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{{use American English|date=April 2021}}
{{use American English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox military unit
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 428th Bombardment Squadron
|unit_name= 428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight<br/>(formerly 428th Bombardment Squadron)
|image=Usaf-b-47-usafmuseum.jpg
|image=Usaf-b-47-usafmuseum.jpg
|image_size=300
|image_size=300
Line 17: Line 17:
|garrison=
|garrison=
|nickname=
|nickname=
|motto=Tempori Efficientes [[Latin]] On Time and Effective
|motto={{langnf|la|Tempori Efficientes|On Time and Effective}}
|colors=
|colors=
|march=
|march=
|mascot=
|mascot=
|battles=[[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]]<ref name=Maurer428BS>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp.525-526</ref>
|battles=[[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]]<ref name=Maurer428BS>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 525-526</ref>
|notable_commanders=
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
|anniversaries=
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<!-- Insignia -->
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol=[[File:428th Bombardment Squadron - SAC - Emblem.png|165px]]
|identification_symbol=[[File:428th Bombardment Squadron - SAC - Emblem.png|165px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Patch with 428th Bombardment Squadron emblem<ref group=note>Approved 14 July 1960.</ref><ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|identification_symbol_label=Patch with 428th Bombardment Squadron emblem{{efn|Approved 14 July 1960. Description: On an Air Force blue disc a compass rose of four points white, shadowed silver-gray, surmounted at [[Escutcheon (heraldry)#Points|honor point]] by a black silhouetted aircraft in flight [[Fess#Other uses|fesswise]], all encircled by an atomic symbol of three black electrons on red orbits, all edged white.}}<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|identification_symbol_2=[[File:428th Bombardment Squadron - Emblem.png|165px]]
|identification_symbol_2=[[File:428th Bombardment Squadron - Emblem.png|165px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label=Patch with 428th Bombardment Squadron World War II emblem<ref name=Watkins>Watkins, pp. 80-81</ref>
|identification_symbol_2_label=Patch with 428th Bombardment Squadron World War II emblem<ref name=Watkins>Watkins, pp. 80-81</ref>
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}}
}}


The '''428th Bombardment Squadron''' is an inactive [[United States Air Force]] unit. Its last assignment was as part of the [[310th Bombardment Wing]], stationed at [[Schilling Air Force Base]], [[Kansas]].
The '''428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight''' is an active [[Air Force Reserve Command]] unit, stationed at [[Peterson Space Force Base]], Colorado. It is a reserve [[Air Force Reserve Command#Associate Program|associate squadron]] of the [[4th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron]] of the [[United States Space Force]].


The [[squadron (aviation)|squadron]] was first active during [[World War II]] as the '''39th Reconnaissance Squadron''', becoming a [[medium bomber]] as the '''428th Bombardment Squadron''' a month after it was activated. After training in the United States, it deployed to the [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]], where it participated in [[Operation Torch]], the invasion of North Africa. It moved forward with American ground forces. The squadron was awarded a two [[Distinguished Unit Citation]]s for its actions in combat. Following [[V-E Day]], the squadron was inactivated in theater.
It was inactivated on 1 January 1962.

The squadron was assigned to the [[310th Bombardment Wing]] at [[Schilling Air Force Base]], Kansas, where it was active from February 1959 to 1 January 1962. It was inactivated when [[Strategic Air Command]]'s alert commitments changed.

==Mission==
The '''428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight''' is an associate to the regular [[4th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron]] in partnership to train, equip, mobilize and employ space electromagnetic warfare capabilities to support national security objectives. The reservists provide knowledge of orbital mechanics, satellite command-and-control and mission planning concepts to bolster surge capacity for this mission.<ref name=710OG>{{cite web |url= https://www.310sw.afrc.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/1700945/710th-operations-group/ |author=No byline|title=710th Operations Group|date=|publisher=310th Space Wing Public Affairs|access-date=December 24, 2023}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
===World War II===
===World War II===
====Initial organization and training====
⚫
[[File:B-25Js-310th BG attacking Brenner Pass 1944.jpg|thumb|left|310th Bombardmnet Group Mitchells attacking Brenner Pass 1944]]
The [[squadron (aviation)|squadron]] was activated at [[Davis-Monthan Field]] in March 1942 as the '''39th Reconnaissance Squadron''', one of the four original squadrons of the [[310th Bombardment Group]].<ref name=Maurer310BG>Maurer, ''Combat Units'', pp. 184-186</ref><ref>Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 468-471, 525-526</ref> It moved the same day to [[Jackson Army Air Base]], Mississippi, where it began training with [[North American B-25 Mitchell]]s. A little over a month later, the squadron became the '''428th Bombardment Squadron'''.<ref name=Maurer428BS/> A portion of the ground echelon sailed for the United Kingdom aboard the {{RMS|Queen Mary}} on 5 September 1942{{efn|Freeman refers to this as the air echelon on page 265, but contradicts this on page 15, which has more detail on the 310th Group's time in England.}}, while the remainder sailed directly for North Africa from the United States. The air echelon ferried the squadron's Mitchells via the [[North Atlantic air ferry route in World War II|North Atlantic ferry route]], but bad weather delayed their movement, with the bombers arriving at [[RAF Hardwick]] between October and December 1942.<ref name=Freeman265>Freeman, p. 265</ref>
Activated as a [[North American B-25 Mitchell]] reconnaissance squadron in early 1942, it was redesignated a medium bomber unit in April. It trained with the [[Third Air Force]] in the southeastern United States. It was deployed initially to England in September 1942 and flew some missions under [[VIII Bomber Command]] over German-occupied France; attacking enemy troop formations, bridges and airfields. It was part of the [[Operation Torch]] invasion of North Africa in November 1942, being deployed to the new [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]]. It was assigned to the [[Twelfth Air Force]] in French Morocco in November. The squadron engaged primarily in support and interdictory operations; bombing marshalling yards, rail lines, highways, bridges, viaducts, troop concentrations, gun emplacements, shipping, harbors and other objectives in North Africa.

====Combat in the Mediterranean heater====
⚫
[[File:B-25Js-310th BG attacking Brenner Pass 1944.jpg|thumb|left|310th Bombardment Group Mitchells attacking Brenner Pass 1944]]
In November 1942, the squadron flew its planes to [[Mediouna Airfield]], French Morocco, to support [[Operation Torch]], the invasion of North Africa, although some remained behind in England until as late as March 1943.<ref name=Freeman265/> The squadron engaged primarily in [[air support]] and [[interdiction]] in Tunisia, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Italy and Southern France. Through May 1943, it also attacked shipping and harbor facilities to cut the logistics lines of the [[Afrika Corps]]. It bombed [[marshalling yard]]s, rail lines, highways, bridges, viaducts, troop concentrations, gun emplacements, shipping, harbors and other objectives in North Africa.<ref name=Maurer310BG/> It moved forward to Tunisia with the [[allies of World War II|allied forces]], locating at [[Dar el Koudia Airfield]] in June.<ref name=Maurer428BS/> It bombed airfields, landing grounds and [[artillery battery|gun emplacements]], supporting [[Operation Corkscrew]], the reduction of [[Pantelleria]] and [[Lampedusa]] islands during June 1943. The following month it supported [[Operation Husky]], the invasion of Sicily.<ref name=Maurer310BG/>

On 27 August 1943, the squadron conducted a mission against marshalling yards in [[Benevento]], Italy. Despite heavy antiaircraft artillery, it effectively bombed the target and destroyed several enemy [[interceptor aircraft]] making persistent attacks. For this action, it was awarded the [[Distinguished Unit Citation]] (DUC). From August 1943 to the end of hostilities in the spring of 1945, it struck German [[lines of communication]], bridges, rail lines, marshalling yards, viaducts, tunnels and road junctions in Italy. From January through June 1944, it gave air support to ground forces in the drive toward [[Rome]]. The squadron also engaged in psychological warfare missions, dropping propaganda leaflets behind enemy lines.<ref name=Maurer310BG/>


In August 1944, it supported [[Operation Dragoon]], the invasion of southern France from its base in [[Ghisonaccia Airfield]], Corsica. On 10 March 1945, the squadron maintained close formation in the face of severe antiaircraft fire in successfully attacking the railroad bridge at [[Auer, South Tyrol|Ora]], a vital link in the German supply line to Italy. For this action, it was awarded its second DUC.<ref name=Maurer310BG/> In April 1945, it moved to Italy and was inactivated in theater in September 1945.<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
The squadron also engaged in psychological warfare missions, dropping propaganda leaflets behind enemy lines. It took part in the Allied operations against Axis forces in North Africa during March–May 1943, the reduction of [[Pantelleria]] and [[Lampedusa]] islands during June, the invasion of Sicily in July and the landing at [[Salerno]] in September. The squadron was also involved in the Allied advance toward [[Rome]] during January–June 1944, the invasion of Southern France in August 1944 and the Allied operations in northern Italy from September 1944 to April 1945. It was inactivated in Italy after the German capitulation in September 1945.


===Strategic Air Command===
===Strategic Air Command===
From 1958, the [[Boeing B-47 Stratojet]] wings of [[Strategic Air Command]] (SAC) began to assume an [[alert status|alert]] posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General [[Thomas S. Power]]’s initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.<ref name=Schake>Schake, p. 220 (note 43)</ref> To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons.<ref name=Schake>Schake, p. 220 (note 43)</ref><ref name=strategicbomber>{{cite web |url= http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/001/010/802.xml|title=Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)|date=1 April 1975|publisher=Air Force History Index|access-date=March 4, 2014}}</ref> The 428th was activated at [[Schilling Air Force Base]] as the fourth squadron of the [[310th Bombardment Wing]]. The alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962 and the four squadron pattern no longer met the alert cycle commitment, so the squadron was inactivated on 1 January 1962.<ref name=strategicbomber/>
From 1958, the [[Boeing B-47 Stratojet]] wings of [[Strategic Air Command]] (SAC) began to assume an [[alert status|alert]] posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General [[Thomas S. Power]]’s initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.<ref name=Schake>Schake, p. 220 (note 43)</ref> To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons.<ref name=Schake>Schake, p. 220 (note 43)</ref><ref name=strategicbomber>{{cite web |url= http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/001/010/802.xml|title=Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)|date=1 April 1975|publisher=Air Force History Index|access-date=March 4, 2014}}</ref> The 428th was activated at [[Schilling Air Force Base]] as the fourth squadron of the [[310th Bombardment Wing]]. The alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962 and the four squadron pattern no longer met the alert cycle commitment, so the squadron was inactivated on 1 January 1962.<ref name=strategicbomber/>

===Space operations===
The squadron was redesignated the '''428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight''' and activated at [[Peterson Space Force Base]], Colorado on 28 February 2023. It absorbed the mission, personnel, and equipment of Detachment 1, [[710th Operations Group]], which had been organized on 17 September 2021.<ref name=710OG/>


==Lineage==
==Lineage==
Line 56: Line 70:
: Inactivated on 12 September 1945
: Inactivated on 12 September 1945
* Activated on 1 February 1959
* Activated on 1 February 1959
: Discontinued and inactivated on 1 January 1962<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
: Discontinued and inactivated on 1 January 1962<ref name=Maurer428BS2>Lineage and assignment information through March 1963 in Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 525-526.</ref>
* Redesignated '''428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight'''
: Activated on 28 February 2023<ref name=710OG/>


===Assignments===
===Assignments===
* [[310th Bombardment Group]], 15 March 1942 – 12 September 1945
* 310th Bombardment Group, 15 March 1942 – 12 September 1945
* 310th Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1959 – 1 January 1962<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
* 310th Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1959 – 1 January 1962<ref name=Maurer428BS2/>
* 710th Operations Group, 28 February 2023 – present<ref name=710OG/>


===Stations===
===Stations===
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona, 15 March 1942
* Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona, 15 March 1942
* [[Jackson Army Air Base]], Mississippi, 15 March 1942
* Jackson Army Air Base, Mississippi, 15 March 1942
* [[Key Field]], Mississippi, 25 April 1942
* [[Key Field]], Mississippi, 25 April 1942
* [[Columbia Army Air Base]], South Carolina, c.18 May 1942
* [[Columbia Army Air Base]], South Carolina, c.18 May 1942
* [[Walterboro Army Air Field]], South Carolina, 14 August 1942
* [[Walterboro Army Air Field]], South Carolina, 14 August 1942
* [[Greenville Army Air Base]], South Carolina, 18 September – 17 October 1942 (ground echelon)
* [[Greenville Army Air Base]], South Carolina, 18 September – 17 October 1942 (ground echelon)
: [[RAF Hardwick]], England, September–November 1942 (air echelon){{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
* [[RAF Hardwick]] (Station 104),<ref>Station number in Anderson, p. 19.</ref> England, September – November 1942 (air echelon)<ref name=Freeman265/>
* [[Mediouna Airfield]], French Morocco, 19 November 1942
* [[Mediouna Airfield]], French Morocco, 19 November 1942
* [[Telergma Airfield]], Algeria, 21 December 1942
* [[Telergma Airfield]], Algeria, 21 December 1942
Line 77: Line 94:
* [[Menzel Temime Airfield]], Tunisia, 5 August 1943 (operated from [[Oudna Airfield]] 11 October – 14 November 1943)
* [[Menzel Temime Airfield]], Tunisia, 5 August 1943 (operated from [[Oudna Airfield]] 11 October – 14 November 1943)
* [[Philippeville Airfield]], Algeria, c. 19 November 1943
* [[Philippeville Airfield]], Algeria, c. 19 November 1943
* [[Ghisonaccia Airfield]], Corsica, France, 4 January 1944
* Ghisonaccia Airfield, Corsica, France, 4 January 1944
* [[Fano Airfield]], Italy, 7 April 1945
* [[Fano Airfield]], Italy, 7 April 1945
* [[Pomigliano Airfield]], Italy, c. 15 August – 12 September 1945
* [[Pomigliano Airfield]], Italy, c. 15 August – 12 September 1945
* Schilling Air Force Base, Kansas, 1 February 1959 – 1 January 1962<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
* Schilling Air Force Base, Kansas, 1 February 1959 – 1 January 1962<ref>Station information through March 1963 in Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 525-526, except as noted.</ref>
* Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado, 28 February 2023 – present<ref name=710OG/>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


===Aircraft===
===Aircraft===
* B-25 Mitchell, 1942-1945
* North American B-25 Mitchell, 1942-1945
* B-47 Stratojet, 1959-1962
* Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1959-1962<ref name=Maurer428BS/>

===Awards and campaigns===
{{unit awards table
|award_image1=AF PUC
|award_name1=[[Distinguished Unit Citation]]
|award_date1=27 August 1943
|award_notes1=Italy, 428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|award_image2=AF PUC
|award_name2=Distinguished Unit Citation
|award_date2=10 March 1945
|award_notes2=Ora, Italy, 428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
}}

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Campaign Streamer
! Campaign
! Dates
! Notes
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||Tunisia||19 November 1942–13 May 1943||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||Antisubmarine, EAME Theater||19 November 1942–2 September 1945||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||Air Combat, EAME Theater||19 November 1942–11 May 1945||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||Sicily||14 May 1943–17 August 1943||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||Naples-Foggia||18 August 1943–21 January 1944||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||Rome-Arno||22 January 1944–9 September 1944||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||Central Europe||22 March 1944–21 May 1945||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||Southern France||15 August 1944–14 September 1944||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||North Apennines||10 September 1944–4 April 1945||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|-
|[[Image:Streamer EAMEC.PNG|200px]]||Po Valley||3 April 1945–8 May 1945||428th Bombardment Squadron<ref name=Maurer428BS/>
|}


== References==
== References==
===Notes===
===Notes===
; Explanatory notes
; Explanatory notes
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}


; Citations
; Citations
{{reflist|40em}}
{{reflist|30em}}


===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
* {{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Capt. Barry|title= Army Air Forces Stations: A Guide to the Stations Where U.S. Army Air Forces Personnel Served in the United Kingdom During World War II|url= https://www.afhra.af.mil/Portals/16/documents/Timelines/World%20War%20II/usaaf_bases_in_united_kingdom.pdf?ver=2016-08-30-150752-303 |year=1985|publisher=Research Division, USAF Historical Research Center|location=Maxwell AFB, AL|access-date=March 1, 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Freeman|first = Roger A. |author-link1=Roger A. Freeman|title=The Mighty Eighth: Units, Men and Machines (A History of the US 8th Army Air Force)|year=1970 |publisher=Macdonald and Company|location=London, England, UK |isbn= 978-0-87938-638-2 }}
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II|orig-year= 1961|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf|access-date= December 17, 2016|edition=reprint|year=1983|publisher= Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-02-1|lccn=61060979}}
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II|orig-year= 1961|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf|access-date= December 17, 2016|edition=reprint|year=1983|publisher= Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-02-1|lccn=61060979}}
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|orig-year=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf |edition= reprint|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402}}
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|orig-year=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf |edition= reprint|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402}}
* {{cite book|last=Ravenstein|first=Charles A.|title=Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330257/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-047.pdf|access-date= December 17, 2016|year=1984|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-12-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Ravenstein|first=Charles A.|title=Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330257/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-047.pdf|access-date= December 17, 2016|year=1984|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-12-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Schake|first=Col Kurt W.|title=Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950-1960|url= http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ADA353633.pdf |access-date=July 27, 2015|year=1998|publisher=Norwegian University of Science and Technology|location= Trondheim, Norway|isbn=978-8277650241}}
* {{cite book|last=Schake|first=Col Kurt W.|title=Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950-1960|url= http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/ADA353633.pdf |access-date=July 27, 2015|year=1998|publisher=Norwegian University of Science and Technology|location= Trondheim, Norway|isbn=978-8277650241}}
* {{cite book|last=Watkins|first=Robert A.|title=Insignia and Aircraft Markings of the U.S. Army Air Force In World War II|volume=Volume IV, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater of Operations|year=2009|publisher=Shiffer Publishing, Ltd.|location=Atglen,PA|isbn=978-0-7643-3401-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Watkins|first=Robert A.|title=Insignia and Aircraft Markings of the U.S. Army Air Force In World War II|volume=IV, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater of Operations|year=2009|publisher=Shiffer Publishing, Ltd.|location=Atglen,PA|isbn=978-0-7643-3401-6}}


{{Strategic Air Command}}
{{Strategic Air Command}}
{{USAAF 12th Air Force World War II}}
{{USAAF 3d Air Force World War II}}


[[Category:Bombardment squadrons of the United States Air Force]]
[[Category:Bombardment squadrons of the United States Air Force]]
[[Category:Bombardment squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces]]
[[Category:Bombardment squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Units and formations of Strategic Air Command]]

Latest revision as of 14:11, 16 April 2024

"39th Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium)" redirects here. For the 39th Reconnaissance Squadron of 1943-1944, see 101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron.

428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight
(formerly 428th Bombardment Squadron)
B-47 Stratojet as flown by the squadron 1958-1962
Active1942-1945; 1959-1962
Country United States
Branch United States Air Force
RoleMedium Bomber
Motto(s)Tempori Efficientes (Latin for 'On Time and Effective')
EngagementsMediterranean Theater of Operations[1]
DecorationsDistinguished Unit Citation[1]
Insignia
Patch with 428th Bombardment Squadron emblem[a][1]
Patch with 428th Bombardment Squadron World War II emblem[2]
World War II tail stripe[2]Top Yellow, bottom third red

The 428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight is an active Air Force Reserve Command unit, stationed at Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado. It is a reserve associate squadron of the 4th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron of the United States Space Force.

The squadron was first active during World War II as the 39th Reconnaissance Squadron, becoming a medium bomber as the 428th Bombardment Squadron a month after it was activated. After training in the United States, it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it participated in Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. It moved forward with American ground forces. The squadron was awarded a two Distinguished Unit Citations for its actions in combat. Following V-E Day, the squadron was inactivated in theater.

The squadron was assigned to the 310th Bombardment Wing at Schilling Air Force Base, Kansas, where it was active from February 1959 to 1 January 1962. It was inactivated when Strategic Air Command's alert commitments changed.

Mission

[edit]

The 428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight is an associate to the regular 4th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron in partnership to train, equip, mobilize and employ space electromagnetic warfare capabilities to support national security objectives. The reservists provide knowledge of orbital mechanics, satellite command-and-control and mission planning concepts to bolster surge capacity for this mission.[3]

History

[edit]

World War II

[edit]

Initial organization and training

[edit]

The squadron was activated at Davis-Monthan Field in March 1942 as the 39th Reconnaissance Squadron, one of the four original squadrons of the 310th Bombardment Group.[4][5] It moved the same day to Jackson Army Air Base, Mississippi, where it began training with North American B-25 Mitchells. A little over a month later, the squadron became the 428th Bombardment Squadron.[1] A portion of the ground echelon sailed for the United Kingdom aboard the RMS Queen Mary on 5 September 1942[b], while the remainder sailed directly for North Africa from the United States. The air echelon ferried the squadron's Mitchells via the North Atlantic ferry route, but bad weather delayed their movement, with the bombers arriving at RAF Hardwick between October and December 1942.[6]

Combat in the Mediterranean heater

[edit]
310th Bombardment Group Mitchells attacking Brenner Pass 1944

In November 1942, the squadron flew its planes to Mediouna Airfield, French Morocco, to support Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa, although some remained behind in England until as late as March 1943.[6] The squadron engaged primarily in air support and interdiction in Tunisia, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Italy and Southern France. Through May 1943, it also attacked shipping and harbor facilities to cut the logistics lines of the Afrika Corps. It bombed marshalling yards, rail lines, highways, bridges, viaducts, troop concentrations, gun emplacements, shipping, harbors and other objectives in North Africa.[4] It moved forward to Tunisia with the allied forces, locating at Dar el Koudia Airfield in June.[1] It bombed airfields, landing grounds and gun emplacements, supporting Operation Corkscrew, the reduction of Pantelleria and Lampedusa islands during June 1943. The following month it supported Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily.[4]

On 27 August 1943, the squadron conducted a mission against marshalling yards in Benevento, Italy. Despite heavy antiaircraft artillery, it effectively bombed the target and destroyed several enemy interceptor aircraft making persistent attacks. For this action, it was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). From August 1943 to the end of hostilities in the spring of 1945, it struck German lines of communication, bridges, rail lines, marshalling yards, viaducts, tunnels and road junctions in Italy. From January through June 1944, it gave air support to ground forces in the drive toward Rome. The squadron also engaged in psychological warfare missions, dropping propaganda leaflets behind enemy lines.[4]

In August 1944, it supported Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France from its base in Ghisonaccia Airfield, Corsica. On 10 March 1945, the squadron maintained close formation in the face of severe antiaircraft fire in successfully attacking the railroad bridge at Ora, a vital link in the German supply line to Italy. For this action, it was awarded its second DUC.[4] In April 1945, it moved to Italy and was inactivated in theater in September 1945.[1]

Strategic Air Command

[edit]

From 1958, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet wings of Strategic Air Command (SAC) began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases. The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General Thomas S. Power’s initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[7] To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons.[7][8] The 428th was activated at Schilling Air Force Base as the fourth squadron of the 310th Bombardment Wing. The alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962 and the four squadron pattern no longer met the alert cycle commitment, so the squadron was inactivated on 1 January 1962.[8]

Space operations

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The squadron was redesignated the 428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight and activated at Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado on 28 February 2023. It absorbed the mission, personnel, and equipment of Detachment 1, 710th Operations Group, which had been organized on 17 September 2021.[3]

Lineage

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  • Constituted as the 39th Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium) on 28 January 1942
Activated on 15 March 1942
Redesignated 428th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 22 April 1942
Redesignated 428th Bombardment Squadron, Medium c. 20 August 1943
Inactivated on 12 September 1945
  • Activated on 1 February 1959
Discontinued and inactivated on 1 January 1962[9]
  • Redesignated 428th Electromagnetic Warfare Flight
Activated on 28 February 2023[3]

Assignments

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  • 310th Bombardment Group, 15 March 1942 – 12 September 1945
  • 310th Bombardment Wing, 1 February 1959 – 1 January 1962[9]
  • 710th Operations Group, 28 February 2023 – present[3]

Stations

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Aircraft

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  • North American B-25 Mitchell, 1942-1945
  • Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1959-1962[1]

Awards and campaigns

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Award streamer Award Dates Notes
Distinguished Unit Citation 27 August 1943 Italy, 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Distinguished Unit Citation 10 March 1945 Ora, Italy, 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Campaign Streamer Campaign Dates Notes
Tunisia 19 November 1942–13 May 1943 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Antisubmarine, EAME Theater 19 November 1942–2 September 1945 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Air Combat, EAME Theater 19 November 1942–11 May 1945 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Sicily 14 May 1943–17 August 1943 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Naples-Foggia 18 August 1943–21 January 1944 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Rome-Arno 22 January 1944–9 September 1944 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Central Europe 22 March 1944–21 May 1945 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Southern France 15 August 1944–14 September 1944 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
North Apennines 10 September 1944–4 April 1945 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]
Po Valley 3 April 1945–8 May 1945 428th Bombardment Squadron[1]

References

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Notes

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Explanatory notes
  1. ^ Approved 14 July 1960. Description: On an Air Force blue disc a compass rose of four points white, shadowed silver-gray, surmounted at honor point by a black silhouetted aircraft in flight fesswise, all encircled by an atomic symbol of three black electrons on red orbits, all edged white.
  2. ^ Freeman refers to this as the air echelon on page 265, but contradicts this on page 15, which has more detail on the 310th Group's time in England.
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 525-526
  2. ^ a b Watkins, pp. 80-81
  3. ^ a b c d e No byline. "710th Operations Group". 310th Space Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 184-186
  5. ^ Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 468-471, 525-526
  6. ^ a b c Freeman, p. 265
  7. ^ a b Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
  8. ^ a b "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index. 1 April 1975. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  9. ^ a b Lineage and assignment information through March 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 525-526.
  10. ^ Station number in Anderson, p. 19.
  11. ^ Station information through March 1963 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 525-526, except as noted.

Bibliography

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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

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