Scalloped bonnethead: Difference between revisions

Scalloped bonnethead
Conservation status
	; Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	Carcharhiniformes
Family:	Sphyrnidae
Genus:	Sphyrna
Species:	S. corona
Binomial name
	Sphyrna corona; S. Springer, 1940
	Range of the scalloped bonnethead

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The scalloped bonnethead (Sphyrna corona) is a rare, little-known species of hammerhead shark in the family Sphyrnidae. Its other common names include the mallethead shark and the crown shark.^[1] It is found in tropical and subtropical waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, from Mexico to Peru, and possibly as far north as the Gulf of California.^[3] It frequents inshore habitats over soft bottoms (mud, sand, and gravel) to a depth of 100 m, and also enters mangroves and estuaries.^[4]

Probably the smallest species of hammerhead shark, the scalloped bonnethead measures up to 92 centimetres (36 in) long.^[5] Its mallet-shaped head, called a cephalofoil, is moderately wide (24–29% of total length) and elongated lengthwise. The front margin is broadly arched, with shallow lateral and medial indentations, and no prenarial grooves. The mouth is small and strongly arched. The anal fin is long and has a nearly straight rear margin. Its coloration is gray above and white below, with no prominent fin markings. The similar scoophead (S. media) can be distinguished by a shorter snout, a broader mouth, and a deeply concave anal fin margin.^[3]

Like other hammerheads, the scalloped bonnethead is viviparous, with presumably two pups per litter. The young are born at 23 centimetres (9.1 in) or above; an adolescent male has been recorded at 51 centimetres (20 in) long, and an adult at 67 centimetres (26 in). It may be taken by local inshore fisheries, but data is lacking.^[3] It feeds on or near the bottom, on crustaceans, molluscs, cephalopods, echinoderms, and bony fishes.^[4]

Head, underside
Head, top side
Jaws

References

^ ^a ^b Pollom, R.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Bizzarro, J.; Burgos-Vázquez, M.I.; Cevallos, A.; Espinoza, M.; Herman, K.; Mejía-Falla, P.A.; Navia, A.F.; Sosa-Nishizaki, O.; Velez-Zuazo, X. (2020). "Sphyrna corona". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44591A124434064. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44591A124434064.en. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984) Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
^ ^a ^b "Sphyrnidae: Sphyrna corona". Discover Life. Retrieved on October 24, 2008.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sphyrna corona". FishBase. October 2008 version.

External links

[iucn-1] Pollom, R.; Pérez Jiménez, J.C.; Bizzarro, J.; Burgos-Vázquez, M.I.; Cevallos, A.; Espinoza, M.; Herman, K.; Mejía-Falla, P.A.; Navia, A.F.; Sosa-Nishizaki, O.; Velez-Zuazo, X. (2020). "Sphyrna corona". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44591A124434064. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44591A124434064.en. Retrieved 20 May 2023.

[CITESAppendices-2] "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.

[compagno-3] Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984) Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-101384-5.

[discoverlife-4] "Sphyrnidae: Sphyrna corona". Discover Life. Retrieved on October 24, 2008.

[fishbase-5] Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Sphyrna corona". FishBase. October 2008 version.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | status = CR
 | status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{Cite journal | author = Pollom, R., Pérez Jiménez, J.C., Bizzarro, J., Burgos-Vázquez, M.I., Cevallos, A., Espinoza, M., Herman, K., Mejía-Falla, P.A., Navia, A.F., Sosa-Nishizaki, O. & Velez-Zuazo, X.  | title = ''Sphyrna corona'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2020 | page = e.T44591A124434064 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2020 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/44591/124434064 | access-date = 21 January 2021}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{Cite iucn| author1= Pollom, R.|author2=Pérez Jiménez, J.C.|author3=Bizzarro, J.|author4=Burgos-Vázquez, M.I.|author5=Cevallos, A.|author6=Espinoza, M.|author7=Herman, K.|author8=Mejía-Falla, P.A.|author9=Navia, A.F.|author10=Sosa-Nishizaki, O.|author11=Velez-Zuazo, X.|title =''Sphyrna corona''|year=2020|page = e.T44591A124434064 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44591A124434064.en|access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>
+| status2 = CITES_A2
+| status2_system = CITES
+| status2_ref = <ref name="CITESAppendices">{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=14 January 2022|website=cites.org}}</ref>
 | genus = Sphyrna
 | species = corona
@@ Line 13: / Line 16: @@
 | range_map_caption = Range of the scalloped bonnethead
 }}
-The '''scalloped bonnethead''' (''Sphyrna corona'') is a rare, little-known species of [[hammerhead shark]], and part of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Hammerhead shark|Sphyrnidae]]. Its other common names include the mallethead shark and the crown shark.<ref name="iucn"/> It is found in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] waters in the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]], from [[Mexico]] to [[Peru]], and possibly as far north as the [[Gulf of California]].<ref name="compagno">Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984) ''Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date''. [[Rome]]: [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]. {{ISBN|92-5-101384-5}}.</ref> It frequents inshore habitats over soft bottoms (mud, sand, and gravel) to a depth of 100 m, and also enters [[mangrove]]s and [[estuaries]].<ref name="discoverlife"/>
+The '''scalloped bonnethead''' ('''''Sphyrna corona''''') is a rare, little-known species of [[hammerhead shark]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Hammerhead shark|Sphyrnidae]]. Its other common names include the mallethead shark and the crown shark.<ref name="iucn"/> It is found in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] waters in the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]], from [[Mexico]] to [[Peru]], and possibly as far north as the [[Gulf of California]].<ref name="compagno">Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984) ''Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date''. [[Rome]]: [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]. {{ISBN|92-5-101384-5}}.</ref> It frequents inshore habitats over soft bottoms (mud, sand, and gravel) to a depth of 100 m, and also enters [[mangrove]]s and [[estuaries]].<ref name="discoverlife"/>
-Probably the smallest species of hammerhead shark, the scalloped bonnethead measures up to 92&nbsp;cm long.<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase species| genus = Sphyrna | species = corona | month = October | year = 2008}}</ref> Its mallet-shaped head, called a cephalofoil, is moderately wide (24-29% of total length) and elongated lengthwise. The front margin is broadly arched, with shallow lateral and medial indentations, and no prenarial grooves. The mouth is small and strongly arched. The anal fin is long and has a nearly straight rear margin. Its coloration is gray above and white below, with no prominent fin markings. The similar [[scoophead]] (''Sphyrna media'') can be distinguished by a shorter snout, a broader mouth, and a deeply concave anal fin margin.<ref name="compagno"/>
+Probably the smallest species of hammerhead shark, the scalloped bonnethead measures up to {{convert|92|cm|in}} long.<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase species| genus = Sphyrna | species = corona | month = October | year = 2008}}</ref> Its mallet-shaped head, called a cephalofoil, is moderately wide (24–29% of total length) and elongated lengthwise. The front margin is broadly arched, with shallow lateral and medial indentations, and no prenarial grooves. The mouth is small and strongly arched. The anal fin is long and has a nearly straight rear margin. Its coloration is gray above and white below, with no prominent fin markings. The similar [[scoophead]] (''S. media'') can be distinguished by a shorter snout, a broader mouth, and a deeply concave anal fin margin.<ref name="compagno"/>
-Like other hammerheads, the scalloped bonnethead is [[viviparous]], with presumably two pups per litter. The young are born at 23&nbsp;cm or above; an adolescent male has been recorded at 51&nbsp;cm long, and an adult at 67&nbsp;cm. It may be taken by local inshore [[fisheries]], but data are lacking.<ref name="compagno"/> It feeds on or near the bottom, on [[crustacean]]s, [[mollusc]]s, [[cephalopod]]s, [[echinoderm]]s, and [[bony fish]]es.<ref name="discoverlife">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070219031458/http://pick5.pick.uga.edu/mp/20q?search=Sphyrna+corona Sphyrnidae: Sphyrna corona]". ''Discover Life''. Retrieved on October 24, 2008.</ref>
+Like other hammerheads, the scalloped bonnethead is [[viviparous]], with presumably two pups per litter. The young are born at {{convert|23|cm|in}} or above; an adolescent male has been recorded at {{convert|51|cm|in}} long, and an adult at {{convert|67|cm|in}}. It may be taken by local inshore [[fisheries]], but data is lacking.<ref name="compagno"/> It feeds on or near the bottom, on [[crustacean]]s, [[mollusc]]s, [[cephalopod]]s, [[echinoderm]]s, and [[bony fish]]es.<ref name="discoverlife">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070219031458/http://pick5.pick.uga.edu/mp/20q?search=Sphyrna+corona Sphyrnidae: Sphyrna corona]". ''Discover Life''. Retrieved on October 24, 2008.</ref>
-<gallery mode=packed>
+<gallery mode="packed">
 Sphyrna corona head.jpg|Head, underside
 Sphyrna corona head2.jpg|Head, top side
@@ Line 36: / Line 39: @@
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q289691}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:hammerhead, scalloped}}
 [[Category:Sphyrna|scalloped bonnethead]]
 [[Category:Fish of the Gulf of California]]
@@ Line 42: / Line 44: @@
 [[Category:Western Central American coastal fauna]]
 [[Category:Fish of Colombia]]
-[[Category:Fish of Ecuador]]
+[[Category:Marine fish of Ecuador]]
+[[Category:Fish of Peru]]
 [[Category:Taxa named by Stewart Springer]]
 [[Category:Fish described in 1940|scalloped bonnethead]]