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Coordinates: 40°27′43″N 124°57′45″E / 40.46194°N 124.96250°E / 40.46194; 124.96250
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| image_caption =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| location_map = China
| location_map = China#North Korea
| location_map_size =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|40|27|43|N|124|57|45|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| lat_d = 40
| country = [[China]]/[[North Korea]]
| lat_m = 27
| lat_s = 43
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 124
| long_m = 57
| long_s = 45
| long_EW = E
| coordinates_type = type:landmark
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[People's Republic of China]]/[[North Korea]]
| location = [[Liaoning Province]]/[[North Pyongan]].
| location = [[Liaoning Province]]/[[North Pyongan]].
| status = O
| status = O
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| dam_crosses =
| dam_crosses =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type = Main: 26 x [[sluice gate]]s<br>Auxiliary: 16 x sluice gates
| spillway_type = Main: 26 x [[sluice gate]]s<br/>Auxiliary: 16 x sluice gates
| spillway_capacity = Main: {{Convert|37650|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}<br>Auxiliary: {{Convert|17046|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}
| spillway_capacity = Main: {{Convert|37650|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}<br/>Auxiliary: {{Convert|17046|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}
| res_name = [[Sapung Lake]]
| res_name = [[Supung Lake]]
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|14600000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}}
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|14600000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}}
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|7900000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}}
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|7900000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}}
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| plant_decommission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 6 x 105 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Francis-type]]<br>2 x 67.5 MW Francis-type
| plant_turbines = 6 x 105 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Francis-type]]<br/>2 x 67.5 MW Francis-type
| plant_capacity = 765 MW
| plant_capacity = 765 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_annual_gen =
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| extra =
| extra =
}}
}}
The '''Sup'ung Dam''' (Korean: 수풍댐), also referred to as the '''Shuifeng Dam''' and previously the '''Sui-ho Dam''', is a [[gravity dam]] on the [[Yalu River]] between [[Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County]], [[Liaoning Province]] in the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Sakju|Sakju County]], [[North Pyongan|North Pyongan Province]] in [[North Korea]]. The dam was constructed by the Japanese between 1937 and 1943 in order to generate electricity and has been repaired and renovated several times throughout the years, mainly due to spillway damage from flooding. During the Korean War though, [[Attack on the Sui-ho Dam|the dam was bombed]] by the [[United Nations Command (Korea)|United Nations Command]] three separate times in order to disrupt power generation. At the time of its completion, the dam was the largest in Asia and is still the largest hydroelectric power station on the Yalu River. Power produced at the dam's main 630 MW power station is evenly shared between China and North Korea.
The '''Sup'ung Dam''' ({{cjkv|s=水丰水库|t=水豐水庫|k=수풍댐(水豊댐)|first=s}}), also referred to as the '''Shuifeng Dam''' and originally the '''Suihō Dam''', is a [[gravity dam]] on the [[Yalu River]] between [[Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County]], [[Liaoning Province]] in [[China]] and [[Sakju|Sakju County]], [[North Pyongan|North Pyongan Province]] in [[North Korea]]. The dam was constructed by the Japanese between 1937 and 1943 in order to generate electricity and has been repaired and renovated several times throughout the years, mainly due to spillway damage from flooding.
During the Korean War, [[Attack on the Sui-ho Dam|the dam was bombed]] by the [[United Nations Command (Korea)|United Nations Command]] three separate times in order to disrupt power generation for the North Koreans. At the time of its completion, the dam was the largest in Asia, and power station was third-largest (after [[Hoover Dam]] and [[Wilson Dam]]) hydroelectric power station in the world. It is still the largest hydroelectric power station on the Yalu (Korean: Amnok) River. Power produced at the dam's main 630 MW power station is evenly shared between China and North Korea.

The dam is featured on the [[Emblem of North Korea|national emblem of North Korea]].


==Background==
==Background==
[[File:Sui-ho Dam under construction.JPG|thumb|left|Flooding of the dam's spillway while still under construction]]
[[File:Sui-ho Dam under construction.JPG|thumb|left|Flooding of the dam's spillway while still under construction]]
In 1937, during [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japan's colonization of Korea]], the Yalu Hydroelectric Company was established and in the same year construction began on the dam. In 1941, the dam was complete and two of the 100 MW generators were operational. Four more generators were later operational in 1945. The seventh generator was German-made and not delivered due to shipping difficulties during [[World War II]]. At the time of its completion, the dam was the largest in Asia and second largest in the world. Power from the dam was used throughout the Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria ([[Manchukuo]] at the time).<ref>{{cite book|last=Rees|first=David|title=Korea: An Illustrated History from Ancient Times to 1945|year=2001|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=0-7818-0873-1|pages=131|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9QEzvTKzHQ4C&dq=Supung+Dam+Yalu+1937&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=K. Armstrong|first=Charles|title=Korea at the Center: Dynamics of Regionalism in Northeast Asia|year=2005|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1656-4|pages=95|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RJ8uGmLb_RcC&pg=PA95&dq=Supung+Dam+Yalu+1937&hl=en&ei=MqdYTt_wNurvmAW_7eCQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|coauthors=Samuel S. Kim, Stephen Kotkin}}</ref> After World War II, in 1947, the Soviet Union occupied the area, and dismantled and carried three of the seven generators to the [[Irtysh River]] dam in [[Kazakhstan]]. They would later be re-installed during the 1950s.<ref name=air>{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=edited by James T.|title=Airpower|year=1980|publisher=Arno Press|location=New York|isbn=0-405-12204-7|pages=129|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y0LvzLIVUB8C&pg=PA128&dq=Suiho+dam&hl=en&ei=9atYTq-pHoSYmQWW3oyzDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Suiho%20dam&f=false}}</ref>
In 1937, during [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japan's colonization of Korea]], the Yalu Hydroelectric Company was established and in the same year construction began on the dam, with the [[Pyeongbuk Railway]] opening a rail line in 1939 to assist with the construction.<ref name="Showa3813">朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 3813, 3 October 1939</ref> In 1941, the dam was complete with two 100 MW generators operational, and the emperor of [[Manchukuo]], [[Puyi]], visited the dam.<ref name="Hayato">Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), {{ISBN|978-4-10-303731-6}}</ref> Four more generators were later operational in 1943. The seventh generator was German-made and not delivered due to shipping difficulties during [[World War II]]. At the time of its completion, the dam was the largest in Asia and third largest in the world. Power from the dam was used throughout the Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria ([[Manchukuo]] at the time).<ref>{{cite book|last=Rees|first=David|title=Korea: An Illustrated History from Ancient Times to 1945|year=2001|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=0-7818-0873-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/koreaillustrated00davi/page/131 131]|url=https://archive.org/details/koreaillustrated00davi|url-access=registration|quote=Supung Dam Yalu 1937.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=K. Armstrong|first=Charles|title=Korea at the Center: Dynamics of Regionalism in Northeast Asia|year=2005|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1656-4|pages=95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJ8uGmLb_RcC&dq=Supung+Dam+Yalu+1937&pg=PA95|author2=Samuel S. Kim |author3=Stephen Kotkin }}</ref> After World War II, in 1947, the Soviet Union occupied the area, and dismantled and carried three of the seven generators to the [[Irtysh River]] dam in [[Kazakhstan]]. They were later re-installed during the 1950s.<ref name=air>{{cite book|editor-last=Stewart|editor-first=James T.|title=Airpower|year=1980|publisher=Arno Press|location=New York|isbn=0-405-12204-7|pages=129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0LvzLIVUB8C&dq=Suiho+dam&pg=PA128}}</ref>


===Korean War attacks===
===Korean War attacks===
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===Repairs and renovations===
===Repairs and renovations===
Throughout the dam's history, it underwent several renovations and repairs. Flooding in 1946 damaged the stilling basin at the toe of the dam and destroyed its [[spillway]], requiring repairs the next year. Between September 1949 and April 1950, in a second repair, the spillway and plunge pool were renovated. Between 1955 and 1958, permanent post-war repairs were made to the dam and power station. The generators removed by the Soviets were replaced and the installed capacity of the power station upgraded to 630 MW.<ref name=chinpdf>{{cite web|last=Kai|first=Yu|title=Shuifeng dam design review comments|url=http://www.lw23.com/pdf_73e8b165-76ad-43cd-87af-000065ea60bb/lunwen.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Water Resources Survey|accessdate=27 August 2011|location=Northeast Changchun|language=Chinese|year=1998}}</ref> In 1983, China began constructing an additional power station just downstream of the dam on their side of the river with two 67.5 MW generators. The first was commissioned in 1987 and the second in 1988.<ref name=sinoh>{{cite web|title=Supung station (before restoration) Details|url=http://www.sinohydro.com/508-1352-10555.aspx|publisher=Sino Hydro|accessdate=27 August 2011|language=Chinese}}</ref> The most recent renovation occurred between 2009 and 2011 in order to improve the function of the dam's spillways. The US$24.5 million renovation was funded by [[State Grid Corporation of China]].<ref>{{cite web|title=China completes renovation of hydropower station on river bordering DPRK|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/28/c_13954849.htm|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=27 August 2011|authorlink=28 June 2011}}</ref>
Throughout the dam's history, it underwent several renovations and repairs. Flooding in 1946 damaged the stilling basin at the toe of the dam and destroyed its [[spillway]], requiring repairs the next year. Between September 1949 and April 1950, in a second repair, the spillway and plunge pool were renovated. Between 1955 and 1958, permanent post-war repairs were made to the dam and power station. The generators removed by the Soviets were replaced and the installed capacity of the power station upgraded to 630 MW.<ref name=chinpdf>{{cite web|last=Kai|first=Yu|title=Shuifeng dam design review comments|url=http://www.lw23.com/pdf_73e8b165-76ad-43cd-87af-000065ea60bb/lunwen.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Water Resources Survey|accessdate=27 August 2011|location=Northeast Changchun|language=Chinese|year=1998}}</ref> In 1983, China began constructing an additional power station just downstream of the dam on their side of the river with two 67.5 MW generators. The first was commissioned in 1987 and the second in 1988.<ref name=sinoh>{{cite web|title=Supung station (before restoration) Details|url=http://www.sinohydro.com/508-1352-10555.aspx|publisher=Sino Hydro|accessdate=27 August 2011|language=Chinese|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005210210/http://www.sinohydro.com/508-1352-10555.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The most recent renovation occurred between 2009 and 2011 in order to improve the function of the dam's spillways. The US$24.5 million renovation was funded by [[State Grid Corporation of China]].<ref>{{cite web|title=China completes renovation of hydropower station on river bordering DPRK|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/28/c_13954849.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716172426/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/28/c_13954849.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 16, 2011|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=27 August 2011|authorlink=28 June 2011}}</ref>


==Design==
==Design==
[[File:124.96166E 40.46156N dam.png|thumbnail|left|The damn seen from a satellite.]]
[[File:Sup'ung Dam seen from a satellite.png|thumbnail|left|The dam seen from a satellite.]]
The Supung is a {{Convert|106|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall and {{Convert|899.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long concrete gravity dam with a crest elevation of {{Convert|126.4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The dam's [[spillway]] consists of 26 [[sluice gate]]s with a maximum discharge capacity of {{Convert|37650|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}. An auxiliary spillway {{Convert|1.7|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north of the dam consists of 16 sluice gates and has a maximum discharge capacity of {{Convert|17046|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}. The dam's reservoir has a capacity of {{Convert|14600000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}} of which {{Convert|7900000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}} is active (or "useful") for power generation. The dam sits at the head of a {{Convert|52912|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} [[drainage basin|catchment area]] and its reservoir has a surface area of {{Convert|274|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The original power station at the base of the dam contains seven 105 MW [[Francis turbine]]-generators which are afforded and average [[hydraulic head]] of {{Convert|77|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=chinpdf/><ref>{{cite web|title=Hydraulic structure Shuifeng Dam|url=http://club.cqvip.com/html/29/384410.shtml|publisher=Weipu Academic|accessdate=27 August 2011|language=Chinese}}</ref> The additional power station on China's side contains two 67.5 MW Francis turbine generators. The total installed capacity of the dam's power stations is 765 MW.<ref name=sinoh/>
The Supung is a {{Convert|106|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall and {{Convert|899.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} long concrete gravity dam with a crest elevation of {{Convert|126.4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The dam's [[spillway]] consists of 26 [[sluice gate]]s with a maximum discharge capacity of {{Convert|37650|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}. An auxiliary spillway {{Convert|1.7|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north of the dam consists of 16 sluice gates and has a maximum discharge capacity of {{Convert|17046|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}. The dam's reservoir has a capacity of {{Convert|14600000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}} of which {{Convert|7900000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on|lk=out}} is active (or "useful") for power generation. The dam sits at the head of a {{Convert|52912|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} [[drainage basin|catchment area]] and its reservoir has a surface area of {{Convert|274|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The original power station at the base of the dam contains six 105 MW [[Francis turbine]]-generators which are afforded an average [[hydraulic head]] of {{Convert|77|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=chinpdf/><ref>{{cite web|title=Hydraulic structure Shuifeng Dam|url=http://club.cqvip.com/html/29/384410.shtml|publisher=Weipu Academic|access-date=27 August 2011|language=Chinese|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709192538/http://club.cqvip.com/html/29/384410.shtml|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> The additional power station on China's side contains two 67.5 MW Francis turbine generators. The total installed capacity of the dam's power stations is 765 MW.<ref name=sinoh/>


==See also==
==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|China|North Korea|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
*[[List of dams and reservoirs in China]]
*[[Emblem of North Korea]]
*[[Hwacheon Dam]]
*[[Hwacheon Dam]]
*[[Weiyuan Dam]] – situated upstream
*[[Taipingwan Dam]] – situated downstream


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Yalu River dams}}
{{Commons category|Supung Dam}}
{{Commons category|Supung Dam}}


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[[Category:Dams completed in 1943]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1943]]
[[Category:Dams on the Yalu River]]
[[Category:Dams on the Yalu River]]
[[Category:China–North Korea relations]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in China]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in Korea]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1943]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in North Pyongan Province]]
[[Category:Economy of Korea under Japanese rule]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of Korea under Japanese rule]]

Latest revision as of 00:46, 25 February 2024

Sup'ung Dam
Sup'ung Dam is located in China
Sup'ung Dam
Location of Sup'ung Dam in China
Sup'ung Dam is located in North Korea
Sup'ung Dam
Sup'ung Dam (North Korea)
CountryChina/North Korea
LocationLiaoning Province/North Pyongan.
Coordinates40°27′43″N 124°57′45″E / 40.46194°N 124.96250°E / 40.46194; 124.96250
StatusOperational
Construction began1937
Opening date1943
Dam and spillways
Type of damGravity
Height106 m (348 ft)
Length899.5 m (2,951 ft)
Elevation at crest126.4 m (415 ft)
Spillway typeMain: 26 x sluice gates
Auxiliary: 16 x sluice gates
Spillway capacityMain: 37,650 m3/s (1,329,597 cu ft/s)
Auxiliary: 17,046 m3/s (601,974 cu ft/s)
Reservoir
CreatesSupung Lake
Total capacity14,600,000,000 m3 (11,836,413 acre⋅ft)
Active capacity7,900,000,000 m3 (6,404,634 acre⋅ft)
Inactive capacity4,180,000,000 m3 (3,388,781 acre⋅ft)
Catchment area52,912 km2 (20,429 sq mi)
Surface area274 km2 (106 sq mi)
Normal elevation123 m (404 ft)
Power Station
Operator(s)Korea-China Hydroelectric Co
Commission date1941
Hydraulic head77 m (253 ft)
Turbines6 x 105 MW Francis-type
2 x 67.5 MW Francis-type
Installed capacity765 MW

The Sup'ung Dam (traditional Chinese: 水豐水庫; simplified Chinese: 水丰水库; Korean: 수풍댐(水豊댐)), also referred to as the Shuifeng Dam and originally the Suihō Dam, is a gravity dam on the Yalu River between Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province in China and Sakju County, North Pyongan Province in North Korea. The dam was constructed by the Japanese between 1937 and 1943 in order to generate electricity and has been repaired and renovated several times throughout the years, mainly due to spillway damage from flooding.

During the Korean War, the dam was bombed by the United Nations Command three separate times in order to disrupt power generation for the North Koreans. At the time of its completion, the dam was the largest in Asia, and power station was third-largest (after Hoover Dam and Wilson Dam) hydroelectric power station in the world. It is still the largest hydroelectric power station on the Yalu (Korean: Amnok) River. Power produced at the dam's main 630 MW power station is evenly shared between China and North Korea.

The dam is featured on the national emblem of North Korea.

Background

[edit]
Flooding of the dam's spillway while still under construction

In 1937, during Japan's colonization of Korea, the Yalu Hydroelectric Company was established and in the same year construction began on the dam, with the Pyeongbuk Railway opening a rail line in 1939 to assist with the construction.[1] In 1941, the dam was complete with two 100 MW generators operational, and the emperor of Manchukuo, Puyi, visited the dam.[2] Four more generators were later operational in 1943. The seventh generator was German-made and not delivered due to shipping difficulties during World War II. At the time of its completion, the dam was the largest in Asia and third largest in the world. Power from the dam was used throughout the Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria (Manchukuo at the time).[3][4] After World War II, in 1947, the Soviet Union occupied the area, and dismantled and carried three of the seven generators to the Irtysh River dam in Kazakhstan. They were later re-installed during the 1950s.[5]

Korean War attacks

[edit]

The dam's power station and transformer yard were targeted by the United Nations Command three times during the Korean War in order to disrupt power supply. Between 23 and 24 June 1952, the dam was attacked by 250 bombers and fighters, dropping 90 tons of munitions on the power station, transformer yard and auxiliary facilities. The power station was destroyed but the dam left intact. After intelligence indicated it may have been partially operational again, the power station was again targeted and disabled on 12 September 1952 by B-29 bombers. By 1 February 1953, it was believed that two generators had been repaired and were operational once again. This resulted in a third raid on the dam on 15 February which left the power station inoperable once again.[5]

Repairs and renovations

[edit]

Throughout the dam's history, it underwent several renovations and repairs. Flooding in 1946 damaged the stilling basin at the toe of the dam and destroyed its spillway, requiring repairs the next year. Between September 1949 and April 1950, in a second repair, the spillway and plunge pool were renovated. Between 1955 and 1958, permanent post-war repairs were made to the dam and power station. The generators removed by the Soviets were replaced and the installed capacity of the power station upgraded to 630 MW.[6] In 1983, China began constructing an additional power station just downstream of the dam on their side of the river with two 67.5 MW generators. The first was commissioned in 1987 and the second in 1988.[7] The most recent renovation occurred between 2009 and 2011 in order to improve the function of the dam's spillways. The US$24.5 million renovation was funded by State Grid Corporation of China.[8]

Design

[edit]
The dam seen from a satellite.

The Supung is a 106 m (348 ft) tall and 899.5 m (2,951 ft) long concrete gravity dam with a crest elevation of 126.4 m (415 ft). The dam's spillway consists of 26 sluice gates with a maximum discharge capacity of 37,650 m3/s (1,329,597 cu ft/s). An auxiliary spillway 1.7 km (1 mi) north of the dam consists of 16 sluice gates and has a maximum discharge capacity of 17,046 m3/s (601,974 cu ft/s). The dam's reservoir has a capacity of 14,600,000,000 m3 (11,836,413 acre⋅ft) of which 7,900,000,000 m3 (6,404,634 acre⋅ft) is active (or "useful") for power generation. The dam sits at the head of a 52,912 km2 (20,429 sq mi) catchment area and its reservoir has a surface area of 274 km2 (106 sq mi). The original power station at the base of the dam contains six 105 MW Francis turbine-generators which are afforded an average hydraulic head of 77 m (253 ft).[6][9] The additional power station on China's side contains two 67.5 MW Francis turbine generators. The total installed capacity of the dam's power stations is 765 MW.[7]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ 朝鮮總督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa Nr. 3813, 3 October 1939
  2. ^ Kokubu, Hayato, 将軍様の鉄道 (Shōgun-sama no Tetsudō), ISBN 978-4-10-303731-6
  3. ^ Rees, David (2001). Korea: An Illustrated History from Ancient Times to 1945. Hippocrene Books. pp. 131. ISBN 0-7818-0873-1. Supung Dam Yalu 1937.
  4. ^ K. Armstrong, Charles; Samuel S. Kim; Stephen Kotkin (2005). Korea at the Center: Dynamics of Regionalism in Northeast Asia. M.E. Sharpe. p. 95. ISBN 0-7656-1656-4.
  5. ^ a b Stewart, James T., ed. (1980). Airpower. New York: Arno Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-405-12204-7.
  6. ^ a b Kai, Yu (1998). "Shuifeng dam design review comments" (PDF) (in Chinese). Northeast Changchun: Ministry of Water Resources Survey. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  7. ^ a b "Supung station (before restoration) Details" (in Chinese). Sino Hydro. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  8. ^ "China completes renovation of hydropower station on river bordering DPRK". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
  9. ^ "Hydraulic structure Shuifeng Dam" (in Chinese). Weipu Academic. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2011.