[Oak|Quercus]]''
⚫
| authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]
|sectio = ''[[List of Quercus species#Section Cerris|Cerris]]''
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ThePlantList |id=kew-175660 |taxon=Quercus variabilis |authority=Blume}}</ref>
⚫
|species = '''''Q. variabilis'''''
|binomial = ''Quercus variabilis''
| synonyms = * ''Pasania variabilis'' <small>(Blume) Regel</small>
* ''Quercus bungeana'' <small>F.B.Forbes</small>
⚫
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Bl.]]
* ''Quercus chinensis'' <small>Bunge</small>
⚫
|}}
* ''Quercus moulei'' <small>Hance</small>
⚫
}}


'''''Quercus variabilis''''' ('''Chinese Cork Oak''') is a species of [[oak]] in the section [[List of Quercus species#Section Cerris|''Quercus'' sect. ''Cerris'']], native to a wide area of eastern [[Asia]] in [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]].
'''''Quercus variabilis''''', the '''Chinese cork oak''', is a species of [[oak]] in the section [[Quercus sect. Cerris|''Quercus'' sect. ''Cerris'']], native to a wide area of eastern [[Asia]] in southern, central, and eastern [[China]], [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]].<ref name=FoC/>


== Description ==
==Description==
It is a medium-sized to large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to 25-30 m tall with a rather open crown, and thick corky [[bark]] with deep fissures and marked by sinuous ridges. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, acuminate, variable in size, 8-20 cm long and 2-8 cm broad, with a serrated margin with each vein ending in a distinctive fine hair-like tooth; they are green above and silvery below with dense short pubescence.
''Quercus variabilis'' is a medium-sized to large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] growing to {{convert|25|-|30|m|abbr=off}} tall with a rather open crown, and thick corky [[Bark (botany)|bark]] with deep fissures and marked by sinuous ridges. The [[leaves]] are simple, [[acuminate]], variable in size, {{convert|8|-|20|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long and {{convert|2|-|8|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} broad, with a serrated margin with each vein ending in a distinctive fine hair-like tooth; they are green above and silvery below with dense short pubescence.<ref name=FoC/>


The [[flower]]s are wind-pollinated [[catkin]]s produced in mid spring, maturing about 18 months after pollination; the [[fruit]] is a globose [[acorn]], 1.5-2 cm diameter, two-thirds enclosed in the acorn cup, which is densely covered in soft 4-8 mm long 'mossy' bristles.
The [[flower]]s are wind-pollinated [[catkin]]s produced in mid spring, maturing about 18 months after pollination; the [[fruit]] is a [[globose]] [[acorn]], {{convert|1.5|-|2|cm|abbr=on|frac=8}} diameter, two-thirds enclosed in the acorn cup, which is densely covered in soft {{convert|4|-|8|mm|frac=16}} long 'mossy' bristles.<ref name=FoC>{{eFloras|2|200006306|Quercus variabilis |first1=Chengjiu |last1=Huang |first2=Yongtian |last2=Zhang |first3=Bruce |last3=Bartholomew |volume=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/274 |last=Blume |first=Carl Ludwig von |date=1850 |title=Museum Botanicum |volume=1 |issue=19 |page=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48976529 297] |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.274 |language=Latin}}</ref>
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Chinese cork oak foliage and flower.jpg|Foliage and flowers
Image:Chinese cork oak foliage and flower.jpg|Foliage and flowers
Image:Chinese cork oak bark.jpg|Trunk and bark of Chinese cork oak
Image:Chinese cork oak bark.jpg|Trunk and bark of Chinese cork oak
Image:Quercus variabilis JPG1a.JPG|Chinese Cork Oak planted at [[Meise]], Belgium
Image:Quercus variabilis JPG1a.JPG|Chinese cork oak planted at [[Meise]], Belgium
</gallery>
</gallery>
<!-- == Taxonomy == -->


== Distribution and habitat ==
==Distribution and habitat==
Evergreen and deciduous forests; below 3000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang Japan, Korea.<ref>eFloras, 2009</ref>
The species can be found in [[evergreen]] and deciduous forests below {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on}}, in the Chinese provinces of [[Anhui]], [[Fujian]], [[Gansu]], [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Hebei]], [[Henan]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Liaoning]], [[Shaanxi]], [[Shandong]], [[Shanxi]], [[Sichuan]], [[Taiwan]], [[Yunnan]], [[Zhejiang]], as well as in [[Japan]] and [[Korea]].<ref name=FoC/>
<!-- == Ecology == -->


== Uses ==
==Uses==
It is cultivated in China to a small extent for [[cork (material)|cork]] production, though its yield is lower than that of the related [[cork oak]]. It is also occasionally grown as an [[ornamental tree]]. For pharmaceutical grade production of ''[[Ganoderma lucidum]]'', known in China as ‘the mushroom of immortality,’ the dead wood logs of ''Q.&nbsp;variabilis'' are used.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Shilin Chen|author2= Jiang Xu|author3=Chang Liu|author4=Yingjie Zhu|author5=David R. Nelson|author6=Shiguo Zhou|author7=Chunfang Li|author8=Lizhi Wang|author9=Xu Guo|author10=Yongzhen Sun|author11=Hongmei Luo|author12=Ying Li|author13=Jingyuan Song|author14=Bernard Henrissat|author15=Anthony Levasseur|author16= Jun Qian|author17=Jianqin Li|author18=Xiang Luo|author19=Linchun Shi|author20= Liu He|display-authors= etal|year=2012|title=Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom ''Ganoderma lucidum.''|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=3|pages=913|number=913|doi=10.1038/ncomms1923|pmid=22735441|pmc=3621433|bibcode= 2012NatCo...3..913C}}</ref>
It is cultivated in China to a small extent for [[cork (material)|cork]] production, though its yield is lower than that of the related [[cork oak]]. It is also occasionally grown as an [[ornamental tree]].
<!-- == Culture == -->


== Notes ==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>


== References ==
==External links==
{{Commons}}
*{{Citation
{{Wikispecies}}
| last = eFloras
* [http://www.tropicos.org/Image/56753 line drawing, Flora of China Illustrations vol. 4, fig. 359, 2 ]
| first = Missouri Botanical Garden & Harvard University Herbaria
* [http://www.tropicos.org/Image/83624 line drawing, Manual of Vascular Plants of the Lower Yangtze Valley China Illustration fig. 57 ]
| author-link =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author2-link =
| title = Quercus variabilis
| date = FOC Vol. 4 Page 372
| year =
| url = http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006306
| accessdate = 2009
}}

{{wikispecies}}
{{commons}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q192608}}
{{Fagales-stub}}


[[Category:Quercus|variabilis]]
[[Category:Quercus|variabilis]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Trees of Japan]]
[[Category:Trees of Japan]]
[[Category:Trees of Korea]]
[[Category:Trees of Korea]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Trees of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1850]]

[[az:Dəyişkən palıd]]
[[ca:Surera de la Xina]]
[[de:Chinesische Korkeiche]]
[[fr:Chêne liège de Chine]]
[[ko:굴참나무]]
[[hu:Paráskérgű tölgy]]
[[ja:アベマキ]]
[[ru:Дуб изменчивый]]

Latest revision as of 23:34, 4 January 2024

Chinese cork oak
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Subgenus: Quercus subg. Cerris
Section: Quercus sect. Cerris
Species:
Q. variabilis
Binomial name
Quercus variabilis
Synonyms[2]
  • Pasania variabilis (Blume) Regel
  • Quercus bungeana F.B.Forbes
  • Quercus chinensis Bunge
  • Quercus moulei Hance

Quercus variabilis, the Chinese cork oak, is a species of oak in the section Quercus sect. Cerris, native to a wide area of eastern Asia in southern, central, and eastern China, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea.[3]

Description

[edit]

Quercus variabilis is a medium-sized to large deciduous tree growing to 25–30 metres (82–98 feet) tall with a rather open crown, and thick corky bark with deep fissures and marked by sinuous ridges. The leaves are simple, acuminate, variable in size, 8–20 centimetres (3+1⁄4–7+3⁄4 inches) long and 2–8 cm (3⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) broad, with a serrated margin with each vein ending in a distinctive fine hair-like tooth; they are green above and silvery below with dense short pubescence.[3]

The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins produced in mid spring, maturing about 18 months after pollination; the fruit is a globose acorn, 1.5–2 cm (5⁄8–3⁄4 in) diameter, two-thirds enclosed in the acorn cup, which is densely covered in soft 4–8 millimetres (3⁄16–5⁄16 in) long 'mossy' bristles.[3][4]

  • Foliage and flowers
    Foliage and flowers
  • Trunk and bark of Chinese cork oak
    Trunk and bark of Chinese cork oak
  • Chinese cork oak planted at Meise, Belgium
    Chinese cork oak planted at Meise, Belgium

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The species can be found in evergreen and deciduous forests below 3,000 m (9,800 ft), in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, as well as in Japan and Korea.[3]

Uses

[edit]

It is cultivated in China to a small extent for cork production, though its yield is lower than that of the related cork oak. It is also occasionally grown as an ornamental tree. For pharmaceutical grade production of Ganoderma lucidum, known in China as ‘the mushroom of immortality,’ the dead wood logs of Q. variabilis are used.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Carrero, C. (2019). "Quercus variabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T194243A2305772. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T194243A2305772.en. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  2. ^ "Quercus variabilis Blume". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. ^ a b c d Huang, Chengjiu; Zhang, Yongtian; Bartholomew, Bruce. "Quercus variabilis". Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. ^ Blume, Carl Ludwig von (1850). Museum Botanicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 297. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.274.
  5. ^ Shilin Chen; Jiang Xu; Chang Liu; Yingjie Zhu; David R. Nelson; Shiguo Zhou; Chunfang Li; Lizhi Wang; Xu Guo; Yongzhen Sun; Hongmei Luo; Ying Li; Jingyuan Song; Bernard Henrissat; Anthony Levasseur; Jun Qian; Jianqin Li; Xiang Luo; Linchun Shi; Liu He; et al. (2012). "Genome sequence of the model medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.". Nature Communications. 3 (913): 913. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..913C. doi:10.1038/ncomms1923. PMC 3621433. PMID 22735441.
[edit]
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