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{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Sambucus racemosa 6261.JPG
|image = Sambucus racemosa 6261.JPG
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'''''Sambucus racemosa''''' is a species of [[Sambucus|elderberry]] known by the common names '''red elderberry'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SARA2|taxon=Sambucus racemosa|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> and '''red-berried elder'''.<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web |title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
'''''Sambucus racemosa''''' is a species of [[Sambucus|elderberry]] known by the common names '''red elderberry'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SARA2|taxon=Sambucus racemosa|accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref> and '''red-berried elder'''.<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |accessdate=2014-10-17 }}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
It is native to Europe, northern temperate Asia, and North America across [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=grin1/> It grows in [[Riparian zone|riparian]] environments, [[woodland]]s, and other [[habitat]]s, generally in moist areas.<ref name=npin>{{NPIN|SARA2|Sambucus racemosa}}</ref>
It is native to Europe, northern temperate Asia, and North America across [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=grin1/> It grows in [[Riparian zone|riparian]] environments, [[woodland]]s, and other [[habitat]]s, generally in moist areas.<ref name="ladybird">{{NPIN|SARA2|Sambucus racemosa}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
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Each individual leaf is composed of 5 to 7 leaflike leaflets, each of which is up to {{cvt|16|cm|in|frac=4}} long, lance-shaped to narrowly oval, and irregularly serrated along the edges. The leaflets have a strong disagreeable odor when crushed.<ref name= duke>[http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/sara.html Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of North Carolina: Red Elderberry (''Sambucus racemosa'' var. ''pubens'')]</ref>
Each individual leaf is composed of 5 to 7 leaflike leaflets, each of which is up to {{cvt|16|cm|in|frac=4}} long, lance-shaped to narrowly oval, and irregularly serrated along the edges. The leaflets have a strong disagreeable odor when crushed.<ref name= duke>[http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/sara.html Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of North Carolina: Red Elderberry (''Sambucus racemosa'' var. ''pubens'')]</ref>


The [[inflorescence]] is a vaguely cone-shaped [[panicle]] of several cymes of flowers blooming from the ends of stem branches. The flower buds are pink when closed, and the open flowers are white, cream, or yellowish. Each flower has small, recurved petals and a star-shaped axis of five white [[stamen]]s tipped in yellow anthers. The flowers are fragrant and visited by [[hummingbird]]s and [[Butterfly|butterflies]].<ref name=npin/>
The [[inflorescence]] is a vaguely cone-shaped [[panicle]] of several cymes of flowers blooming from the ends of stem branches. The flower buds are pink when closed, and the open flowers are white, cream, or yellowish. Each flower has small, recurved petals and a star-shaped axis of five white [[stamen]]s tipped in yellow anthers. The flowers are fragrant and visited by [[hummingbird]]s and [[Butterfly|butterflies]].<ref name="ladybird"/>


The fruit is a bright red or sometimes purple [[drupe]] containing 3 to 5 seeds.
The fruit is a bright red or sometimes purple [[drupe]] containing 3 to 5 seeds.
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*[[Sambucus racemosa subsp. kamtschatica|''Sambucus racemosa'' subsp. ''kamtschatica'']] — red elder, native to [[Northeastern Asia]].<ref>{{ITIS |id=823524 |taxon=Sambucus racemosa subsp. kamtschatica}}</ref>
*[[Sambucus racemosa subsp. kamtschatica|''Sambucus racemosa'' subsp. ''kamtschatica'']] — red elder, native to [[Northeastern Asia]].<ref>{{ITIS |id=823524 |taxon=Sambucus racemosa subsp. kamtschatica}}</ref>
*[[Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa|''Sambucus racemosa'' var. ''melanocarpa'']] — Rocky Mountain elder, native to the [[Western United States]] and [[Western Canada]], including the [[Rocky Mountain]]s and [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]].<ref>{{Calflora|Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS |symbol=SARAM4 |taxon=Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa}}</ref><ref>{{Jepson eFlora|80590|Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa}}</ref>
*[[Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa|''Sambucus racemosa'' var. ''melanocarpa'']] — Rocky Mountain elder, native to the [[Western United States]] and [[Western Canada]], including the [[Rocky Mountain]]s and [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]].<ref>{{Calflora|Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS |symbol=SARAM4 |taxon=Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa}}</ref><ref>{{Jepson eFlora|80590|Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa}}</ref>
*[[Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa|''Sambucus racemosa'' var. ''microbotrys'']] <small>(Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles</small> – Southwestern United States<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:227218-2 ''Sambucus racemosa'' var. ''microbotrys'' (Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles]. ''Plants of the World Online'', Kew Science. Accessed 2 February 2023.</ref>
*[[Sambucus racemosa subsp. pubens|''Sambucus racemosa'' subsp. ''pubens'']] — American red elder, native to Eastern North America
*[[Sambucus racemosa subsp. pubens|''Sambucus racemosa'' subsp. ''pubens'']] — American red elder, native to Eastern North America
*[[Sambucus racemosa subsp. racemosa|''Sambucus racemosa'' subsp. ''racemosa'']] — European red elder.<ref>{{ITIS |id=35327 |taxon=Sambucus racemosa subsp. racemosa}}</ref>
*[[Sambucus racemosa subsp. racemosa|''Sambucus racemosa'' subsp. ''racemosa'']] — European red elder.<ref>{{ITIS |id=35327 |taxon=Sambucus racemosa subsp. racemosa}}</ref>
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==Uses==
==Uses==
The stems, roots and foliage are [[toxin|poisonous]], and the berries can be toxic or cause nausea if eaten raw.<ref name=ladybird>{{NPIN|SARA2|Sambucus racemosa}}</ref>
The stems, roots and foliage are [[toxin|poisonous]], and the berries can be toxic or cause nausea if eaten raw.<ref name=ladybird/>


===Medicinal plant===
===Traditional medicine===
It has been used as a traditional [[medicinal plant]] by Native Americans, including the [[Bella Coola people|Bella Coola]], [[Carrier people|Carrier]], [[Gitksan]], [[Hesquiaht First Nation|Hesquiaht]], [[Menominee]], [[Northern Paiute]], [[Ojibwa]], [[Southern Paiute|Paiute]], [[Potawatomi]], Tlingit, and Haida peoples.<ref name=npin/><ref name=umich>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Sambucus+racemosa University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany for '' Sambucus racemosa'']</ref> The uses included as an [[vomiting|emetic]], antidiarrheal, cold and cough remedy, dermatological and gynecological aid, and a [[hemostat]].<ref name=umich/>
It has been used as a [[traditional medicine]] by Native Americans, including the [[Bella Coola people|Bella Coola]], [[Carrier people|Carrier]], [[Gitksan]], [[Hesquiaht First Nation|Hesquiaht]], [[Menominee]], [[Northern Paiute]], [[Ojibwa]], [[Southern Paiute|Paiute]], [[Potawatomi]], Tlingit, and Haida peoples.<ref name="ladybird"/><ref name=umich>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Sambucus+racemosa University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany for '' Sambucus racemosa'']</ref> The uses included as an [[vomiting|emetic]], antidiarrheal, cold and cough remedy, dermatological and gynecological aid, and a [[homostasis]].<ref name=umich/>


===Food===
===Food===
The fruits are reportedly safe to eat when cooked, but are potentially poisonous when raw. They were cooked in a variety of recipes by Native Americans, including by the [[Apache]], Bella Coola, [[Gitxsan]], [[Gosiute]], [[Makah]], Ojibwa, [[Quileute]], [[Skokomish people|Skokomish]], [[Yurok people|Yurok]] peoples.<ref name=npin/>
The fruits are reportedly safe to eat<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Fagan|first=Damian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1073035766|title=Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert|publisher=[[FalconGuides]]|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4930-3633-2|location=Guilford, CT|pages=16|oclc=1073035766}}</ref> when cooked, but are potentially poisonous when raw. They were cooked in a variety of recipes by indigenous peoples, including by the [[Apache]], Bella Coola, [[Gitxsan]], [[Gosiute]], [[Makah]], Ojibwa, [[Quileute]], [[Skokomish people|Skokomish]], [[Yurok people|Yurok]] peoples.<ref name="ladybird"/>


The fruits are popular with birds, who also distribute the seeds.<ref name=pojar>Pojar, J. & A. MacKinnon. (1994). ''Plants of the Pacific Northwest''. Lone Pine Publishing. {{ISBN|1-55105-042-0}}</ref> The flowers attract [[butterfly|butterflies]] and [[hummingbird]]s.<ref name=ladybird/>
The fruits are popular with birds, who also distribute the seeds.<ref name=pojar>Pojar, J. & A. MacKinnon. (1994). ''Plants of the Pacific Northwest''. Lone Pine Publishing. {{ISBN|1-55105-042-0}}</ref> The flowers attract [[butterfly|butterflies]] and [[hummingbird]]s.<ref name=ladybird/>
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====Cultivars====
====Cultivars====
[[Cultivar]]s in the nursery trade include:
[[Cultivar]]s in the nursery trade include:
*''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Black Lace' — burgundy foliage.<ref>[https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/sambucus/black-lace-elderberry-sambucus-nigra Proven Winners.com: ''Sambucus racemosa'' Black Lace]</ref>
*''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Black Lace' — burgundy foliage<ref>[https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/sambucus/black-lace-elderberry-sambucus-nigra Proven Winners.com: ''Sambucus racemosa'' Black Lace]</ref>
*''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Lemon Lace' — golden yellow and green foliage.<ref>[http://www.waysidegardens.com/lemon-lace-sambucus/p/35264/ Wayside Gardens.com]: ''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Lemon Lace'</ref>
*''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Lemon Lace' — golden yellow and green foliage<ref>[http://www.waysidegardens.com/lemon-lace-sambucus/p/35264/ Wayside Gardens.com]: ''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Lemon Lace'</ref>
*''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Lemony Lace' — golden green foliage, with red new growth.<ref>[https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/sambucus/lemony-lace-elderberry-sambucus-racemosa Proven Winners.com: ''Sambucus racemosa'' Lemony Lace]</ref>
*''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Lemony Lace' — golden green foliage, with red new growth<ref>[https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/sambucus/lemony-lace-elderberry-sambucus-racemosa Proven Winners.com: ''Sambucus racemosa'' Lemony Lace]</ref>
*''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Sutherland Gold' — green foliage, with bronze new growth.<ref>[http://www.finegardening.com/european-red-elder-sambucus-racemosa-sutherland-gold Fine Gardening Magazine: ''Sambucus racemosa'' Sutherland Gold]</ref> It has received the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Sutherland Gold'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1773|accessdate=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
*''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Sutherland Gold' — green foliage, with bronze new growth:<ref>[http://www.finegardening.com/european-red-elder-sambucus-racemosa-sutherland-gold Fine Gardening Magazine: ''Sambucus racemosa'' Sutherland Gold]</ref> it has received the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Sambucus racemosa'' 'Sutherland Gold'|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/63760/Sambucus-racemosa-Sutherland-Gold/Details | access-date = 5 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017
| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 94 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 28 October 2018}}</ref>
| page = 94 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 28 October 2018}}</ref>


==Images==
==Images==
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|25em}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{{Commonscat}}
*{{Calflora|Sambucus racemosa |link=1}}
* {{Calflora|Sambucus racemosa |link=1}}
⚫
* {{Jepson eFlora|43132 |link=1}}
*[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2874,2892,2895 Jepson Manual (JM93) treatment of ''Sambucus racemosa'']
⚫
* {{cite web |url=http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Sambucus%20racemosa |department=Burke Museum |publisher=University of Washington |title=Taxon ''Sambucus racemosa'' profile |series=Herbarium}}
⚫
*{{Jepson eFlora|43132 |link=1}}
⚫
* {{CalPhotos|Sambucus|racemosa}}
⚫
*[http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Sambucus%20racemosa Burke Museum Profile]
⚫
*{{CalPhotos|Sambucus|racemosa}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q157276}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q157276}}
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[[Category:Flora of California]]<!--subspecies-->
[[Category:Flora of California]]<!--subspecies-->
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Bird food plants]]
[[Category:Bird food plants]]
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[[Category:Edible plants]]
[[Category:Edible plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Poisonous plants]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]

Latest revision as of 02:42, 1 March 2024

Sambucus racemosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Adoxaceae
Genus: Sambucus
Species:
S. racemosa
Binomial name
Sambucus racemosa
Subspecies[1]

Sambucus racemosa is a species of elderberry known by the common names red elderberry[2] and red-berried elder.[3]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

It is native to Europe, northern temperate Asia, and North America across Canada and the United States.[1] It grows in riparian environments, woodlands, and other habitats, generally in moist areas.[4]

Description

[edit]

Sambucus racemosa is often a treelike shrub growing 2–6 m (7–20 ft) tall. The stems are soft with a pithy center.

Each individual leaf is composed of 5 to 7 leaflike leaflets, each of which is up to 16 cm (6+1⁄4 in) long, lance-shaped to narrowly oval, and irregularly serrated along the edges. The leaflets have a strong disagreeable odor when crushed.[5]

The inflorescence is a vaguely cone-shaped panicle of several cymes of flowers blooming from the ends of stem branches. The flower buds are pink when closed, and the open flowers are white, cream, or yellowish. Each flower has small, recurved petals and a star-shaped axis of five white stamens tipped in yellow anthers. The flowers are fragrant and visited by hummingbirds and butterflies.[4]

The fruit is a bright red or sometimes purple drupe containing 3 to 5 seeds.

Varieties and subspecies

[edit]

Uses

[edit]

The stems, roots and foliage are poisonous, and the berries can be toxic or cause nausea if eaten raw.[4]

Traditional medicine

[edit]

It has been used as a traditional medicine by Native Americans, including the Bella Coola, Carrier, Gitksan, Hesquiaht, Menominee, Northern Paiute, Ojibwa, Paiute, Potawatomi, Tlingit, and Haida peoples.[4][16] The uses included as an emetic, antidiarrheal, cold and cough remedy, dermatological and gynecological aid, and a homostasis.[16]

Food

[edit]

The fruits are reportedly safe to eat[17] when cooked, but are potentially poisonous when raw. They were cooked in a variety of recipes by indigenous peoples, including by the Apache, Bella Coola, Gitxsan, Gosiute, Makah, Ojibwa, Quileute, Skokomish, Yurok peoples.[4]

The fruits are popular with birds, who also distribute the seeds.[18] The flowers attract butterflies and hummingbirds.[4]

Cultivation

[edit]

Sambucus racemosa is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use as a shrub or small tree in traditional and wildlife gardens, and natural landscape design projects.[4]

Cultivars

[edit]

Cultivars in the nursery trade include:

  • Sambucus racemosa 'Black Lace' — burgundy foliage[19]
  • Sambucus racemosa 'Lemon Lace' — golden yellow and green foliage[20]
  • Sambucus racemosa 'Lemony Lace' — golden green foliage, with red new growth[21]
  • Sambucus racemosa 'Sutherland Gold' — green foliage, with bronze new growth:[22] it has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[23][24]

Images

[edit]
  • Fruit (Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest)
    Fruit (Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest)
  • Leaves and buds of the red elderberry
    Leaves and buds of the red elderberry
  • Inflorescence and foliage
    Inflorescence and foliage
  • Clusters of berries
    Clusters of berries
  • Natural range of S. racemosa var. racemosa (green) and var. melanocarpa (blue) in western North America.
    Natural range of S. racemosa var. racemosa (green) and var. melanocarpa (blue) in western North America.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Sambucus racemosa was originally described and published in Species plantarum 1:270. 1753. "Sambucus racemosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
  2. ^ NRCS. "Sambucus racemosa". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Sambucus racemosa". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin.
  5. ^ Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of North Carolina: Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa var. pubens)
  6. ^ "Sambucus racemosa subsp. kamtschatica". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  7. ^ "Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
  8. ^ NRCS. "Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  9. ^ Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.
  10. ^ Sambucus racemosa var. microbotrys (Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 2 February 2023.
  11. ^ "Sambucus racemosa subsp. racemosa". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  12. ^ "Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.
  13. ^ NRCS. "Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
  14. ^ Jepson Flora Project (ed.). "Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa". Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.
  15. ^ "Sambucus racemosa subsp. sibirica". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  16. ^ a b University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany for Sambucus racemosa
  17. ^ Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4930-3633-2. OCLC 1073035766.
  18. ^ Pojar, J. & A. MacKinnon. (1994). Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Lone Pine Publishing. ISBN 1-55105-042-0
  19. ^ Proven Winners.com: Sambucus racemosa Black Lace
  20. ^ Wayside Gardens.com: Sambucus racemosa 'Lemon Lace'
  21. ^ Proven Winners.com: Sambucus racemosa Lemony Lace
  22. ^ Fine Gardening Magazine: Sambucus racemosa Sutherland Gold
  23. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Sambucus racemosa 'Sutherland Gold'". Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  24. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 94. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
[edit]
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