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The abundance of lakes in [[Canada]] is unique in the world, with nearly 900,000 [[Lake|lakes]] covering more than 10 hectares. This unique abundance is due to [[Canada Glacier|Canada’s glacial]] history, with the vast majority of the country covered by a massive ice sheet during the last ice age. Canadian lakes represent approximately 62% of the world's 1.42 million lakes<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Mathis Loïc |last2=Lehner |first2=Bernhard |last3=Grill |first3=Günther |last4=Nedeva |first4=Irena |last5=Schmitt |first5=Oliver |date=2016-12-15 |title=Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=13603 |bibcode=2016NatCo...713603M |doi=10.1038/ncomms13603 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5171767 |pmid=27976671}}</ref>. Lake levels influence many aspects of our lives, such as [[Water resources|water resource]] management, and [[Sustainability|environmental sustainability]]. Water levels in lakes are highly susceptible to climatic fluctuations, which have a significant impact on both the volume and purity of available water resources, as well as the ecological health of the [[Watershed delineation|watershed]]. Accurate lake level predictions have therefore become critical for effective [[Water resources|water resource]] management in an era of increasing climate variability and changing hydrological patterns. Indeed, water levels in lakes are highly susceptible to climatic fluctuations, which have a significant impact on both the volume and purity of available water resources, as well as the ecological health of the watershed. The expected increase in both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events may threaten the natural quality of water, emphasising the critical need for well-planned strategies for managing water resources and maintaining [[water quality]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valizadeh |first1=Nariman |last2=El-Shafie |first2=Ahmed |last3=Mirzaei |first3=Majid |last4=Galavi |first4=Hadi |last5=Mukhlisin |first5=Muhammad |last6=Jaafar |first6=Othman |date=2014 |title=Accuracy Enhancement for Forecasting Water Levels of Reservoirs and River Streams Using a Multiple-Input-Pattern Fuzzification Approach |journal=The Scientific World Journal |language=en |volume=2014 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2014/432976 |issn=2356-6140 |pmc=3982474 |pmid=24790567 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-02-03 |title=Assessment of potential hydrological climate change impacts in Kastoria basin (Western Macedonia, Greece) using EUROCORDEX regional climate models |url=https://journal.gnest.org/publication/gnest_03444 |journal=Global NEST Journal |doi=10.30955/gnj.003444 |issn=1790-7632}}</ref>. |
The abundance of lakes in [[Canada]] is unique in the world, with nearly 900,000 [[Lake|lakes]] covering more than 10 hectares. This unique abundance is due to [[Canada Glacier|Canada’s glacial]] history, with the vast majority of the country covered by a massive ice sheet during the last ice age. Canadian lakes represent approximately 62% of the world's 1.42 million lakes<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Messager |first1=Mathis Loïc |last2=Lehner |first2=Bernhard |last3=Grill |first3=Günther |last4=Nedeva |first4=Irena |last5=Schmitt |first5=Oliver |date=2016-12-15 |title=Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=13603 |bibcode=2016NatCo...713603M |doi=10.1038/ncomms13603 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5171767 |pmid=27976671}}</ref>. Lake levels influence many aspects of our lives, such as [[Water resources|water resource]] management, and [[Sustainability|environmental sustainability]]. Water levels in lakes are highly susceptible to climatic fluctuations, which have a significant impact on both the volume and purity of available water resources, as well as the ecological health of the [[Watershed delineation|watershed]]. Accurate lake level predictions have therefore become critical for effective [[Water resources|water resource]] management in an era of increasing climate variability and changing hydrological patterns. Indeed, water levels in lakes are highly susceptible to climatic fluctuations, which have a significant impact on both the volume and purity of available water resources, as well as the ecological health of the watershed. The expected increase in both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events may threaten the natural quality of water, emphasising the critical need for well-planned strategies for managing water resources and maintaining [[water quality]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valizadeh |first1=Nariman |last2=El-Shafie |first2=Ahmed |last3=Mirzaei |first3=Majid |last4=Galavi |first4=Hadi |last5=Mukhlisin |first5=Muhammad |last6=Jaafar |first6=Othman |date=2014 |title=Accuracy Enhancement for Forecasting Water Levels of Reservoirs and River Streams Using a Multiple-Input-Pattern Fuzzification Approach |journal=The Scientific World Journal |language=en |volume=2014 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1155/2014/432976 |issn=2356-6140 |pmc=3982474 |pmid=24790567 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021-02-03 |title=Assessment of potential hydrological climate change impacts in Kastoria basin (Western Macedonia, Greece) using EUROCORDEX regional climate models |url=https://journal.gnest.org/publication/gnest_03444 |journal=Global NEST Journal |doi=10.30955/gnj.003444 |issn=1790-7632}}</ref>. |
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[[Lake|Lakes]] and [[Reservoir|reservoirs]] influence the timing and magnitude of river flow, acting as buffers that attenuate and delay flow, and are therefore essential components of [[Hydrological model|hydrological models]], particularly in the context of large-scale flood modelling<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zajac |first=Zuzanna |last2=Revilla-Romero |first2=Beatriz |last3=Salamon |first3=Peter |last4=Burek |first4=Peter |last5=Hirpa |first5=Feyera A. |last6=Beck |first6=Hylke |date=2017-05 |title=The impact of lake and reservoir parameterization on global streamflow simulation |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169417301671 |journal=Journal of Hydrology |language=en |volume=548 |pages=552–568 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.022 |pmc=PMC5473175 |pmid=28649141}}</ref>, which can be used to produce flood maps at the watershed scale<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choné |first=Guénolé |last2=Biron |first2=Pascale M. |last3=Buffin‐Bélanger |first3=Thomas |last4=Mazgareanu |first4=Iulia |last5=Neal |first5=Jeff C. |last6=Sampson |first6=Christopher C. |date=2021-08 |title=An assessment of large‐scale flood modelling based on LiDAR data |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hyp.14333 |journal=Hydrological Processes |language=en |volume=35 |issue=8 |doi=10.1002/hyp.14333 |issn=0885-6087}}</ref>. [[Flood|Floods]] are the most costly natural hazard throughout the world<ref>{{Cite web |title=FloodList – Floods and flooding news from around the world |url=https://floodlist.com/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=floodlist.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Trigg |first=Mark A. |title=Global Flood Models |date=2021-08-04 |work=Geophysical Monograph Series |pages=181–200 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Huan |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119427339.ch10 |access-date=2024-04-03 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119427339.ch10 |isbn=978-1-119-42730-8 |last2=Bernhofen |first2=Mark |last3=Marechal |first3=David |last4=Alfieri |first4=Lorenzo |last5=Dottori |first5=Francesco |last6=Hoch |first6=Jannis |last7=Horritt |first7=Matt |last8=Sampson |first8=Chris |last9=Smith |first9=Andy |editor2-last=Lettenmaier |editor2-first=Dennis P. |editor3-last=Tang |editor3-first=Qiuhong |editor4-last=Ward |editor4-first=Philip J.}}</ref> and it is therefore critically important to be able to accurately predict their impact with flood maps. For example, in [[Quebec]], there were severe consequences of the spring floods in 2017 and 2019, which caused widespread damage and evacuations and therefore had severe societal and economic consequences. The 1996 [[Saguenay flood]] is also one of Quebec's most notable floods, encompassing several exceptional occurrences, including lake breaching<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Capart |first=H. |last2=Spinewine |first2=B. |last3=Young |first3=D.L. |last4=Zech |first4=Y. |last5=Brooks |first5=G.R. |last6=Leclerc |first6=M. |last7=Secretan |first7=Y. |date=2007-12 |title=The 1996 Lake Ha! Ha! breakout flood, Québec: Test data for geomorphic flood routing methods |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00221686.2007.9521836 |journal=Journal of Hydraulic Research |language=en |volume=45 |issue=sup1 |pages=97–109 |doi=10.1080/00221686.2007.9521836 |issn=0022-1686}}</ref>. The Saguenay flood killed ten people, forced thousands of people to evacuate, and caused $1.5 billion in damage<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2009-04-02 |title=Flooding events in Canada: Quebec |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/water-overview/quantity/floods/events-quebec.html |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref>. Heavy precipitation also inundated the Richelieu River and [[Lake Champlain]] regions in 2011, resulting in widespread evacuations and millions of dollars in damage<ref>{{Cite web |title=Décret 405-2011 |url=https://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/evaluations/decret/2011/405-2011.htm |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca}}</ref>. Understanding and predicting lake levels is thus not just an academic exercise, but a necessity for protecting people, property, and ecosystems. |
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Lakes and reservoirs influence the timing and magnitude of river flow, acting as buffers that attenuate and delay flow, and are therefore essential components of hydrological models, particularly in the context of large-scale flood modelling (Zajac et al. 2017), which can be used to produce flood maps at the watershed scale (Choné et al., 2021). Floods are the most costly natural hazard throughout the world (Floodlist.com, 2019; Trigg et al., 2021) and it is therefore critically important to be able to accurately predict their impact with flood maps. For example, in Quebec, there were severe consequences of the spring floods in 2017 and 2019, which caused widespread damage and evacuations and therefore had severe societal and economic consequences. The 1996 Saguenay flood is also one of Quebec's most notable floods, encompassing several exceptional occurrences, including lake breaching (Capart et al., 2007). The Saguenay flood killed ten people, forced thousands of people to evacuate, and caused $1.5 billion in damage (Environment Canada, 2009). Heavy precipitation also inundated the Richelieu River and Lake Champlain regions in 2011, resulting in widespread evacuations and millions of dollars in damage (Government of Quebec, 2011). Understanding and predicting lake levels is thus not just an academic exercise, but a necessity for protecting people, property, and ecosystems. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 18:25, 3 April 2024
Effects of Lakes on Floods in Canada
The abundance of lakes in Canada is unique in the world, with nearly 900,000 lakes covering more than 10 hectares. This unique abundance is due to Canada’s glacial history, with the vast majority of the country covered by a massive ice sheet during the last ice age. Canadian lakes represent approximately 62% of the world's 1.42 million lakes[1]. Lake levels influence many aspects of our lives, such as water resource management, and environmental sustainability. Water levels in lakes are highly susceptible to climatic fluctuations, which have a significant impact on both the volume and purity of available water resources, as well as the ecological health of the watershed. Accurate lake level predictions have therefore become critical for effective water resource management in an era of increasing climate variability and changing hydrological patterns. Indeed, water levels in lakes are highly susceptible to climatic fluctuations, which have a significant impact on both the volume and purity of available water resources, as well as the ecological health of the watershed. The expected increase in both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events may threaten the natural quality of water, emphasising the critical need for well-planned strategies for managing water resources and maintaining water quality[2] [3].
Lakes and reservoirs influence the timing and magnitude of river flow, acting as buffers that attenuate and delay flow, and are therefore essential components of hydrological models, particularly in the context of large-scale flood modelling[4], which can be used to produce flood maps at the watershed scale[5]. Floods are the most costly natural hazard throughout the world[6][7] and it is therefore critically important to be able to accurately predict their impact with flood maps. For example, in Quebec, there were severe consequences of the spring floods in 2017 and 2019, which caused widespread damage and evacuations and therefore had severe societal and economic consequences. The 1996 Saguenay flood is also one of Quebec's most notable floods, encompassing several exceptional occurrences, including lake breaching[8]. The Saguenay flood killed ten people, forced thousands of people to evacuate, and caused $1.5 billion in damage[9]. Heavy precipitation also inundated the Richelieu River and Lake Champlain regions in 2011, resulting in widespread evacuations and millions of dollars in damage[10]. Understanding and predicting lake levels is thus not just an academic exercise, but a necessity for protecting people, property, and ecosystems.
References
- ^ Messager, Mathis Loïc; Lehner, Bernhard; Grill, Günther; Nedeva, Irena; Schmitt, Oliver (2016-12-15). "Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 13603. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713603M. doi:10.1038/ncomms13603. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5171767. PMID 27976671.
- ^ Valizadeh, Nariman; El-Shafie, Ahmed; Mirzaei, Majid; Galavi, Hadi; Mukhlisin, Muhammad; Jaafar, Othman (2014). "Accuracy Enhancement for Forecasting Water Levels of Reservoirs and River Streams Using a Multiple-Input-Pattern Fuzzification Approach". The Scientific World Journal. 2014: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2014/432976. ISSN 2356-6140. PMC 3982474. PMID 24790567.
- ^ "Assessment of potential hydrological climate change impacts in Kastoria basin (Western Macedonia, Greece) using EUROCORDEX regional climate models". Global NEST Journal. 2021-02-03. doi:10.30955/gnj.003444. ISSN 1790-7632.
- ^ Zajac, Zuzanna; Revilla-Romero, Beatriz; Salamon, Peter; Burek, Peter; Hirpa, Feyera A.; Beck, Hylke (2017-05). "The impact of lake and reservoir parameterization on global streamflow simulation". Journal of Hydrology. 548: 552–568. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.022. PMC 5473175. PMID 28649141.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Choné, Guénolé; Biron, Pascale M.; Buffin‐Bélanger, Thomas; Mazgareanu, Iulia; Neal, Jeff C.; Sampson, Christopher C. (2021-08). "An assessment of large‐scale flood modelling based on LiDAR data". Hydrological Processes. 35 (8). doi:10.1002/hyp.14333. ISSN 0885-6087.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "FloodList – Floods and flooding news from around the world". floodlist.com. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
- ^ Trigg, Mark A.; Bernhofen, Mark; Marechal, David; Alfieri, Lorenzo; Dottori, Francesco; Hoch, Jannis; Horritt, Matt; Sampson, Chris; Smith, Andy (2021-08-04), Wu, Huan; Lettenmaier, Dennis P.; Tang, Qiuhong; Ward, Philip J. (eds.), "Global Flood Models", Geophysical Monograph Series (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 181–200, doi:10.1002/9781119427339.ch10, ISBN 978-1-119-42730-8, retrieved 2024-04-03
- ^ Capart, H.; Spinewine, B.; Young, D.L.; Zech, Y.; Brooks, G.R.; Leclerc, M.; Secretan, Y. (2007-12). "The 1996 Lake Ha! Ha! breakout flood, Québec: Test data for geomorphic flood routing methods". Journal of Hydraulic Research. 45 (sup1): 97–109. doi:10.1080/00221686.2007.9521836. ISSN 0022-1686.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Canada, Environment and Climate Change (2009-04-02). "Flooding events in Canada: Quebec". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
- ^ "Décret 405-2011". www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-03.