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Fildes asserted that he assisted with [[Operation Anthropoid]] the assassination of top Nazi [[Reinhard Heydrich]] in Prague by providing the [[Czech people|Czech]] agents of the [[Special Operations Executive]] with modified [[No. 73 Grenade]]s filled with [[botulin toxin]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Harris, Robert |author2=Paxman, Jeremy |title=A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare |publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks |place=New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-8129-6653-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812966534/page/90 90–96] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812966534/page/90 }}</ref> The story has been met with scepticism, given the absence of any indication that Heydrich displayed any of the highly distinctive symptoms of [[botulism]].<ref name="Defalque">{{cite journal | url=http://www.anesthesia.wisc.edu/Bulletin/January_2009.pdf | title=The Puzzling Death of Reinhard Heydrich | publisher=Anesthesia History Association and Wood-Library Museum of Anesthesiology | date=January 2009 | access-date=29 May 2009 | last=Defalque | first=R. J. | author2=Wright, A. J. | journal=Bulletin of Anesthesia History | volume=27 | issue=1 | location=Pittsburgh PA | pages=1, 4–7 | doi=10.1016/S1522-8649(09)50001-7 | pmid=20506755 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Fildes asserted that he assisted with [[Operation Anthropoid]] the assassination of top Nazi [[Reinhard Heydrich]] in Prague by providing the [[Czech people|Czech]] agents of the [[Special Operations Executive]] with modified [[No. 73 Grenade]]s filled with [[botulin toxin]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Harris, Robert |author2=Paxman, Jeremy |title=A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare |publisher=Random House Trade Paperbacks |place=New York |year=2002 |isbn=0-8129-6653-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812966534/page/90 90–96] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812966534/page/90 }}</ref> The story has been met with scepticism, given the absence of any indication that Heydrich displayed any of the highly distinctive symptoms of [[botulism]].<ref name="Defalque">{{cite journal | url=http://www.anesthesia.wisc.edu/Bulletin/January_2009.pdf | title=The Puzzling Death of Reinhard Heydrich | publisher=Anesthesia History Association and Wood-Library Museum of Anesthesiology | date=January 2009 | access-date=29 May 2009 | last=Defalque | first=R. J. | author2=Wright, A. J. | journal=Bulletin of Anesthesia History | volume=27 | issue=1 | location=Pittsburgh PA | pages=1, 4–7 | doi=10.1016/S1522-8649(09)50001-7 | pmid=20506755 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


In 1940 Fildes was put in charge of a newly created department, the Biology Department, Porton (BDP) at [[Porton Down]] to study the defensive implications of a bacterial attack and there built up a team of microbiologists to study the use of biological weapons, including anthrax and botulinum toxin. An early project was the creation of a stockpile of a million anthrax impregnated cattle cakes to be used in a possible retaliatory attack. In 1942 it famously carried out tests of an anthrax bio-weapon developed at Porton Down at [[Gruinard Island]].<ref name="bbc2024">{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Myles |title=Britain's mysterious WW2 'island of death' |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240419-britains-mysterious-ww2-island-of-death? |access-date=29 April 2024 |publisher=BBC Culture |date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
In 1940 Fildes was put in charge of a newly created department, the Biology Department, Porton (BDP) at [[Porton Down]] to study the defensive implications of a bacterial attack and there built up a team of microbiologists to study the use of biological weapons, including anthrax and botulinum toxin. An early project was the creation of a stockpile of a million anthrax impregnated cattle cakes to be used in a possible retaliatory attack. In 1942 it famously carried out tests of an anthrax bio-weapon developed at Porton Down at [[Gruinard Island]].<ref name="bbc2024">{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Myles |title=Britain's mysterious WW2 'island of death' |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240419-britains-mysterious-ww2-island-of-death? |access-date=29 April 2024 |publisher=BBC Culture |date=22 April 2024}}</ref> He also assisted with the [[anthrax]] strain tests on [[Gruinard Island]], performing necropsies on the bodies of anthrax-exposed sheep, to determine if they had died as a direct result of anthrax poisoning. This work produced the world's first working anthrax bomb in the summer of 1942.<ref>[[Jeanne Guillemin|Guillemin, Jeanne]] (2005), ''Biological Weapons: From the Invention of State-Sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism'', ([https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780231129428/page/109 <!-- quote=Deseret Test Center. --> Internet Archive]), Columbia University Press, pp. 50–56, ({{ISBN|0231129424}}).</ref>
He also assisted with the [[anthrax]] strain tests on [[Gruinard Island]], performing necropsies on the bodies of anthrax-exposed sheep, to determine if they had died as a direct result of anthrax poisoning. This work produced the world's first working anthrax bomb in the summer of 1942.<ref>[[Jeanne Guillemin|Guillemin, Jeanne]] (2005), ''Biological Weapons: From the Invention of State-Sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism'', ([https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780231129428/page/109 <!-- quote=Deseret Test Center. --> Internet Archive]), Columbia University Press, pp. 50–56, ({{ISBN|0231129424}}).</ref>


At the end of the war he returned to university life and handed over control of the department to his deputy [[David Willis Wilson Henderson|David Henderson]], who oversaw the building of a new purpose designed laboratory facility and the creation of the autonomous [[Microbiological Research Department]]. He was knighted in the [[1946 New Year Honours]].<ref>United Kingdom list (1): {{London Gazette |date=28 December 1945 |issue=37407 |pages=2 |nolink=yes}}</ref>
At the end of the war he returned to university life and handed over control of the department to his deputy [[David Willis Wilson Henderson|David Henderson]], who oversaw the building of a new purpose designed laboratory facility and the creation of the autonomous [[Microbiological Research Department]]. He was knighted in the [[1946 New Year Honours]].<ref>United Kingdom list (1): {{London Gazette |date=28 December 1945 |issue=37407 |pages=2 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

Latest revision as of 21:00, 29 April 2024

Sir
Paul Fildes
OBE FRS
Paul Fildes, in navy uniform
Paul Fildes, as painted by his father, Luke Fildes in 1919
Born
Paul Gordon Fildes

(1882-02-10)10 February 1882
Died5 February 1971(1971-02-05) (aged 88)
Alma materTrinity College, Cambridge
AwardsFellow of the Royal Society[1]
Royal Medal (1953)
Copley Medal (1963)
Scientific career
InstitutionsUniversity of Cambridge

Sir Paul Gordon Fildes OBE FRS (10 February 1882 – 5 February 1971) was a British pathologist and microbiologist who worked on the development of chemical-biological weaponry at Porton Down during the Second World War.[2][3][4]

Biography

[edit]

Early life

[edit]

Fildes was born in Kensington, London, the son of the artist Sir Luke Fildes and great grandson of reformist Mary Fildes, Paul attended Winchester School and then studied surgery at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained an MB BCh degree.

Career

[edit]

Fildes served as a lieutenant-commander in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, stationed at the Royal Naval Hospital Haslar (1915–19) during the First World War. In 1919 he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

After working at the London Hospital as an assistant bacteriologist, he moved in 1934 to work at the Middlesex Hospital. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1934.[1] In 1940 he helped Donald D. Woods discover how sulphonamides worked.

He was a member of the scientific staff, Medical Research Council (1934–49).

World War II

[edit]

Fildes asserted that he assisted with Operation Anthropoid the assassination of top Nazi Reinhard Heydrich in Prague by providing the Czech agents of the Special Operations Executive with modified No. 73 Grenades filled with botulin toxin.[5] The story has been met with scepticism, given the absence of any indication that Heydrich displayed any of the highly distinctive symptoms of botulism.[6]

In 1940 Fildes was put in charge of a newly created department, the Biology Department, Porton (BDP) at Porton Down to study the defensive implications of a bacterial attack and there built up a team of microbiologists to study the use of biological weapons, including anthrax and botulinum toxin. An early project was the creation of a stockpile of a million anthrax impregnated cattle cakes to be used in a possible retaliatory attack. In 1942 it famously carried out tests of an anthrax bio-weapon developed at Porton Down at Gruinard Island.[7] He also assisted with the anthrax strain tests on Gruinard Island, performing necropsies on the bodies of anthrax-exposed sheep, to determine if they had died as a direct result of anthrax poisoning. This work produced the world's first working anthrax bomb in the summer of 1942.[8]

At the end of the war he returned to university life and handed over control of the department to his deputy David Henderson, who oversaw the building of a new purpose designed laboratory facility and the creation of the autonomous Microbiological Research Department. He was knighted in the 1946 New Year Honours.[9]

Later years

[edit]

After the war Fildes worked at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology in Oxford, headed by Nobel Prize winner Sir Howard Florey, to study on the biochemistry of bacteriophage T1 (and to a lesser extent, T2) multiplication.[10]

Fildes received the Copley Medal in 1963 from the Royal Society.

Works

[edit]

He was the author of works on haemophilia and syphilis.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Gladstone, G. P.; Knight, B. C. J. G.; Wilson, G. (1973). "Paul Gordon Fildes 1882–1971". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 317–347. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0013. PMID 11615726.
  2. ^ Fellow list of the Royal Society
  3. ^ Portraits of Paul Fildes at the National Portrait Gallery, London
  4. ^ Paul Fildes at Pasteur.fr Archived 2 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Harris, Robert; Paxman, Jeremy (2002). A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Chemical and Biological Warfare. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. pp. 90–96. ISBN 0-8129-6653-8.
  6. ^ Defalque, R. J.; Wright, A. J. (January 2009). "The Puzzling Death of Reinhard Heydrich" (PDF). Bulletin of Anesthesia History. 27 (1). Pittsburgh PA: Anesthesia History Association and Wood-Library Museum of Anesthesiology: 1, 4–7. doi:10.1016/S1522-8649(09)50001-7. PMID 20506755. Retrieved 29 May 2009.[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ Burke, Myles (22 April 2024). "Britain's mysterious WW2 'island of death'". BBC Culture. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  8. ^ Guillemin, Jeanne (2005), Biological Weapons: From the Invention of State-Sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism, (Internet Archive), Columbia University Press, pp. 50–56, (ISBN 0231129424).
  9. ^ United Kingdom list (1): "No. 37407". The London Gazette. 28 December 1945. p. 2.
  10. ^ Joklik, Wolfgang Karl (2005). "Adventures of a Biochemist in Virology". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (49): 40385–40397. doi:10.1074/JBC.X500005200. PMID 16326717. S2CID 17390162. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
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