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===National representation===
===National representation===
Monmouthshire elects one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|member]] to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|the UK parliament at Westminster]], representing the [[Monmouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Monmouth constituency]]. Under the [[2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies]], a new constituency, [[Monmouthshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Monmouthshire]], will come into effect at the [[Next United Kingdom general election|next general election]], comprising 88.9% of the current constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/boundary-review-2023-which-seats-will-change/|title=Boundary review 2023- Which seats will change in the UK?|publisher=House of Commons Library|access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> Since 2005 the serving MP has been [[David TC Davies]], a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician and the current [[Secretary of State for Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/david-tc-davies|title=The Rt Hon David TC Davies MP|publisher=UK Government|access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> Monmouthshire directly elects one [[Monmouth (Senedd constituency)|member]] to the [[Senedd]], the Welsh parliament. It is also one of eight constituencies in the [[South Wales East (Senedd electoral region)|South Wales East]] [[Senedd constituencies and electoral regions|electoral region]], which elects four [[additional member system|additional members]], under a partial proportional representation system. Since May 2021 the directly elected member is [[Peter Fox (Welsh politician)|Peter Fox]],<ref name="Senedd 2021 result">{{cite news|author1=Ruth Mosalski |author2=Sian Burkitt |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/senedd-election-2021-monmouth-candidates-20530997 |title=Monmouth Conservative candidate for Senedd Election Peter Fox |work=Wales Online |date=7 May 2021 |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician who previously served as the chair of Monmouthshire County Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressseries.co.uk/news/19303187.monmouthshire-emotional-peter-fox-closes-huge-chapter-life-stands-council-leader/|title=Emotional Peter Fox closes "huge chapter" in his life as he stands down as council leader|work=Free Press Series|access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
Monmouthshire elects one [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|member]] to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|the UK parliament at Westminster]], representing the [[Monmouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Monmouth constituency]]. Under the [[2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies]], a new constituency, [[Monmouthshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Monmouthshire]], will come into effect at the [[Next United Kingdom general election|next general election]], comprising 88.9% of the current constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/boundary-review-2023-which-seats-will-change|title=Boundary review 2023- Which seats will change in the UK?|publisher=House of Commons Library|access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> Since 2005 the serving MP has been [[David TC Davies]], a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician and the current [[Secretary of State for Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/david-tc-davies|title=The Rt Hon David TC Davies MP|publisher=UK Government|access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> Monmouthshire directly elects one [[Monmouth (Senedd constituency)|member]] to the [[Senedd]], the Welsh parliament. It is also one of eight constituencies in the [[South Wales East (Senedd electoral region)|South Wales East]] [[Senedd constituencies and electoral regions|electoral region]], which elects four [[additional member system|additional members]], under a partial proportional representation system. Since May 2021 the directly elected member is [[Peter Fox (Welsh politician)|Peter Fox]],<ref name="Senedd 2021 result">{{cite news|author1=Ruth Mosalski |author2=Sian Burkitt |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/senedd-election-2021-monmouth-candidates-20530997 |title=Monmouth Conservative candidate for Senedd Election Peter Fox |work=Wales Online |date=7 May 2021 |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician who previously served as the chair of Monmouthshire County Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressseries.co.uk/news/19303187.monmouthshire-emotional-peter-fox-closes-huge-chapter-life-stands-council-leader/|title=Emotional Peter Fox closes "huge chapter" in his life as he stands down as council leader|work=Free Press Series|access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref>


===Public services===
===Public services===

Revision as of 08:26, 6 March 2024

This article is about the principal area. For the historic county, see Monmouthshire (historic). For other uses, see Monmouthshire (disambiguation).
Monmouthshire
Sir Fynwy (Welsh)
County
The image is taken from a height, and looks down on the town of Monmouth in the foreground. The buildings are mostly white, with slate roofs, and the only tall structure is the church spire. Beyond are some suburbs, giving way to rolling green fields and woodland. In the distance the Black Mountains are visible. Besides Sugar Loaf, which is sharply pointed, they are low and broad.
A view across Monmouth from near The Kymin, looking toward the Black Mountains. The conical peak of Sugar Loaf is prominent.
Coat of arms of Monmouthshire
Coat of arms
Location within Wales
Location within Wales
Coordinates: 51°47′N 2°52′W / 51.783°N 2.867°W / 51.783; -2.867
CountryWales
Admin HQUsk
Largest townAbergavenny
Government
 • MPDavid Davies
 • MSPeter Fox
 • Leader of Monmouthshire CouncilMary Ann Brocklesbly
Area
 • Total850 km2 (330 sq mi)
 • RankRanked 7th
 • RankRanked
  • RankRanked
Ethnicity
 • White97.5%
Welsh language
 • Rank22nd
 • Speakers8.7%[1]
Time zoneGMT
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
ISO 3166 codeGB-MON
ONS code00PP (ONS)
W06000021 (GSS)

Monmouthshire (/ˈmɒnməθʃər, ˈmʌn-/ MON-məth-shər, MUN-; Welsh: Sir Fynwy) is a county in the south east of Wales. It borders Powys to the north; the English counties of Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the north and east; the Severn Estuary to the south, and Torfaen, Newport and Blaenau Gwent to the west. The largest town is Abergavenny, and the administrative centre is Usk.

The county is rural, although adjacent to the city of Newport and the urbanised South Wales Valleys; it has an area of 330 square miles (850 km2) and a population of 93,000. After Abergavenny (12,515), the largest towns are Chepstow (12,350), Monmouth (10,508), and Caldicot (9,813). The county has one of the lowest percentages of Welsh speakers in Wales, at 8.2% of the population in 2021.[1]

The lowlands in the centre of Monmouthshire are gently undulating, and shaped by the River Usk and its tributaries. The west of the county is hilly, and the Black Mountains in the northwest are part of the Brecon Beacons National Park (Bannau Brycheiniog). The border with England in the east largely follows the course of the River Wye and its tributary, the River Monnow. In the southeast is the Wye Valley AONB, a hilly region which stretches into England. The county has a shoreline on the Severn Estuary, which is crossed at this point by the Severn Bridge and Second Severn Crossing.

The name derives from the historic county of the same name, of which the contemporary county covers the eastern three-fifths. The present county was formed under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, which came into effect in 1996, and comprises some sixty percent of the historic county.[2][3] Between 1974 and 1996, the county was known by the ancient title of Gwent,[4] recalling the medieval Welsh kingdom.[5] In his essay on local government in the fifth and final volume of the Gwent County History, Robert McCloy suggests that the governance of "no county in the United Kingdom in the twentieth century was so transformed as that of Monmouthshire".[6]

Historic county

Main article: Monmouthshire (historic)

The historic county of Monmouthshire was formed from the Welsh Marches by the Laws in Wales Act 1535 bordering Gloucestershire to the east, Herefordshire to the northeast, Brecknockshire to the north, and Glamorgan to the west. The Laws in Wales Act 1542 enumerated the counties of Wales and omitted Monmouthshire, implying that the county was no longer to be treated as part of Wales. However, for all purposes Wales had become part of the Kingdom of England, and the difference had little practical effect.

For several centuries, acts of the Parliament of England (in which Wales was represented) often referred to "Wales and Monmouthshire", such as the controversial Welsh Church Act 1914. However, the Local Government Act 1972, which came into effect in April 1974, confirmed the county as part of Wales, with the administrative county of Monmouthshire and its associated lieutenancy being abolished. Most of its area was transferred to a new local government and ceremonial county called Gwent, with the same eastern and southern boundaries as the historic county: the River Wye and the Severn Estuary. The western two-fifths are now administered by other principal areas: Blaenau Gwent, Torfaen, Caerphilly, and Newport.

Geography

Hand-drawn map of Monmouthshire by Christopher Saxton from 1577

Much of Monmouthshire is hilly, particularly the western area adjoining the industrial South Wales Valleys and the Black Mountains to the north. Two major river valleys dominate the lowlands - the scenic gorge of the Wye Valley along the border with Gloucestershire adjoining the Forest of Dean, and the valley of the River Usk between Abergavenny and Newport. Both rivers flow south to the Severn Estuary. The River Monnow is a tributary of the River Wye and forms part of the border with Herefordshire and England, passing through the town of Monmouth. The Black Mountains are part of the Brecon Beacons National Park, whilst the Wye Valley is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty which straddles the England–Wales border.

The highest point of the county is Chwarel y Fan in the Black Mountains, with a height of 679 metres (2,228 ft). The Sugar Loaf (Welsh: Mynydd Pen-y-fâl or Y Fâl), located three kilometres (two miles) northwest of Abergavenny, is probably the best known hill in the county. Although its height is only 596 metres (1,955 ft), its isolation and distinctive peak shape makes it a prominent landmark for many miles around.

Governance, politics and public services

Main article: Monmouthshire County Council

Local governance

The current unitary authority of Monmouthshire was created on 1 April 1996 as a successor to the district of Monmouth along with the Llanelly community from Blaenau Gwent, both of which were districts of Gwent. It is a principal area of Wales.[a]

Defined as a county under the Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Monmouthshire is styled as a county.[8] By area it covers some 60% of the historic county, but only 20% of the population. In terms of the pre-1974 areas, it covers:

  • the former boroughs of Abergavenny and Monmouth
  • the former urban districts of Chepstow and Usk
  • the former rural districts of Abergavenny, Chepstow and Monmouth
  • the former rural district of Pontypool, except the community of Llanfrechfa Lower
  • the parish of Llanelly from the former Crickhowell Rural District in Brecknockshire

The county is administered by Monmouthshire County Council, with its head office at Rhadyr, outside Usk, opened in 2013.[9][10][11]

National representation

Monmouthshire elects one member to the UK parliament at Westminster, representing the Monmouth constituency. Under the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, a new constituency, Monmouthshire, will come into effect at the next general election, comprising 88.9% of the current constituency.[12] Since 2005 the serving MP has been David TC Davies, a Conservative Party politician and the current Secretary of State for Wales.[13] Monmouthshire directly elects one member to the Senedd, the Welsh parliament. It is also one of eight constituencies in the South Wales East electoral region, which elects four additional members, under a partial proportional representation system. Since May 2021 the directly elected member is Peter Fox,[14] a Conservative Party politician who previously served as the chair of Monmouthshire County Council.[15]

Public services

Fire and rescue services are provided by South Wales Fire and Rescue Service, which has fire stations in the county at Abergavenny, Caldicot, Chepstow, Monmouth and Usk.[16] Policing services are provided by Gwent Police.[17] Civilian oversight is provided by the Gwent Police and Crime Commissioner.[18]

Demography

Graphic showing the proportion of Welsh speakers throughout Wales in 2011
Proportion of Welsh speakers (Wales 2011 census)

Population

Monmouthshire's population was 93,000 at the 2021 census, increasing marginally from 91,300 at the 2011 census. 54,100 (58.2 per cent) of residents were born in Wales, while 32,300 (34.7 per cent) were born in England.[19]

Language, ethnicity and identity

The 2021 census recorded that Welsh is spoken by 8.7 per cent of the population of the county, a decrease from 9.9 per cent in 2011. The number of non-Welsh speakers increased by 3000 over the decade.[19] In 2021, 96.9 per cent of Monmouthshire residents identified as "white European", marginally lower than in 2011, compared with 98 per cent for the whole of Wales.[19] 41.9 per cent of the population identified as "Welsh", down from 44.0% in 2011. The percentage of residents in Monmouthshire that identified as "British only" increased from 23.5% to 27.0%. [19]

Religion

In the 2021 census 43.4 per cent of Monmouthshire residents reported having "No religion", an increase of nearly 15 per cent from the 28.5 per cent in the 2011 census. 48.7 per cent described themselves as "Christian" with the remainder reporting themselves as Buddhist (0.4 percent); Hindu (0.2 per cent); Jewish (0.1 per cent); Muslim (0.5 per cent); Sikh (0.1 per cent) or Other (0.6 per cent).[19]

Education and health

See also: List of schools in Monmouthshire

Higher, further, secondary, primary and special education

The county has neither a university nor any satellite campus.[b][20] The former University of Wales, Newport operated a campus at Caerleon which closed in 2016, following the 2013 merger which created the University of South Wales.[21] Higher education courses in the county are provided through the campus of Coleg Gwent at Rhadyr, near Usk.[22]

There are four maintained secondary schools in the county,[23] Caldicot School, serving the south of the county; Monmouth Comprehensive School serving the east; Chepstow School, serving the town of Chepstow and the surrounding villages; and King Henry VIII 3-19 School in Abergavenny, serving the town and the north of the county. All have sixth-forms.[24] There was one special school, Mounton House School, based at Mounton House near Chepstow, but that was closed in 2020, and there is currently no specific special school provision.[25] There are 30 primary schools of which two are Welsh language medium. There are no full Welsh language medium secondary schools, although all offer the option of studying Welsh.[23] The only independent secondary provision in the county are the two schools at Monmouth, Monmouth School for Boys and Monmouth School for Girls, both operated by the Haberdashers' Company.[26]

Health services

The Aneurin Bevan University Health Board is the Local health board for Gwent within NHS Wales and as responsibility for health care within the county.[27] The largest hospital in the county is the Nevill Hall Hospital at Abergavenny. Its range of services has reduced following the opening of the specialist critical care centre at the Grange University Hospital in Torfaen in 2020. The Grange is also the designated trauma centre for Gwent, which covers Monmouthshire.[28]

Places of interest

Raglan Castle, medieval castle in Raglan, Monmouthshire, south east Wales
For a list of settlements in the principal area, see List of places in Monmouthshire.

Scenic Railway Line:

Historiography

In the late 18th century the county began its development as a tourist destination, focused on the Wye Tour. This saw the writing of a number of histories of the area, which frequently combined the features of a guidebook with a more formal historical approach. Among the first was William Gilpin's Observations on the River Wye and several parts of South Wales, etc. relative chiefly to Picturesque Beauty; made in the summer of the year 1770, published in 1782.[53] Among the most notable was William Coxe's two-volume An Historical Tour in Monmouthshire, published in 1801. Coxe's preface explains the Tour's genesis: "The present work owes its origin to an accidental excursion in Monmouthshire, in company with my friend Sir Richard Hoare, during the autumn of 1798."[54] A detailed county history was undertaken by Sir Joseph Bradney, in his A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time, published over a period of 30 years in the early 20th century.[55]

The 20th century saw the publication of two lesser histories: Hugo Tyerman and Sydney Warner's Monmouthshire volume of Arthur Mee's The King's England series in 1951;[56] and Arthur Clark's two-volume The Story of Monmouthshire, published in 1979–1980.[57][58] The history of the county was covered in more anecdotal form by the Monmouthshire writer and artist Fred Hando, who chronicled the highways and byways of the county in some 800 newspaper articles written between the 1920s and the 1960s and published in the South Wales Argus, focusing on "the little places of a shy county".[59]

The 21st century saw the publication of the county's most important history, the five-volume Gwent County History. The series, modelled on the Victoria County History, had Ralph A. Griffiths as editor-in-chief, and was published by the University of Wales Press between 2004 and 2013. It covered the history of the county from prehistoric times to the 21st century.[60][61]

Studies of the architecture of the county include John Newman's, Gwent/Monmouthshire volume of the Pevsner Buildings of Wales series; and, most exhaustively, Sir Cyril Fox and Lord Raglan's, three-volume study, Monmouthshire Houses.[62] This was described by the architectural historian Peter Smith, author of the magisterial Houses of the Welsh Countryside, as "one of the most remarkable studies of vernacular architecture yet made in the British Isles,[63] a landmark, in its own field, as significant as Darwin's Origin of Species".[64]

Notes

  1. ^ The use of the name "Monmouthshire" rather than "Monmouth" for the area aroused some controversy; it was supported by the member of parliament (MP) for Monmouth, Roger Evans, but opposed by Paul Murphy, MP for Torfaen (inside the historic county of Monmouthshire but being reconstituted as a separate unitary authority).[7]
  2. ^ The closest university to Monmouthshire is the campus of the University of South Wales at Newport.

References

  1. ^ a b "How life has changed in Monmouthshire: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. 19 January 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  2. ^ "Clause 256 (Hansard, 20 July 1972)". api.parliament.uk. HMSO. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  3. ^ "Local Government (Wales) Act 1994". UK Government. 1994. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  4. ^ Clark 1979, p. 207.
  5. ^ Clark 1980, p. 42.
  6. ^ McCloy 2013, p. 126.
  7. ^ "Hansard, House of Commons, March 15, 1994, Column 782". Parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  8. ^ Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Schedule 1. Retrieved 13 August 2021
  9. ^ "Monmouthshire County Council press release, "This council is coming home", 12 January 2010". Monmouthshire.gov.uk. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  10. ^ "Monmouthshire move into new HQ". Willmott Dixon.
  11. ^ Gabriel, Clare (18 April 2013). "'Agile working' office savings aim". BBC News. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  12. ^ "Boundary review 2023- Which seats will change in the UK?". House of Commons Library. Retrieved 6 March 2024. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 22 (help)
  13. ^ "The Rt Hon David TC Davies MP". UK Government. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  14. ^ Ruth Mosalski; Sian Burkitt (7 May 2021). "Monmouth Conservative candidate for Senedd Election Peter Fox". Wales Online. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  15. ^ "Emotional Peter Fox closes "huge chapter" in his life as he stands down as council leader". Free Press Series. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  16. ^ "Home". South Wales Fire and Rescue Service.
  17. ^ "Monmouthshire | Gwent Police".
  18. ^ "Your Police and Crime Commissioner". Gwent Police and Crime Commissioner. 3 August 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d e "How life has changed in Monmouthshire: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  20. ^ "Universities in Monmouthshire, Wales". UK Universities.net. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  21. ^ "University of Wales, Newport to be dissolved in April 2013". South Wales Argus. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  22. ^ "Usk campus, Coleg Gwent". Coleg Gwent. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  23. ^ a b "Secondary schools in Monmouthshire, Wales". Level Playing Field. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  24. ^ "Secondary schools in Monmouthshire, Wales". Monmouthshire County Council. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  25. ^ "Mounton House special school closure backed by council". BBC Wales. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  26. ^ "Independent schools in Monmouth". Independent Schools Council. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  27. ^ "The Health Board". Aneurin Bevan University Health Board.
  28. ^ "Nevill Hall Hospital". Aneurin Bevan University Health Board. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  29. ^ "Chepstow Castle from the 1816 Bridge:: OS grid ST5394 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  30. ^ "Raglan Castle:: OS grid SO4108 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  31. ^ "Monnow Bridge, Monmouth:: OS grid SO5012 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  32. ^ "Harold's Stones, Trellech:: OS grid SO4905 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  33. ^ "Abergavenny Castle:: OS grid SO2913 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  34. ^ "Wye Valley View from Eagle's Nest on Wynd Cliff:: OS grid ST5296 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  35. ^ "The Sugar Loaf, near Abergavenny:: OS grid SO2718 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  36. ^ "Looking NNE from the Sugar Loaf:: OS grid SO2620 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  37. ^ "White Castle:: OS grid SO3716 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  38. ^ "Skenfrith Castle:: OS grid SO4520 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  39. ^ "Grosmont Castle:: OS grid SO4024 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  40. ^ "The Three Castles Walk:: OS grid SO4421 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  41. ^ "Devil's Pulpit:: OS grid ST5499 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  42. ^ "Llanthony Priory:: OS grid SO2827 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  43. ^ "Tintern Abbey:: OS grid SO5300 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. 30 March 2005. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  44. ^ "View from Usk Castle:: OS grid SO3700 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  45. ^ "Clytha Castle:: OS grid SO3608 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  46. ^ "Market Hall clock tower, Abergavenny:: OS grid SO2914 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  47. ^ "Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal, Govilon:: OS grid SO2713 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  48. ^ "Stream at Dolydd y Castell, Abergavenny:: OS grid SO3013 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  49. ^ "The Monnow Valley:: OS grid SO4323 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  50. ^ "Caldicot Castle:: OS grid ST4888 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  51. ^ "The Round House, The Kymin, Monmouth:: OS grid SO5212 :: Geograph Britain and Ireland - photograph every grid square!". Geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  52. ^ "Sugar Loaf and Usk Valley". National Trust.
  53. ^ Gilpin 1782.
  54. ^ Coxe 1995a, Preface.
  55. ^ Bradney 1991, preface.
  56. ^ Tyerman & Warner 1951, p. 3.
  57. ^ Clark 1979, Introduction.
  58. ^ Clark 1980, Introduction.
  59. ^ Hando 1944, p. 15.
  60. ^ Green 2004.
  61. ^ Griffiths, Williams & Croll 2013.
  62. ^ Fox & Raglan 1994, preface.
  63. ^ Smith 1975, p. 7.
  64. ^ Newman 2000, p. 84.

Sources

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