Iris graminea: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of iris}} |
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|image = Iridaceae - Iris graminea.JPG |
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*''Chamaeiris graminea'' <small>(L.) [[Medik.]]</small> |
*''Chamaeiris graminea'' <small>(L.) [[Medik.]]</small> |
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*''Xiphion gramineum'' <small>(L.) [[Franz |
*''Xiphion gramineum'' <small>(L.) [[Franz von Paula Schrank|Schrank]]</small>, Flora 7(2 Beibl.): 17 (1824). |
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*''Limniris graminea'' <small>(L.) Fuss</small>, Fl. Transsilv.: 637 (1866). |
*''Limniris graminea'' <small>(L.) Fuss</small>, Fl. Transsilv.: 637 (1866). |
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*''Xyridion gramineum'' <small>(L.) [[Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt|Klatt]]</small>, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 30: 500 (1872). |
*''Xyridion gramineum'' <small>(L.) [[Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt|Klatt]]</small>, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 30: 500 (1872). |
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*''Xiphion gramineum subsp. gramineum'' <small>(L.) Schrank</small> |
*''Xiphion gramineum subsp. gramineum'' <small>(L.) Schrank</small> |
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*''Xiphion gramineum subsp. silvaticum'' <small>(Balb.) Arcang.</small> |
*''Xiphion gramineum subsp. silvaticum'' <small>(Balb.) Arcang.</small> |
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris graminea L. is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2013 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321895 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]])| |
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris graminea L. is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2013 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-321895 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]])|access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> |
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[[File:Iris graminea MHNT.BOT.2016.24.47.jpg|thumb|''Iris graminea'' – [[MHNT]]]] |
[[File:Iris graminea MHNT.BOT.2016.24.47.jpg|thumb|''Iris graminea'' – [[MHNT]]]] |
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'''''Iris graminea''''' is a species |
'''''Iris graminea''''' is a [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] belonging to the subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]'' of the [[genus]] ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', in particular the series ''[[Iris ser. Spuriae|Spuriae]]''. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], with purple or violet blue flowers almost hidden by narrow, grass-like leaves, and a plum scented fragrance. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions. It has several common names, including '''grass-leaved flag''', '''grass leaved iris''', '''plum iris''' and '''plum tart iris''' (due to its scent). This species [[native plant|naturally occurs]] in the southern half of Europe, from [[Spain]] and [[France]] in the West to [[Russia]] and the [[Caucasus]] in the East. |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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''Iris graminea'' has slender, short, hard rhizomes.<ref name=british>British Iris Society (1997) {{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|pages=175–176}}</ref> The plant has narrow grass-like foliage |
''Iris graminea'' has slender, short, hard rhizomes.<ref name=british>British Iris Society (1997) {{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|pages=175–176}}</ref> The plant has narrow grass-like foliage<ref name="dykesonirises">{{cite web|url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf|title=Dykes on Iris|last=Dykes|first=William|publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises)|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref> and can grow up to {{convert|30|-|100|cm|abbr=on|0}} long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide.<ref name="scent">Stephen Lacey {{Google books|5HEexonhOlIC|Scent In Your Garden|page=79}}</ref> They can have many branches creating dense tufts, clumps or [[tussock (grass)|tussock]]s of plants.<ref name="alpine">{{cite web |title=Iris graminea |url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Iris/graminea |access-date=13 February 2015 |publisher=encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net}}</ref> |
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The |
The flower has bright purple flowers and shiny, green leaves.<ref name="ginger">{{cite web|url=http://wildgingerfarm.com/plant-list/plants-i/iris-graminea.html|title=Iris graminea|publisher=wildgingerfarm.com|access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> Some plants can have dark green leaves.<ref name="Ksiridion">{{cite web |title=Irises section Ksiridion or Spur-iris sredneroslye |url=http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/iris_ss.html |publisher=flower.onego.ru |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="flowerlib">{{cite web |title=Spuria iris |url=http://flowerlib.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000035/st029.shtml |publisher=flowerlib.ru |access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref> They have strongly visible longitudinal veins.<ref name=samara>{{cite web |title=SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Samara Bend. – T. 16, № 3 (21). – S. 518–531. EN Mammoth * COLLECTION IRIS natural flora, Introdutciruemyh in the Botanical Garden Samara State University |year=2007 |url=http://www.ssc.smr.ru/media/journals/samluka/2007/16_3_10.pdf |publisher=ssc.smr.ru |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> The leaves are longer than the flowering stems.<ref name=fish>Margery Fish {{Google books|eq2-AgAAQBAJ|An All the Year Garden|page=62}}</ref><ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.| last2=Linnegar | first2=Sidney | date=1987 |edition=Revised | title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley | publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=978-0-88192-089-5}}</ref><ref name=stebbings>{{cite book |last=Stebbings |first=Geoff |year=1997|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises |url=https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb|url-access=registration |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=[https://archive.org/details/gardenersguideto00steb/page/57 57] |isbn=978-0715305393 }}</ref><!--also<ref name=alpine/><ref name=Ksiridion/><ref name=american/>--> After the plant has flowered, the foliage has the tendency to extend.<ref name="missouri">{{cite web |title=Iris graminea |url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b678 |access-date=13 February 2015 |publisher=missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref> Later, the [[deciduous]] foliage dies back during the winter.<ref name=ginger/> |
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''Iris graminea'' has a flattened stem,<ref name=dykesonirises |
''Iris graminea'' has a flattened stem,<ref name=dykesonirises/> that grows up to {{convert|10|-|60|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="daves">{{cite web|url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/53800/#b|title=PlantFiles: Grass-leaved Flag, Fleur-de-lis, Sword Lily, Plum Scented Iris|publisher=davesgarden.com|access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=signa>{{cite web |first=D. |last=Kramb |title=Iris graminea |date=20 September 2004 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-graminea |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref><!--also<ref name=gardengeek/><ref name=scent/><ref name=rhs/>--> The stems have 1–2 [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud),<ref name=american>{{cite web |first=Terry |last=Laurin |title=(SPEC) Iris graminea L. |date=11 October 2014 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecGraminea |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref> which are unequal in size.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |author-link=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> The lower spathe is larger and rather leaf-like.<ref name=handbook/> The stems hold 1–2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name="rhs">{{cite web |title=Iris graminea |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=6226 |access-date=4 February 2015 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=cassidy/><!--also<ref name=gardengeek/><ref name=american/>--> blooming in spring and summer, between May and June.<ref name="plantdelights">{{cite web|url=http://www.plantdelights.com/Iris-graminea-for-sale/Buy-Plum-Scented-Iris/#sthash.ZrqZxskW.dpuf|title=Iris graminea (Plum Scented Iris)|publisher=plantdelights.com|access-date=13 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Plant of the Month for March 2020 {{!}} North American Rock Garden Society |url=https://www.nargs.org/plant-of-the-month/iris-graminea |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.nargs.org}}</ref> The stems are normally, unbranched,<ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapter II iris clump and other (part3) |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie3-106518511.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> but (if they have a second flower), the [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]], is up to 6 cm long.<ref name="agbina">{{cite web |title=Lat. Iris |url=http://www.agbina.com/site.xp/053051050124052052055.html |access-date=17 February 2015 |publisher=agbina.com |archive-date=14 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314065254/http://www.agbina.com/site.xp/053051050124052052055.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name="rhs" /> The falls have a long haft or claw, (section closest to the stem) and a small rounded or oval blade.<ref name=american/> They are {{convert|3|-|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="European">James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees and H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) |page=348}}</ref> The centre of the blade has a pale yellow<ref name="alpine" /><ref name="missouri" /> or white central area,<ref name="spurius">{{cite web |date=20 January 2013 |title=Spurius Irises, History, Groups And Types, Cultivation And Maintenance |url=http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/okluba/post257505306 |access-date=5 March 2015 |publisher=liveinternet.ru}}</ref> which is veined with violet,<ref name=cassidy/><ref name="rhs" /><!--also<ref name=pacific/>--> purple,<ref name="irisbotanique" /><!--also<ref name=missouri/><ref name=gardengeek/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=american/>--> or blue.<ref name="herbs">{{cite web |title=Spuria Irises |url=http://www.herbs2000.com/flowers/i_ispuria.htm |access-date=14 January 2015 |publisher=herbs2000}}</ref><ref name="cassidy" /> Some references describe a dark purple area with white veining.<ref name="botanycz">{{cite web |last=Hoskovec |first=Ladislav |date=15 July 2007 |title=Iris graminea |url=http://botany.cz/cs/iris-graminea/ |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=botany.cz}}</ref> The claw is sometimes winged and tinged with green or brown,<ref name="pacific">{{cite web |date=14 April 2014 |title=Iris summary |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |access-date=23 November 2014 |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org}}</ref> or veined deep reddish-purple. The erect standards are purple blue,<ref name="kcis">{{cite web |title=The Small Spurias |url=http://www.kcis.org/kciseducation/kcissmallspurias.html |access-date=20 February 2015 |publisher=kcis.org |archive-date=19 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119094345/http://www.kcis.org/kciseducation/kcissmallspurias.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> purple,<ref name="cassidy" /> or red-violet. They are {{convert|2|-|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, with green or brown shade at the base.<ref name="European" /> It has a long and arching purple style branch<ref name="american" /><ref name="pacific" /> (that is long as the haft), and has a dark purple centre stripe.<ref name="kcis" /> They have a brown base.<ref name="stebbings" /> |
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The large flowers are {{convert|6|-|8|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=herbs/><ref name=rhs/><ref name=stebbings/><!--also<ref name=Ksiridion/><ref name=american/>--> they are larger than ''[[Iris sintenisii]]'' flowers. They have a strong scent (or fragrance),<ref name=daves/> which can be variously described as similar to [[freesia]]s,<ref name="Morrison">Benjamin Yoe Morrison {{Google books|Es_Cv3u8HbEC|Garden irises|page=7}}</ref> or fruity,<ref name=herbs/><ref name=scent/> or smell of ripe plums,<ref name="kcis">{{cite web|url=http://www.kcis.org/kciseducation/kcissmallspurias.html|title=The Small Spurias|publisher=kcis.org|accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=rhs/><ref name=signa/><!--also<ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=cassidy/>--> or apricots,<ref name=cassidy/> or [[greengage]]s,<ref name=fish/><ref name=handbook/> or between grapes and plum tarts.<ref name=plantdelights/> The flowers come in a range of shades, from purple,<ref name=plantdelights/><ref name=ginger/><ref name=signa/> blue-violet,<ref name=herbs/><ref name=kcis/><ref name=fish/><!--also<ref name=alpine/><ref name=american/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=dykesonirises/>--> purple violet,<ref name="missouri">{{cite web|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b678|title=Iris graminea|publisher=missouribotanicalgarden.org|accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref><!--also<ref name=gardengeek/>--> violet crimson,<ref name=Ksiridion/> reddish purple,<ref name=rhs/><ref name=signa/><ref name=spurius>{{cite web |title=Spurius Irises, History, Groups And Types, Cultivation And Maintenance |date=20 January 2013 |url=http://www.liveinternet.ru/users/okluba/post257505306 |publisher= liveinternet.ru |accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref><!--also<ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name=scent/><ref name=pacific/>--> violet,<ref name=daves/> lavender,<ref name=daves/> and blue.<ref name=botanycz>{{cite web |first=Ladislav |last=Hoskovec |title=Iris graminea |date=15 July 2007 |url=http://botany.cz/cs/iris-graminea/ |publisher=botany.cz |accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | It has an ovary with double ridges, a 2-pointed stigma and pollen that is orange-red.<ref name=dykesonirises/> It also has a short perianth tube.<ref name=agbina/> After the iris has flowered, it produces a {{convert|3|-|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} long seed capsule,<ref name=botanycz/> which has a narrowed point.<ref name=Ksiridion/> Inside the capsule are pear-shaped seeds,<ref name=agbina/><ref name=Ksiridion/> which are slightly compressed and flattened.<ref name=Ksiridion/> |
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| ⚫ | It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=rhs/> The falls have a long haft or claw, (section closest to the stem) and a small rounded or oval blade. |
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The flower has been described as having a fruity scent.<ref name="scent" /> |
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| ⚫ | It has an ovary with double ridges, a 2 |
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===Genetics=== |
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As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]] |
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]], this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. |
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Its chromosomes have been counted several times, including 2n=34, Simonet 1932; 2n=34, Lenz 1963; 2n=34, Popova, M., & I. Cesmedziev, (1975 & 1976); 2n=34, Colasante & Sauer, 1993; 2n=28, 34, 36, Lovka, 1995 and 2n=34, Dobeš et al., 1997.<ref name=american/> |
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It is generally published as 2n=34.<ref name=pacific/><ref name= |
It is generally published as 2n=34.<ref name=pacific/><ref name=Fedorov>Andreĭ Aleksandrovich Fedorov (Editor) {{Google books|vmW-DPOAttEC|Flora of Russia, Volume 4|page=440}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Gregor |last=Stolley |title=The genus Iris in Germany (Gregor Stolley) |url=http://offene-naturfuehrer.de/web/Die_Gattung_Iris_in_Deutschland_(Gregor_Stolley) |publisher=offene-naturfuehrer.de |access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref><!-- also <ref name=signa/> --> |
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== Taxonomy== |
== Taxonomy== |
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| ⚫ | It is known as ''iris à feuilles de graminées'' or ''iris de Bayonne'' in [[France]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Iris graminea L., 1753 |url=http://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/103738?lg=en |publisher=inpn.mnhn.fr |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> and ''Giaggiolo susino'' in [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Giaggiolo susino [ Iris graminea ] |url=http://www.sentierinatura.it/easyne2/LYT.aspx?IDLYT=2269&ST=SQL&SQL=ID_Documento=1885&code=SentieriNatura |publisher=sentierinatura.it |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris graminea L. |url=http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=iris+graminea |publisher=luirig.altervista.org |access-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> It is known as ''kosaciec trawolistny'' in [[Polish language|Polish]], and ''iris trávolistý'' in [[Czech–Slovak languages|Czech and Slovak]].<ref name="zahradaweb">{{cite web |title= Bezkartáčkaté irises |date= 5 March 2012 |url=http://zahradaweb.cz/bezkartackate-kosatce/ |publisher=zahradaweb.cz |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> and it is known as ''zlakovidny iris'' in Russia,<ref name="xyridion">{{cite web|url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/63/|title=Subgenus Xyridion (Xyridion) – Wood-iris rhizome|publisher=flower-iris.ru|access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="spurius" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Irises – Forum |date=21 May 2009 |url=http://tehnika.clan.su/forum/29-146-1 |publisher=tehnika.clan.su |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref> and ''gräsiris'' in [[Swedish language|Swedish]],(meaning grass iris).<ref name="konnklubb">{{cite web |title=Iris graminea, grass iris |url=http://konnklubb.nordicshops.com/product.html?product_id=381 |publisher=konnklubb.nordicshops.com |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094204/http://konnklubb.nordicshops.com/product.html?product_id=381 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (graminea) gram-IN-ee-a.<ref name=gardengeek/><ref name=daves/> |
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| ⚫ | The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''graminea'' refers to ''grassy'' due to the grass-like leaves.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A.W. |last2=Stearn |first2=William T. |date=1972 |edition=Revised |publication-date=1963 | title= A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names | publisher=Cassell and Company | page=158 |isbn=978-0304937219}}</ref> It has the common names ''grass-leaved flag'' (in the US)<ref name="gardengeek">{{cite web |title=Iris graminea |url=http://www.thegardengeeks.com/home/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=4&sobi2Id=8212&Itemid=132 |access-date=13 February 2015 |publisher=thegardengeeks.com}}</ref><ref name="daves" /> or ''grass leaved iris'',<ref name="rhs" /><ref name="american" /> ''plum iris'',<ref name=stolley>{{cite web |first=Gregor |last=Stolley |title=The genus Iris in Germany (Gregor Stolley) |url=http://offene-naturfuehrer.de/web/Die_Gattung_Iris_in_Deutschland_(Gregor_Stolley) |publisher=offene-naturfuehrer.de |access-date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="pflanzen">{{cite web |title=Plum Iris, Iris graminea |url=http://www.syringa-pflanzen.de/pflaumeniris-samen.html |publisher=syringa-pflanzen.de |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103257/http://www.syringa-pflanzen.de/pflaumeniris-samen.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''plum tart iris''<ref name="scent" /><ref name="ginger" /><ref name="stebbings" /> or ''plum scented iris'' (because of the scent).<ref name="plantdelights" /><ref name="kcis" /><ref name="signa" /> |
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| ⚫ | It was originally published and described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' Vol. 1 page 39 on 1 May 1753.<ref name=Fedorov/><ref name="grin">{{GRIN | accessdate=11 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=ipni>{{cite book|title=Iridaceae Iris graminea L. |volume=1 |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438663-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> It was later published by Ker-Gawler in ''[[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]]'' Vol. 18 page 681 in 1803.<ref name=american/> Then by [[Boris Fedtschenko|B. Fedtsch]] in ''Flora of SSSR'' Vol. 4 page 529 in 1935.<ref name=Fedorov/> It was verified by the [[United States Department of Agriculture]]'s [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 4 April 2003 and then updated on 1 December 2004.<ref name=grin/> It is an accepted name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]], and it gained the RHS's [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name=plantdelights/><ref name=rhs/> |
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| ⚫ | It is known as '' |
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| ⚫ | The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''graminea'' refers to ''grassy'' due to the grass-like leaves. |
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| ⚫ | It was originally published and described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' Vol.1 |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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It is native to temperate areas of Europe, and Asia. |
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It is native to temperate areas of Europe,<ref name=british/><ref name=rhs/><ref name=Fedoro/><!--also<ref name=missouri/><ref name=american/><ref name=European/><ref name=ginger/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=grin/>--> and Asia.<ref name=grin/> |
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It is widespread from Spain to Russia. |
It is widespread from Spain to Russia. Within Asia, it is found in the Caucasus regions,<ref name=plantdelights/> of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and the [[Russian Federation]],<ref name="alpine" /><ref name="pacific" /> (in [[Ciscaucasia]] and [[Dagestan]]). Also in [[Turkey]] (in Asia Minor).<ref name=xyridion/><ref name=Fedorov/> Within Europe, it is found in [[Austria]], [[Bulgaria]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Georgieva |first1=S. |last2=Koeva |first2=K. |last3= Kalachevaa |first3=D. |date=15 April 2014 |title=Floristic Characteristics of Chirpanskata Gora Preserve |journal=Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=186–199 |doi= 10.1080/13102818.2010.10817836 |doi-access=free }}</ref> the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], (in [[Moravia]]), ex-Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, and [[Ukraine]],<ref name="flowerlib" /><ref name="stolley" /><ref name="grin" />(in [[Crimea]],<ref name=british/><ref name=signa/><ref name=spurius/>). It may be [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in the Moravia region of the Czech Republic,<ref name=botanycz/> and in Germany.<ref name=irisbotanique/> |
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===Habitat=== |
===Habitat=== |
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It is found growing in [[scrubland]], |
It is found growing in [[scrubland]], grass lands, meadows (or pastures),<ref name=konnklubb/><ref name=zahradaweb/><ref name="alpine" /><ref name="stolley"/> open woods,<ref name=irisbotanique/> and in rocky or gravelly soils of the mountains.<ref name=xyridion/> |
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==Conservation== |
==Conservation== |
||
''I. graminea'' is an 'endangered species' in the Czech Republic and Slovakia,<ref name=presalia>{{cite journal |last=Grulich |first=Vít |date=2012 |title=Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic: 3rd edition |url=http://www.P123Grulich.pdf |journal=Preslia |volume=84 |
''I. graminea'' is an 'endangered species' in the Czech Republic and Slovakia,<ref name=presalia>{{cite journal |last=Grulich |first=Vít |date=2012 |title=Red List of vascular plants of the Czech Republic: 3rd edition |url=http://www.P123Grulich.pdf |journal=Preslia |volume=84 |pages=631–645 |access-date=3 September 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> it is also listed as 'vulnerable' in Hungary.<ref name=botanycz/> Within [[Saxony]] (Germany), it is listed as rare.<ref name=stolley/> ''I. graminea'' is thought to be [[extinct]] in Poland, but was formerly found near [[Cieszyn]].<ref name="atlas">{{cite web |title=Iris fancy |url=http://www.atlas-roslin.pl/gatunki/kosacce_irysy_ogrodowe.htm |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=atlas-roslin.pl}}</ref> It has been listed in various [[Red Data Books]]. |
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==Cultivation== |
==Cultivation== |
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[[File:Iridaceae - Iris graminea-4.JPG|thumb|right|The flower of the '' |
[[File:Iridaceae - Iris graminea-4.JPG|thumb|right|The flower of the ''Iris graminea'']] |
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''I. graminea'' is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to between [[USDA]] Zones 3 |
''I. graminea'' is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to between [[USDA]] Zones 3 and 9.<ref name=plantdelights/><ref name=daves/><ref name=signa/><!--also<ref name=missouri/><ref name=gardengeek/>--> It is hardy to Europe Zone H2.<ref name=European/> It can survive temperatures as low as −20 °C.<ref name=irisbotanique/> It is hardy in most places of the UK. During the winter, the foliage dies back, leaving the rhizome under the ground. In very cold climates, a mulch may help the plant survive colder temperatures.<ref name=ginger/> |
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It can be grown in normal garden conditions.<ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name=Morrison |
It can be grown in normal garden conditions.<ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name="Morrison">Benjamin Yoe Morrison {{Google books|Es_Cv3u8HbEC|Garden irises|page=7}}</ref> |
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They prefer neutral or slightly acidic |
They prefer neutral or slightly acidic (or lime-free),<ref name=cassidy/> well drained,<ref name=ginger/> and fertile (or humus rich) soils.<ref name=herbs/><ref name=stebbings/><!--also<ref name=missouri/><ref name=gardengeek/>--> They can tolerate dry soils,<ref name=gardengeek/> or clay and heavy soils, but it prefers damp soils.<ref name=herbs/><ref name=plantdelights/><ref name=stebbings/> They prefer positions in full sun,<ref name=daves/><ref name=pflanzen/> and can tolerate partial shade.<ref name=herbs/><ref name=plantdelights/><ref name=ginger/><!--also<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=stebbings/><ref name=missouri/><ref name=gardengeek/>--> It requires adequate watering during growth,<ref name=daves/> such as a moist spring and then drier during the summer.<ref name=ginger/> Mature plants can tolerate drought periods.<ref name=missouri/> |
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It can be fertilized in early spring and after flowers have bloomed. |
It can be fertilized in early spring and after flowers have bloomed. They can be grown in a front of a mixed border,<ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name=Morrison/> or rockery.<ref name=konnklubb/><ref name=flowerlib/><ref name=cassidy/> As well as being [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in the garden,<ref>William Robinson {{Google books|xllfANqStZwC|The Wild Garden: Expanded Edition (2009)|page=267}}</ref> they can be also grown in containers, as long as they are well watered.<ref name=herbs/> The flowers can be used in [[Flower bouquet|bouquets]], so can also be grown in a cutting garden.<ref name=kcis/><ref name=fish/><!--also<ref name=missouri/>--> They do not like root disturbance,<ref name=missouri/> similar to other spuria irises. |
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It suffers from no serious insect or disease problems. [[Crown rot]] is an infrequently occurring disease problem. It is susceptible to certain viruses, |
It suffers from no serious insect or disease problems. [[Crown rot]] is an infrequently occurring disease problem. It is susceptible to certain viruses, such as bacterial leaf blight, soft rot, rhizome rot, [[leaf spot]], [[rust (fungus)|rust]], viruses and [[Leaf scorch|scorch]].<ref name=gardengeek/> It is also can be susceptible to damage by insects such as; [[Iris borer]], [[verbina bud moth]], [[white flies]], [[iris weevil]] (''Mononychus punctumalbum''),<ref>{{cite web |title=''Mononychus punctumalbum'' : Iris Weevil {{!}} NBN Atlas |url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000025339 |website=species.nbnatlas.org |access-date=8 October 2023}}</ref> [[thrips]], [[slugs]], [[snail]]s, [[aphids]] and [[nematode]]s.<ref name=gardengeek/> It can also tolerate damage from deer. Aphid ''[[Aphis newtoni]]'' can be found on the plant.<ref>R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop {{Google books|UZqkLr9m4GUC|Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs|page=553}}</ref><ref name=missouri/> |
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The iris has been cultivated since at least 1568.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=Ksiridion/> It was first grown in [[Cambridge Botanic Garden]] in 1733,<ref name=british/><ref name=zahradaweb/> where it was labelled as ''narrow leafed plum scent iris''.<ref name=british/> For many years it was grown in [[St. Petersburg Botanical Garden]],<ref name=Ksiridion/> and the botanical garden of [[Ufa]].<ref name=samara/> |
The iris has been cultivated since at least 1568.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=Ksiridion/> It was first grown in [[Cambridge Botanic Garden]] in 1733,<ref name=british/><ref name=zahradaweb/> where it was labelled as ''narrow leafed plum scent iris''.<ref name=british/> For many years it was grown in [[St. Petersburg Botanical Garden]],<ref name=Ksiridion/> and the botanical garden of [[Ufa]].<ref name=samara/> |
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===Propagation=== |
===Propagation=== |
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It can also be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]] or by seed growing. |
It can also be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]] or by seed growing. It rarely needs lifting and dividing. Large clumps of mature plants can be lifted between mid-summer to early autumn, then divided before being replanted.<ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name=gardengeek/> As it does not like root disturbance,<ref name=missouri/> so seed growing is preferred. If re-planted, they can take a year to 'settle' before beginning to bloom again.<ref name=irisbotanique/> |
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Seeds are collected from the pods after flowering. |
Seeds are collected from the pods after flowering. Seeds are then sown in containers in a cold frame in autumn,<ref name=gardengeek/> or between September and May. Seeds should be kept moist for about 2–4 weeks and also warm (at about 15–20 °C). Then temperatures between −4 °C and + 4 °C suspend for 4–6 weeks. These conditions are best reached at the autumn sowing outdoors. Seed trays should then be kept at temperatures of 5 °C to + 10 °C after the cooling period, for a few weeks. In the wild, these freezing and heat period) conditions take place naturally. The plants need to grow and mature for about 2–3 years before they begin to flower.<ref name=missouri/><ref name=pflanzen/> |
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==Hybrids and cultivars== |
==Hybrids and cultivars== |
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''Iris graminea'' has the following known |
''Iris graminea'' has the following known varieties: 'Achtaroffii', 'Adami', 'Colchica', 'Graminea Lamprophylla', 'Graminea Sylvatica', 'Graminea latifolia', 'Gravenia', 'Hort's variety', and 'Pseudocyperus'.<ref name=american/> The latter of these has ranges from the Czech Republic, Romania, and Slovakia.<ref name=signa/> ''Pseudocyperus'' has broad leaves, but no scent.<ref name=scent/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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| Line 95: | Line 93: | ||
==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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* {{Cite book |last=Pignatti |first=Sandro |url=https://www.tecnichenuove.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/5244-Flora-dItalia-vol.3-SFOGLIA1.pdf |title=Flora d'Italia |publisher=Edagricole |year=1982 |isbn=978-88-506-5244-0 |edition=1st |volume=3 |location=Bologna}} |
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* Pignatti S. – Flora d'Italia – Edagricole – 1982 Vol. III |
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* |
*{{Cite book |last=Aldén |first=Björn |title=Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning |publisher=Formas |date=2009-03-20 |isbn=978-9154060269 |language=sv |trans-title=Names of our cultivated plants - origin and use}} |
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**{{Cite web |last1=Ryman |first1=Svengunnar |last2=Aldén |first2=Björn |last3=Hjertson |first3=Mats |last4=Olofsson |first4=Sofie |others=<!--Homepage published 2022-10-11 by Linnea Oskarsson--> |title=Svensk kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD |trans-title=Swedish cultivated plant database, SKUD |url=https://www.slu.se/centrumbildningar-och-projekt/skud/ |website=SKUD}} |
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*Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR). |
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*{{Cite book |last=Czerepanov |first=Sergeĭ Kirillovich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Up0XgqTk2pkC |title=Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR) |date=1995-01-27 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0521450065|language=en |id=(hbk) {{isbn|978-0521044837}} (pbk)}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
*{{Cite book |last=Mathew |first=Brian |title=The Iris |publisher=B.T. Batsford |year=1981 |location=London |oclc=8201438}} |
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*Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 112. |
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*{{Cite web |title=Vol. 21, No. 11, Jun. 1, 1971 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i255454 |website=BioScience |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences |language=en |via=JSTOR}} |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | |||
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42061/ |
* [https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id42061/ BioLib] |
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* [http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/I/Iris_graminea/ Iris graminea] |
* [http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/I/Iris_graminea/ Iris graminea] |
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[[Category:Iris (plant)|graminea]] |
[[Category:Iris (plant)|graminea]] |
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[[Category:Flora of |
[[Category:Flora of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Southeastern Europe]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Southwestern Europe]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Caucasus]] |
[[Category:Flora of the Caucasus]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Pyrenees]] |
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[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]] |
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Plants described in 1753]] |
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Bulgaria]] |
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[[Category:Flora of the Czech Republic]] |
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[[Category:Flora of France]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Georgia (country)]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Germany]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Hungary]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Italy]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Poland]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Russia]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Romania]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Spain]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Switzerland]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Yugoslavia]] |
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Latest revision as of 23:10, 14 March 2024
 | This article may contain an excessive number of citations. The details given are: There are many cases where a duplicate citation is used, and non-controversial claims have 2-4 sources each. (January 2023) |
| Iris graminea | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Asparagales |
| Family: | Iridaceae |
| Genus: | Iris |
| Subgenus: | Iris subg. Limniris |
| Section: | Iris sect. Limniris |
| Series: | Iris ser. Spuriae |
| Species: | I. graminea
|
| Binomial name | |
| Iris graminea | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Iris graminea is a species of flowering plant belonging to the subgenus Limniris of the genus Iris, in particular the series Spuriae. It is a rhizomatous perennial, with purple or violet blue flowers almost hidden by narrow, grass-like leaves, and a plum scented fragrance. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It has several common names, including grass-leaved flag, grass leaved iris, plum iris and plum tart iris (due to its scent). This species naturally occurs in the southern half of Europe, from Spain and France in the West to Russia and the Caucasus in the East.
Description
[edit]Iris graminea has slender, short, hard rhizomes.[2] The plant has narrow grass-like foliage[3] and can grow up to 30–100 cm (12–39 in) long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide.[4] They can have many branches creating dense tufts, clumps or tussocks of plants.[5]
The flower has bright purple flowers and shiny, green leaves.[6] Some plants can have dark green leaves.[7][8] They have strongly visible longitudinal veins.[9] The leaves are longer than the flowering stems.[10][11][12] After the plant has flowered, the foliage has the tendency to extend.[13] Later, the deciduous foliage dies back during the winter.[6]
Iris graminea has a flattened stem,[3] that grows up to 10–60 cm (4–24 in) long.[14][15] The stems have 1–2 spathes (leaves of the flower bud),[16] which are unequal in size.[17] The lower spathe is larger and rather leaf-like.[17] The stems hold 1–2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,[3][18][11] blooming in spring and summer, between May and June.[19][20] The stems are normally, unbranched,[21] but (if they have a second flower), the pedicel, is up to 6 cm long.[22]
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'.[18] The falls have a long haft or claw, (section closest to the stem) and a small rounded or oval blade.[16] They are 3–5 cm (1–2 in) long.[23] The centre of the blade has a pale yellow[5][13] or white central area,[24] which is veined with violet,[11][18] purple,[21] or blue.[25][11] Some references describe a dark purple area with white veining.[26] The claw is sometimes winged and tinged with green or brown,[27] or veined deep reddish-purple. The erect standards are purple blue,[28] purple,[11] or red-violet. They are 2–5 cm (1–2 in) long, with green or brown shade at the base.[23] It has a long and arching purple style branch[16][27] (that is long as the haft), and has a dark purple centre stripe.[28] They have a brown base.[12]
It has an ovary with double ridges, a 2-pointed stigma and pollen that is orange-red.[3] It also has a short perianth tube.[22] After the iris has flowered, it produces a 3–4 cm (1–2 in) long seed capsule,[26] which has a narrowed point.[7] Inside the capsule are pear-shaped seeds,[22][7] which are slightly compressed and flattened.[7]
The flower has been described as having a fruity scent.[4]
Genetics
[edit]As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. Its chromosomes have been counted several times, including 2n=34, Simonet 1932; 2n=34, Lenz 1963; 2n=34, Popova, M., & I. Cesmedziev, (1975 & 1976); 2n=34, Colasante & Sauer, 1993; 2n=28, 34, 36, Lovka, 1995 and 2n=34, Dobeš et al., 1997.[16] It is generally published as 2n=34.[27][29][30]
Taxonomy
[edit]It is known as iris à feuilles de graminées or iris de Bayonne in France,[31] and Giaggiolo susino in Italy.[32][33] It is known as kosaciec trawolistny in Polish, and iris trávolistý in Czech and Slovak.[34] and it is known as zlakovidny iris in Russia,[35][24][36] and gräsiris in Swedish,(meaning grass iris).[37] The Latin specific epithet graminea refers to grassy due to the grass-like leaves.[38] It has the common names grass-leaved flag (in the US)[39][14] or grass leaved iris,[18][16] plum iris,[40][41] and plum tart iris[4][6][12] or plum scented iris (because of the scent).[19][28][15]
It was originally published and described by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum Vol. 1 page 39 on 1 May 1753.[29][42][43] It was later published by Ker-Gawler in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Vol. 18 page 681 in 1803.[16] Then by B. Fedtsch in Flora of SSSR Vol. 4 page 529 in 1935.[29] It was verified by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003 and then updated on 1 December 2004.[42] It is an accepted name by the RHS, and it gained the RHS's Award of Garden Merit.[19][18]
Distribution
[edit]It is native to temperate areas of Europe, and Asia.
It is widespread from Spain to Russia. Within Asia, it is found in the Caucasus regions,[19] of Georgia, and the Russian Federation,[5][27] (in Ciscaucasia and Dagestan). Also in Turkey (in Asia Minor).[35][29] Within Europe, it is found in Austria, Bulgaria,[44] the Czech Republic and Slovakia, (in Moravia), ex-Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, and Ukraine,[8][40][42](in Crimea,[2][15][24]). It may be naturalized in the Moravia region of the Czech Republic,[26] and in Germany.[21]
Habitat
[edit]It is found growing in scrubland, grass lands, meadows (or pastures),[37][34][5][40] open woods,[21] and in rocky or gravelly soils of the mountains.[35]
Conservation
[edit]I. graminea is an 'endangered species' in the Czech Republic and Slovakia,[45] it is also listed as 'vulnerable' in Hungary.[26] Within Saxony (Germany), it is listed as rare.[40] I. graminea is thought to be extinct in Poland, but was formerly found near Cieszyn.[46] It has been listed in various Red Data Books.
Cultivation
[edit]
I. graminea is hardy to between USDA Zones 3 and 9.[19][14][15] It is hardy to Europe Zone H2.[23] It can survive temperatures as low as −20 °C.[21] It is hardy in most places of the UK. During the winter, the foliage dies back, leaving the rhizome under the ground. In very cold climates, a mulch may help the plant survive colder temperatures.[6]
It can be grown in normal garden conditions.[3][47] They prefer neutral or slightly acidic (or lime-free),[11] well drained,[6] and fertile (or humus rich) soils.[25][12] They can tolerate dry soils,[39] or clay and heavy soils, but it prefers damp soils.[25][19][12] They prefer positions in full sun,[14][41] and can tolerate partial shade.[25][19][6] It requires adequate watering during growth,[14] such as a moist spring and then drier during the summer.[6] Mature plants can tolerate drought periods.[13]
It can be fertilized in early spring and after flowers have bloomed. They can be grown in a front of a mixed border,[3][47] or rockery.[37][8][11] As well as being naturalized in the garden,[48] they can be also grown in containers, as long as they are well watered.[25] The flowers can be used in bouquets, so can also be grown in a cutting garden.[28][10] They do not like root disturbance,[13] similar to other spuria irises.
It suffers from no serious insect or disease problems. Crown rot is an infrequently occurring disease problem. It is susceptible to certain viruses, such as bacterial leaf blight, soft rot, rhizome rot, leaf spot, rust, viruses and scorch.[39] It is also can be susceptible to damage by insects such as; Iris borer, verbina bud moth, white flies, iris weevil (Mononychus punctumalbum),[49] thrips, slugs, snails, aphids and nematodes.[39] It can also tolerate damage from deer. Aphid Aphis newtoni can be found on the plant.[50][13]
The iris has been cultivated since at least 1568.[21][7] It was first grown in Cambridge Botanic Garden in 1733,[2][34] where it was labelled as narrow leafed plum scent iris.[2] For many years it was grown in St. Petersburg Botanical Garden,[7] and the botanical garden of Ufa.[9]
It is the most commonly grown Iris spuria species,[3][28] and can be easily found in plants nurseries,[21] though it is most commonly known in Europe.[19]
Propagation
[edit]It can also be propagated by division or by seed growing. It rarely needs lifting and dividing. Large clumps of mature plants can be lifted between mid-summer to early autumn, then divided before being replanted.[3][39] As it does not like root disturbance,[13] so seed growing is preferred. If re-planted, they can take a year to 'settle' before beginning to bloom again.[21]
Seeds are collected from the pods after flowering. Seeds are then sown in containers in a cold frame in autumn,[39] or between September and May. Seeds should be kept moist for about 2–4 weeks and also warm (at about 15–20 °C). Then temperatures between −4 °C and + 4 °C suspend for 4–6 weeks. These conditions are best reached at the autumn sowing outdoors. Seed trays should then be kept at temperatures of 5 °C to + 10 °C after the cooling period, for a few weeks. In the wild, these freezing and heat period) conditions take place naturally. The plants need to grow and mature for about 2–3 years before they begin to flower.[13][41]
Hybrids and cultivars
[edit]Iris graminea has the following known varieties: 'Achtaroffii', 'Adami', 'Colchica', 'Graminea Lamprophylla', 'Graminea Sylvatica', 'Graminea latifolia', 'Gravenia', 'Hort's variety', and 'Pseudocyperus'.[16] The latter of these has ranges from the Czech Republic, Romania, and Slovakia.[15] Pseudocyperus has broad leaves, but no scent.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ "Iris graminea L. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d British Iris Society (1997) A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d Stephen Lacey Scent In Your Garden, p. 79, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d "Iris graminea". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Iris graminea". wildgingerfarm.com. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f "Irises section Ksiridion or Spur-iris sredneroslye". flower.onego.ru. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ a b c "Spuria iris". flowerlib.ru. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ a b "SCIENTIFIC REPORTS Samara Bend. – T. 16, № 3 (21). – S. 518–531. EN Mammoth * COLLECTION IRIS natural flora, Introdutciruemyh in the Botanical Garden Samara State University" (PDF). ssc.smr.ru. 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ a b Margery Fish An All the Year Garden, p. 62, at Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
- ^ a b c d e Stebbings, Geoff (1997). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. p. 57. ISBN 978-0715305393.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Iris graminea". missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "PlantFiles: Grass-leaved Flag, Fleur-de-lis, Sword Lily, Plum Scented Iris". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e Kramb, D. (20 September 2004). "Iris graminea". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Laurin, Terry (11 October 2014). "(SPEC) Iris graminea L." wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ a b Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Iris graminea". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 4 February 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Iris graminea (Plum Scented Iris)". plantdelights.com. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
- ^ "Plant of the Month for March 2020 | North American Rock Garden Society". www.nargs.org. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Chapter II iris clump and other (part3)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ a b c "Lat. Iris". agbina.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ a b c James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees and H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 348, at Google Books
- ^ a b c "Spurius Irises, History, Groups And Types, Cultivation And Maintenance". liveinternet.ru. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Spuria Irises". herbs2000. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ a b c d Hoskovec, Ladislav (15 July 2007). "Iris graminea". botany.cz. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "The Small Spurias". kcis.org. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ a b c d Andreĭ Aleksandrovich Fedorov (Editor) Flora of Russia, Volume 4, p. 440, at Google Books
- ^ Stolley, Gregor. "The genus Iris in Germany (Gregor Stolley)". offene-naturfuehrer.de. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "Iris graminea L., 1753". inpn.mnhn.fr. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ "Giaggiolo susino [ Iris graminea ]". sentierinatura.it. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ "Iridaceae Iris graminea L." luirig.altervista.org. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
- ^ a b c "Bezkartáčkaté irises". zahradaweb.cz. 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ a b c "Subgenus Xyridion (Xyridion) – Wood-iris rhizome". flower-iris.ru. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
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Sources
[edit]- Pignatti, Sandro (1982). Flora d'Italia (PDF). Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Bologna: Edagricole. ISBN 978-88-506-5244-0.
- Aldén, Björn (2009-03-20). Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning [Names of our cultivated plants - origin and use] (in Swedish). Formas. ISBN 978-9154060269.
- Ryman, Svengunnar; Aldén, Björn; Hjertson, Mats; Olofsson, Sofie. "Svensk kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD" [Swedish cultivated plant database, SKUD]. SKUD.
- Czerepanov, Sergeĭ Kirillovich (1995-01-27). Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521450065. (hbk) ISBN 978-0521044837 (pbk).
- Mathew, Brian (1981). The Iris. London: B.T. Batsford. OCLC 8201438.
- "Vol. 21, No. 11, Jun. 1, 1971". BioScience. Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences – via JSTOR.
- Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
- Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964–1980. Flora Europaea.
External links
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