Alpha (CL album): Difference between revisions
Korean/Japanese reference formatting and minor fixes, replaced: |via=Naver| → |via=Naver| (3), work=Herald Pop → work=Herald Pop (2), website=Idology → website=Idology |
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| language = {{hlist|Korean|English}} |
| language = {{hlist|Korean|English}} |
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| label = * Very Cherry |
| label = * Very Cherry |
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* [[Sony Music|Sony]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.synnara.co.kr:444/m/productDetail.do?categoryId=CT21001101&productId=P000448479|title=CL - ALPHA (COLOR VER)|website=Synnara Record| |
* [[Sony Music|Sony]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.synnara.co.kr:444/m/productDetail.do?categoryId=CT21001101&productId=P000448479|title=CL - ALPHA (COLOR VER)|website=Synnara Record|language=ko|accessdate=October 3, 2021}}</ref> |
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| producer = * [[Dave Hamelin]] |
| producer = * [[Dave Hamelin]] |
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* [[Baauer]] |
* [[Baauer]] |
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==Background and production== |
==Background and production== |
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Well known as a member and leader of [[K-pop]] group [[2NE1]], CL left her longtime label [[YG Entertainment]] after 12 years in December 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 8, 2019|title=CL Leaves Longtime K-Pop Label: Report|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8543125/cl-leaves-k-pop-label-yg-entertainment|access-date=December 10, 2019|magazine=Billboard|archive-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608003650/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8543125/cl-leaves-k-pop-label-yg-entertainment|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly after departing from the label, she released her first project [[extended play]] ''In the Name of Love'' as an independent artist. A shift from her traditional [[Urban contemporary|urban]] image, the record explored a variety of musical styles from [[alternative R&B]], tropical dance, rap, and ballads.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Herman |first1=Tamar |title=CL Rises as Independent Artist With Debut Album 'In the Name of Love': Listen |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8546638/cl-release-first-album-in-the-name-of-love |magazine=Billboard |access-date=July 26, 2021 |language=en |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fleshman |first1=Cu |title=K-pop Star CL Drops First Solo EP, 'In The Name Of Love' |url=https://charactermedia.com/k-pop-star-cl-drops-first-solo-ep-in-the-name-of-love/ |website=Character Media |date=December 18, 2019 |access-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617150101/https://charactermedia.com/k-pop-star-cl-drops-first-solo-ep-in-the-name-of-love/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2020, CL released the music video for the intro to her upcoming full-length album ''Alpha'', titled "Post Up".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-19|title=CL's album intro +POST UP+ stars a cast of emerging designers|url=https://www.lofficielsingapore.com/[category]/[slug |
Well known as a member and leader of [[K-pop]] group [[2NE1]], CL left her longtime label [[YG Entertainment]] after 12 years in December 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=November 8, 2019|title=CL Leaves Longtime K-Pop Label: Report|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8543125/cl-leaves-k-pop-label-yg-entertainment|access-date=December 10, 2019|magazine=Billboard|archive-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608003650/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8543125/cl-leaves-k-pop-label-yg-entertainment|url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly after departing from the label, she released her first project [[extended play]] ''In the Name of Love'' as an independent artist. A shift from her traditional [[Urban contemporary|urban]] image, the record explored a variety of musical styles from [[alternative R&B]], tropical dance, rap, and ballads.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Herman |first1=Tamar |title=CL Rises as Independent Artist With Debut Album 'In the Name of Love': Listen |url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8546638/cl-release-first-album-in-the-name-of-love |magazine=Billboard |access-date=July 26, 2021 |language=en |date=December 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fleshman |first1=Cu |title=K-pop Star CL Drops First Solo EP, 'In The Name Of Love' |url=https://charactermedia.com/k-pop-star-cl-drops-first-solo-ep-in-the-name-of-love/ |website=Character Media |date=December 18, 2019 |access-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617150101/https://charactermedia.com/k-pop-star-cl-drops-first-solo-ep-in-the-name-of-love/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2020, CL released the music video for the intro to her upcoming full-length album ''Alpha'', titled "Post Up".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-19|title=CL's album intro +POST UP+ stars a cast of emerging designers|url=https://www.lofficielsingapore.com/[category]/[slug|access-date=2020-09-21|website=L'Officiel Singapore|language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, it was announced that album would be preceded with the release of the songs "Hwa" and "5 Star".<ref name="the korea times">{{cite web |title=K-pop artist CL says new song 'HWA' marks new beginning |url=http://www.koreatimesus.com/k-pop-artist-cl-says-new-song-hwa-marks-new-beginning/ |website=[[The Korea Times]] |access-date=July 26, 2021 |date=October 30, 2020}}</ref> |
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At the same time, CL had originally intended for her full-length debut record to be released on November 30, 2020; however, it was later announced that the album's release would be postponed to the first half of 2021 in order to make further improvements.<ref>{{cite web |title=CL Postpones 'ALPHA' Album Release Date |url=https://hypebae.com/2020/11/cl-alpha-album-release-postponed-announcement-2021-hwa-5star-k-pop |website=Hypebae |date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417160552/https://hypebae.com/2020/11/cl-alpha-album-release-postponed-announcement-2021-hwa-5star-k-pop |url-status=live }}</ref> On August 13, it was announced that CL would release her album ''Alpha'' in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=CL, 데뷔 13년만 첫 솔로 정규앨범..24일 컴백 확정|trans-title=CL, first full-length solo album in 13 years of debut... Confirmed comeback on the 24th|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/112/0003465989|work=[[Herald Pop]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=August 13, 2021|access-date=August 13, 2021|language=ko}}</ref> The first single "Spicy" was first released on August 24,<ref>{{cite news|title=CL, 'ALPHA' 프로젝트 첫 싱글 'SPICY' 24일 공개…존 말코비치 참여|trans-title=CL, 'ALPHA' project first single 'SPICY' released on the 24th... Join John Malkovich|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0002981754|work=Star News|via=[[Naver]]|date=August 19, 2021|access-date=August 19, 2021|language=ko}}</ref> while the second single "[[Lover Like Me]]" was released on September 29.<ref>{{cite news|title=CL, 29일 'ALPHA' 두 번째 싱글 'Lover Like Me' 발매..티저 공개|trans-title=CL releases 'ALPHA' second single 'Lover Like Me' on the 29th... Teaser released|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=112&aid=0003477787|work=[[Herald Pop]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=September 17, 2021|access-date=September 17, 2021|language=ko}}</ref> "Tie a Cherry" was released in conjunction with ''Alpha'' on October 20.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chin |first1=Carmen |title=CL returns with chic music video for 'Tie A Cherry' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/cl-music-video-tie-a-cherry-album-alpha-release-3074667 |website=NME |access-date=20 October 2021 |date=20 October 2021}}</ref> |
At the same time, CL had originally intended for her full-length debut record to be released on November 30, 2020; however, it was later announced that the album's release would be postponed to the first half of 2021 in order to make further improvements.<ref>{{cite web |title=CL Postpones 'ALPHA' Album Release Date |url=https://hypebae.com/2020/11/cl-alpha-album-release-postponed-announcement-2021-hwa-5star-k-pop |website=Hypebae |date=November 16, 2020 |access-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417160552/https://hypebae.com/2020/11/cl-alpha-album-release-postponed-announcement-2021-hwa-5star-k-pop |url-status=live }}</ref> On August 13, it was announced that CL would release her album ''Alpha'' in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=CL, 데뷔 13년만 첫 솔로 정규앨범..24일 컴백 확정|trans-title=CL, first full-length solo album in 13 years of debut... Confirmed comeback on the 24th|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/112/0003465989|work=[[Herald Pop]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=August 13, 2021|access-date=August 13, 2021|language=ko}}</ref> The first single "Spicy" was first released on August 24,<ref>{{cite news|title=CL, 'ALPHA' 프로젝트 첫 싱글 'SPICY' 24일 공개…존 말코비치 참여|trans-title=CL, 'ALPHA' project first single 'SPICY' released on the 24th... Join John Malkovich|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=108&aid=0002981754|work=Star News|via=[[Naver]]|date=August 19, 2021|access-date=August 19, 2021|language=ko}}</ref> while the second single "[[Lover Like Me]]" was released on September 29.<ref>{{cite news|title=CL, 29일 'ALPHA' 두 번째 싱글 'Lover Like Me' 발매..티저 공개|trans-title=CL releases 'ALPHA' second single 'Lover Like Me' on the 29th... Teaser released|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=112&aid=0003477787|work=[[Herald Pop]]|via=[[Naver]]|date=September 17, 2021|access-date=September 17, 2021|language=ko}}</ref> "Tie a Cherry" was released in conjunction with ''Alpha'' on October 20.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chin |first1=Carmen |title=CL returns with chic music video for 'Tie A Cherry' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/cl-music-video-tie-a-cherry-album-alpha-release-3074667 |website=NME |access-date=20 October 2021 |date=20 October 2021}}</ref> |
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==Reception== |
==Reception== |
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{{ |
{{Music ratings |
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| rev1 = ''[[NME]]'' |
| rev1 = ''[[NME]]'' |
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| rev1score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name="nme">{{cite web |last1=Chin |first1=Carmen |title=CL – 'ALPHA' review: an incandescent return well worth the wait |url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/cl-alpha-review-2ne1-3074924 |website=[[NME]] |access-date=20 October 2021 |date=20 October 2021}}</ref> |
| rev1score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name="nme">{{cite web |last1=Chin |first1=Carmen |title=CL – 'ALPHA' review: an incandescent return well worth the wait |url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/cl-alpha-review-2ne1-3074924 |website=[[NME]] |access-date=20 October 2021 |date=20 October 2021}}</ref> |
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''[[NME]]''{{'}}s Carmen Chin gave ''Alpha'' a four out of five rating, where she complimented the album's musical styles, experimentation, and vocal delivery. Christina Lee from ''[[NPR]]'' said that "Years after she introduced herself as 'the Baddest Female,' she maintains her role as an 언니 (''eonni''), or the older sister, of this cross-cultural moment in today's pop music."<ref name="npr" /> Writing for ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', Krstine Kwak wrote that although the themes presented in the album were comparable to CL's previous releases, "sonically, these tracks show a new side to her range, with a bigger focus on vocals, storytelling, and lyricism, adding to the rap capabilities she's shown over the years. Alpha solidifies a fresh start that won’t leave her old fans in the dust."<ref name="rolling stone" /> |
''[[NME]]''{{'}}s Carmen Chin gave ''Alpha'' a four out of five rating, where she complimented the album's musical styles, experimentation, and vocal delivery. Christina Lee from ''[[NPR]]'' said that "Years after she introduced herself as 'the Baddest Female,' she maintains her role as an 언니 (''eonni''), or the older sister, of this cross-cultural moment in today's pop music."<ref name="npr" /> Writing for ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', Krstine Kwak wrote that although the themes presented in the album were comparable to CL's previous releases, "sonically, these tracks show a new side to her range, with a bigger focus on vocals, storytelling, and lyricism, adding to the rap capabilities she's shown over the years. Alpha solidifies a fresh start that won’t leave her old fans in the dust."<ref name="rolling stone" /> |
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===Weekly charts=== |
===Weekly charts=== |
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==Release history== |
==Release history== |
Revision as of 21:57, 27 March 2024
Alpha | ||||
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Studio album by | ||||
Released | October 20, 2021 | |||
Length | 34:39 | |||
Language |
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Label | ||||
Producer |
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CL chronology | ||||
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Singles from Alpha | ||||
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Alpha (stylized in all caps) is the debut studio album by South Korean rapper and singer-songwriter CL. Produced under her self-managed label Very Cherry, Alpha marks CL's first full-length work as a solo artist since her career debut in 2009. The album was preceded by the release of several singles, and was released on October 20, 2021.
Background and production
Well known as a member and leader of K-pop group 2NE1, CL left her longtime label YG Entertainment after 12 years in December 2019.[2] Shortly after departing from the label, she released her first project extended play In the Name of Love as an independent artist. A shift from her traditional urban image, the record explored a variety of musical styles from alternative R&B, tropical dance, rap, and ballads.[3][4] In September 2020, CL released the music video for the intro to her upcoming full-length album Alpha, titled "Post Up".[5] Subsequently, it was announced that album would be preceded with the release of the songs "Hwa" and "5 Star".[6]
At the same time, CL had originally intended for her full-length debut record to be released on November 30, 2020; however, it was later announced that the album's release would be postponed to the first half of 2021 in order to make further improvements.[7] On August 13, it was announced that CL would release her album Alpha in October 2021.[8] The first single "Spicy" was first released on August 24,[9] while the second single "Lover Like Me" was released on September 29.[10] "Tie a Cherry" was released in conjunction with Alpha on October 20.[11]
Composition
Music and concept
Writing for Billboard, Owen Meyers asserted that the release of Alpha "embraces her status as an outlier of the international pop scene, with hooky pop-R&B hybrids, avant-garde electronic touches and distorted, speaker-busting hip-hop that stand apart from the glossy acts for which she helped paved the way."[12] In her May 2021 cover story for Allure, the magazine explained that album's meaning is twofold: "It’s about the alpha-female character she embodies, but it also suggests a new beginning", and added that "the songs will fill out CL’s superlative branding with personal flavor."[13][14] Upon the album's release, CL said that "I didn’t have any features on this album because I wanted [to introduce] all the different characters of CL".[15]
Songs
Identified as CL's return to the global stage, Tim Chan of Rolling Stone regarded the hip-hop track "Hwa" as a "sassy kiss-off" and a "declaration of independence". An "identity peace song"—as CL describes, the title embodies multiple meanings in both Korean and Chinese, including themes of fire, flower, change, and wealth.[16][17] Stylistically, "Hwa" interpolates chants, slinky synths, and snappy snares into a booming bass line.[16] The musical styles of "5 Star" heavily contrasts its counterpart; it is characterized as a slow-jam love-filled number that primarily features the singer's soft vocals in both Korean and English, and contains greater influences from pop music. The song's lyrical content revolves around love and the rollercoaster of emotions felt during a romantic relationship.[18]
Reception
Review scores | |
---|---|
Source | Rating |
NME | [19] |
NPR | (positive)[20] |
The Quietus | (positive)[21] |
Rolling Stone | [22] |
Uproxx | (favorable)[23] |
NME's Carmen Chin gave Alpha a four out of five rating, where she complimented the album's musical styles, experimentation, and vocal delivery. Christina Lee from NPR said that "Years after she introduced herself as 'the Baddest Female,' she maintains her role as an 언니 (eonni), or the older sister, of this cross-cultural moment in today's pop music."[20] Writing for Rolling Stone, Krstine Kwak wrote that although the themes presented in the album were comparable to CL's previous releases, "sonically, these tracks show a new side to her range, with a bigger focus on vocals, storytelling, and lyricism, adding to the rap capabilities she's shown over the years. Alpha solidifies a fresh start that won’t leave her old fans in the dust."[22]
Publication | List | Rank | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Beats Per Minute | Top 50 Songs of 2021 (for "Spicy") | 37 | [24] |
Genius | Genius's 50 Best Albums Of 2021 | 48 | [25] |
Idology | Top 10 Albums of the Year | Placed | [26] |
PopCrush | 25 Best Pop Albums of 2021 | Placed | [27] |
Rolling Stone India | 10 Best K-Hip-Hop and R&B Albums of 2021 | 4 | [28] |
South China Morning Post | 25 Best K-pop Albums of 2021 | 10 | [29] |
The Quietus | Top 100 Tracks of 2021 (for "Spicy") | 64 | [30] |
Uproxx | The Best Pop Albums of 2021 | Placed | [31] |
Track listing
No. | Title | Writer(s) | Producer(s) | Length |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | "Spicy" | Baauer | 3:14 | |
2. | "Lover Like Me" |
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| 2:58 |
3. | "Chuck" |
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| 3:11 |
4. | "Xai" |
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| 3:16 |
5. | "Let It" |
| Hong Ji-sang | 3:05 |
6. | "Tie a Cherry" |
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| 3:10 |
7. | "Paradise" |
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| 2:47 |
8. | "My Way" |
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| 3:27 |
9. | "Siren" |
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| 3:15 |
10. | "Hwa" |
|
| 2:56 |
11. | "5 Star" |
|
| 3:20 |
Total length: | 34:39 |
Charts
Weekly charts
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Monthly charts
|
Release history
Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Various | October 20, 2021 | Very Cherry | ||
October 22, 2021 | CD | |||
South Korea | February 11, 2022 | Vinyl | [38] |
References
- ^ "CL - ALPHA (COLOR VER)". Synnara Record (in Korean). Retrieved October 3, 2021.
- ^ "CL Leaves Longtime K-Pop Label: Report". Billboard. November 8, 2019. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
- ^ Herman, Tamar (December 18, 2019). "CL Rises as Independent Artist With Debut Album 'In the Name of Love': Listen". Billboard. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
- ^ Fleshman, Cu (December 18, 2019). "K-pop Star CL Drops First Solo EP, 'In The Name Of Love'". Character Media. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ "CL's album intro +POST UP+ stars a cast of emerging designers". L'Officiel Singapore. September 19, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
- ^ "K-pop artist CL says new song 'HWA' marks new beginning". The Korea Times. October 30, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
- ^ "CL Postpones 'ALPHA' Album Release Date". Hypebae. November 16, 2020. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
- ^ "CL, 데뷔 13년만 첫 솔로 정규앨범..24일 컴백 확정" [CL, first full-length solo album in 13 years of debut... Confirmed comeback on the 24th]. Herald Pop (in Korean). August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021 – via Naver.
- ^ "CL, 'ALPHA' 프로젝트 첫 싱글 'SPICY' 24일 공개…존 말코비치 참여" [CL, 'ALPHA' project first single 'SPICY' released on the 24th... Join John Malkovich]. Star News (in Korean). August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021 – via Naver.
- ^ "CL, 29일 'ALPHA' 두 번째 싱글 'Lover Like Me' 발매..티저 공개" [CL releases 'ALPHA' second single 'Lover Like Me' on the 29th... Teaser released]. Herald Pop (in Korean). September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021 – via Naver.
- ^ Chin, Carmen (October 20, 2021). "CL returns with chic music video for 'Tie A Cherry'". NME. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ Meyers, Owen (January 14, 2021). "K-Pop Star CL on Comeback Album '+Alpha+'". Billboard.
- ^ Kilbane, Brennan (April 13, 2021). "CL Would Like to Reintroduce Herself". Allure.
- ^ Chin, Carmen (June 30, 2021). "CL on what she would tell her younger self: "Trust your feelings"". NME.
- ^ Feeney, Nolan (October 20, 2021). "CL Breaks Down Every Song on 'ALPHA'". Billboard. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Chan, Tim (November 4, 2020). "Song You Need to Know: CL, 'Hwa'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 1, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
- ^ Chia, Amelia (November 20, 2020). "CL uncovered: Our digital cover star opens up about her debut studio album, romance and body positivity". Vogue Singapore. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ Kim, Ye-eun (November 6, 2020). "CL Unveils Love-Filled Music Video for New Single "+5 Star+"". Hypebae. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021.
- ^ Chin, Carmen (October 20, 2021). "CL – 'ALPHA' review: an incandescent return well worth the wait". NME. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Lee, Christina (October 27, 2021). "On 'ALPHA,' CL finishes what she started". NPR. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
- ^ Bastardo, Verónica A. (November 18, 2021). "Reviews: CL – Alpha". The Quietus.
- ^ a b Kwak, Kristine (October 20, 2021). "CL Reintroduces Herself as the 'Alpha'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ White, Caitlin (October 20, 2021). "CL's 'Alpha' Reminds The World Her Music Was The Bedrock For K-Pop's Current Generation". Uproxx. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
- ^ Hakimian, Rob; Sentz, Tim; Leorne, Ana; Finlayson, Ray; McMullen, Chase; Kohner, Kyle; Kenny, Mimi; Thomas, Carlo; Wohlmacher, John (December 15, 2021). "BPM's Top 50 Songs of 2021". Beats Per Minute. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
- ^ "The Genius Community's 50 Best Albums of 2021". Genius. December 28, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
- ^ "결산 2021 : ③올해의 앨범 10선" [Year-end 2021: ③ Top 10 Albums of the Year]. Idology (in Korean). December 31, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
- ^ "These Are the 25 Best Pop Albums of 2021". PopCrush. December 8, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
- ^ Chakraborty, Riddhi; Dongre, Divyansha (December 29, 2021). "10 Best Korean Hip-Hop and R&B Albums of 2021". Rolling Stone India. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
- ^ Herman, Tamar (December 22, 2021). "The 25 best K-pop albums of 2021, from Aespa to Red Velvet and Kang Daniel". South China Morning Post. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
- ^ Doran, John (December 17, 2021). "The Quietus | Features | Quietus Tracks Of The Year 2021". The Quietus. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
- ^ "The Best Pop Albums Of 2021". Uproxx. December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
- ^ "Billboard Japan Download Albums – Week of October 27, 2021". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved October 27, 2021.
- ^ "Gaon Album Chart – Week 43, 2021". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved December 5, 2021.
- ^ "Official Independent Album Breakers Chart Top 20". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 30, 2022.
- ^ "CL Chart History (Top Current Album Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
- ^ "CL Chart History (World Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
- ^ "Gaon Album Chart – October 2021". Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). Retrieved October 30, 2022.
- ^ "CL - Alpha". Discogs. February 11, 2022. Retrieved October 30, 2022.