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{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = George Bew
| name = George Bew
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name = 郭標
| native_name_lang =
| native_name_lang = zh
| image = <!-- just the name, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing [[brackets]] -->
| image = <!-- just the name, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing [[brackets]] -->
| image_size =
| image_size =
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| birth_name = George Kwok Bew
| birth_name = George Kwok Bew
| birth_date = c. January 1868
| birth_date = c. January 1868
| birth_place = Canton, China (now Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)
| birth_place = Heung Shan (Chung Shan), [[Qing Empire]] (now Zhongshan, Guangdong, China)<ref name="AuDB"/>
| death_date = 3 January {{death year and age|1932|1868}}
| death_date = 3 January {{death year and age|1932|1868}}
| death_place = Shanghai, China
| death_place = Shanghai, [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
| death_cause =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| body_discovered =
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| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} -->
| monuments =
| monuments =
| residence =
| nationality =
| nationality =
| other_names = Kwok Bew<br />Guo Biao
| other_names = Kwok Bew<br />Guo Biao
| ethnicity = <!-- Ethnicity should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| citizenship = Australian
| education =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Merchant<br />Chinese community leader<br />Political activist
| occupation = Merchant<br />Chinese community leader<br />political activist
| years_active =
| years_active =
| employer =
| employer =
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| notable_works =
| notable_works =
| style =
| style =
| influences =
| influenced =
| home_town =
| salary =
| net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| height = <!-- {{height|m=}} -->
| height = <!-- {{height|m=}} -->
| weight = <!-- {{convert|weight in kg|kg|lb}} -->
| television =
| television =
| title =
| title =
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| opponents =
| opponents =
| boards =
| boards =
| religion = <!-- Religion should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| denomination = <!-- Denomination should be supported with a citation from a reliable source -->
| criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources -->
| criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources -->
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = Darling Young (1896–1932), his death
| spouse = Darling Young (1896–1932), his death
| children = 8 (4 sons, 4 daughters)
| children = 11 (5 sons, 6 daughters)
| parents =
| parents =
| relatives =
| relatives =
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| website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->
| website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| box_width =
}}
}}


'''George Kwok Bew''', also known as '''Guo Biao''',<ref name="CHQ1">{{cite web|publisher=China Heritage Quarterly |title=Liang Qichao in Australia: a sojourn of no significance? |url=http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/articles.php?searchterm=027_liang.inc&issue=027 |first=Gloria |last=Davies |quote=Among those who paid the special membership fee to become office-bearers were Thomas Yee Hing (Liu Ruxing 刘汝兴), Ping Nam (Ye Bingnan 叶炳南), W.R.G. Lee (Li Yihui), George Kwok Bew (Guo Biao) and newspaper editors like Ng Ngok-low (Wu Elou) and T. Chong Luke (Zheng Lu). }}</ref> '''George Bew''' and '''Kwok Bew''', (c. January 1868 – 3 January 1932) was a Chinese Australian merchant, Chinese community leader and political activist.
'''George Kwok Bew''', also known as '''Guo Biao''',<ref name="CHQ1">{{cite web|publisher=China Heritage Quarterly |title=Liang Qichao in Australia: a sojourn of no significance? |url=http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/articles.php?searchterm=027_liang.inc&issue=027 |first=Gloria |last=Davies |quote=Among those who paid the special membership fee to become office-bearers were Thomas Yee Hing (Liu Ruxing 刘汝兴), Ping Nam (Ye Bingnan 叶炳南), W.R.G. Lee (Li Yihui), George Kwok Bew (Guo Biao) and newspaper editors like Ng Ngok-low (Wu Elou) and T. Chong Luke (Zheng Lu). }}</ref> '''George Bew''' and '''Kwok Bew''', (c. January 1868 – 3 January 1932) was a Chinese Australian merchant, Chinese community leader and political activist.


==Early life==
==Early life==
George Kwok Bew was born circa January 1868 in [[Guangzhou|Canton]], China.<ref name="Yong 1997">{{cite book|title=The New Gold Mountain: The Chinese in Australia, 1901-1921 |first=Ching Fatt |last=Yong |year=1997 |publisher=Raphael Arts |url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=2UcBAAAAMAAJ&q=The+New+Gold+Mountain&dq=The+New+Gold+Mountain&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dVNAUdnJNI-HrAfc34CwBw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA }}</ref> His father was Chap Hing, a local farmer and his mother was Fung Size, a homemaker.<ref name="Yong 1997"/> Kwok left for Australia in 1883, after his father died.<ref name="Yong 1997"/>
George Kwok Bew was born circa January 1868 in Heung Shan (later Chung Shan, now [[Zhongshan]]), in Guangdong province, China.<ref name="AuDB"/><ref name="Yong 1997">{{cite book|title=The New Gold Mountain: The Chinese in Australia, 1901–1921 |first=Ching Fatt |last=Yong |year=1997 |publisher=Raphael Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UcBAAAAMAAJ&q=The+New+Gold+Mountain |isbn=9780908046058 }}</ref> His father was Chap Hing, a local farmer and his mother was Fung Size, a homemaker.<ref name="Yong 1997"/> Kwok left for Australia in 1883, after his father died.<ref name="Yong 1997"/>


==Career==
==Career==
===In Sydney===
[[File:Wing San and Co Ad Sign 1935.jpg|thumbnail|right|Advertising sign for Wing San and Co., circa 1935]]
[[File:Wing San and Co Ad Sign 1935.jpg|thumbnail|right|Advertising sign for Wing San and Co., circa 1935]]
Kwok cofounded<ref>{{cite web|url=http://131.172.8.230/FMPro?-db=background.fp5&-format=format/background_record.htm&-lay=web&id=40&-max=1&-find= |publisher=Latrobe University |title=Chinese Australia |accessdate=March 13, 2013 }}</ref> and partially owned Sydney's first fruits and vegetables wholesale store, Wing San and Co. ({{zh|t=永生果阑}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Asian Department Stores |first=Kerrie L. |last=McPherson |url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=AMe07MsVpsUC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=george+kwok+bew&source=bl&ots=jstu2Slm3q&sig=O6sqEkDHq3fPkHdvZp1P4SaXS6E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZUNAUdK9HsbQrQfV34D4Aw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=george%20kwok%20bew&f=false |page=50 |publisher=University of Fiji Press |isbn=9780824819873 |year=1998 }}</ref> and was also a partner of Australian banana importer Sang On Tiy,<ref name="20th Century 1">{{cite book|title=Twentieth Century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday, and the World |first1=Bryna |last1=Goodman |first2=David S. G. |last2=Goodman |isbn=9780415687980 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |page=191 }}</ref> a merger company formed by Wing San and two other fruit companies.<ref name="CHQ1"/> Around 1899, he was already at full swing, handling around six thousand banana bunches from North Queensland every week.<ref name="Ali 2002">{{cite book|title=Chinese in Fiji |author=Ng Kumlin Ali, Bessie |isbn=9789820203396 |year=2002 |url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=3DplxkDpVIsC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA117 |page=117 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A.N.U. Historical Journal |volume=1–9 |url=http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=AvMpAQAAMAAJ&q=george+kwok+bew&dq=george+kwok+bew&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LktAUa7vE4qyrAelxYCwDw&ved=0CGEQ6AEwCQ |year=1964 |page=132 }}</ref> Kwok is regarded as one of the most prominent fruit merchants then in Sydney.<ref name="CHQ1"/> Kwok heavily petitoned against the ''[[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]]'' and was strongly against racism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/endurance_scroll/harvest_of_endurance_html_version/explore_the_scroll/the_general_store |title=The general store |publisher=National Museum Australia |accessdate=March 13, 2013 }}</ref> He became a naturalized citizen of Australia in 1901.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usp.ac.fj/editorial/jpacs_new/BessieNgKumlinAli.pdf |title=Quong Tart and early Chinese businesses in Fiji |accessdate=March 13, 2013 }}</ref> He was the president of Sydney's ''[[Kuomintang]]''.<ref name="20th Century 1"/> In 1917, Kwok and his family relocated to Shanghai, China, following an invitation from revolutionary Chinese leader [[Sun Yat Sen]].<ref name="Chen Danyan 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~iwp/WRIT/documents/ChenShanghaiPrincessSynopsisformatted.pdf |title=Shanghai Princess |accessdate=March 13, 2013 }}</ref> There, he became the central mint's head.<ref name="Chen Danyan 1"/>
Kwok cofounded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://131.172.8.230/FMPro?-db=background.fp5&-format=format/background_record.htm&-lay=web&id=40&-max=1&-find= |publisher=La Trobe University |title=Chinese Australia |accessdate=13 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810140942/http://131.172.8.230/FMPro?-db=background.fp5&-format=format%2Fbackground_record.htm&-lay=web&id=40&-max=1&-find= |archivedate=10 August 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> and partially owned Sydney's first fruits and vegetables wholesale store, Wing Sang and Co.<ref name="AuDB">{{cite AuDB |first=Adrian |last=Chan |first2=Frank |last2=Farrell|title=Kwok Bew (1868–1932)|volume=9|year=1983 |id2=kwok-bew-7002 |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> ({{zh|t=永生果阑}}, also referred to as "Wing San").<ref>{{cite book|title=Asian Department Stores |first=Kerrie L. |last=McPherson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMe07MsVpsUC&q=george+kwok+bew&pg=PA50 |page=50 |publisher=University of Fiji Press |isbn=9780824819873 |year=1998 }}</ref> and was also a partner of Australian banana importer Sang on Tiy (生安泰),<ref name="20th Century 1">{{cite book|title=Twentieth Century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday, and the World |first1=Bryna |last1=Goodman |first2=David S. G. |last2=Goodman |isbn=9780415687980 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |page=191 }}</ref> a merger company formed by Wing Sang and two other fruit companies Wing On and Tiy Sang.<ref name="CHQ1"/> Around 1899, he was already at full swing, handling around six thousand banana bunches from North Queensland every week.<ref name="Ali 2002">{{cite book|title=Chinese in Fiji |author=Ng Kumlin Ali, Bessie |isbn=9789820203396 |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DplxkDpVIsC&pg=PA117 |page=117 |publisher=Editorips@usp.ac.fj }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A.N.U. Historical Journal |volume=1–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvMpAQAAMAAJ&q=george+kwok+bew |year=1964 |page=132 }}</ref> Kwok was regarded as one of the most prominent fruit merchants then in Sydney<ref name="CHQ1"/> and expanded his business interests into other areas, such as shipping. Recognised as a leader amongst Chinese merchants, especially the community of merchants from Heung Shan,<ref name="AuDB"/> Kwok heavily petitioned against the ''[[Immigration Restriction Act 1901]]'' and was strongly against racism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/endurance_scroll/harvest_of_endurance_html_version/explore_the_scroll/the_general_store |title=The general store |publisher=National Museum Australia |accessdate=13 March 2013 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904214252/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/endurance_scroll/harvest_of_endurance_html_version/explore_the_scroll/the_general_store |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kwok became an associate of Chinese reformist politician-in-exile [[Liang Qichao]] and initially leaned towards the reformist goal of establishing a constitutional monarchy in China. He was a founder of the Australian chapter of the [[Chinese Empire Reform Association]] in 1901. However, he switched his support to the republican revolutionary [[Sun Yat-sen]], who also hailed from Heung Shan. In support of the republican cause, Kwok established a republican newspaper in Sydney in 1914, which circulated in Australia and across the Pacific and South East Asia. Kwok became the founding president of the Chinese Nationalist League of Sydney ([[Kuomintang]]) in 1916.<ref name="AuDB"/><ref name="20th Century 1"/>

Kwok's cousin James Gock Lock (Kwok Lok) had initially worked for Kwok Bew in Sydney at Wing Sang, and later with George, and James' brothers Philip Gock Chin (Kwok Chuen) and William Gock Son (Kwok Sun), opened their own fruit and vegetable business named Wing On & Co., also in Sydney's Chinatown.<ref name="AuDB"/> After Wing On merged with Wing Sang and Tiy Sang to form Sang On Tiy, James was put in charge of procuring land for banana plantations on behalf of Sang On Tiy in [[Fiji]], securing a direct supply of imported bananas for Wing On Tiy.

===In Shanghai===
In 1917, Kwok and his family relocated to Shanghai, China, following an invitation from revolutionary Chinese leader [[Sun Yat Sen]].<ref name="Chen Danyan 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.uiowa.edu/~iwp/WRIT/documents/ChenShanghaiPrincessSynopsisformatted.pdf |title=Shanghai Princess |accessdate=13 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503214417/http://www.uiowa.edu/~iwp/WRIT/documents/ChenShanghaiPrincessSynopsisformatted.pdf |archivedate=3 May 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

James, Philip and William left Australia in 1907 to found the [[Wing On]] Company, a department store modelled after [[Anthony Hordern & Sons]], in [[Hong Kong]]. In 1918, George partnered with the three cousins to open a Wing On store in [[Shanghai]], which became one of the "four great companies" that introduced the modern department store format to Shanghai. Two of George's partners at Wing Sang followed the same route, and founded Sincere and The Sun, two of the other "four great companies". George Kwok became the managing director of Wing On and steered its growth towards a conglomerate involved in retail, banking and manufacturing.<ref name="AuDB"/>

In 1928, the [[Kuomintang]] government took Shanghai in the [[Northern Expedition]] and the Shanghai Mint became the [[Central Mint]] of the [[Republic of China]]. George Kwok was appointed head of the Central Mint, and served an important role in the management of China's economy alongside finance minister [[T. V. Soong]].<ref name="Chen Danyan 1"/>


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
In 1896, Kwok wed Darling Young, a fellow merchant's daughter. They had eight children, four sons and four daughters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auspostalhistory.com/articles/393.shtml |publisher=Australian Postal History and Social Philately |accessdate=March 13, 2013 |title=Wing On & Coy, Ltd, Eastern Merchants, Sydney }}</ref> Before moving to Shanghai, Kwok's children could not understand the Chinese language.<ref name="Chen Danyan 1"/> In 1996, the Kwok family made "the biggest single foreign property investment" of that year when they purchased 333 Collins Street in Melbourne.<ref name="Ali 2002"/>
In 1896, Kwok wed Darling Young, a fellow merchant's daughter. They had eight children, four sons and four daughters. He had another son and two daughters with his second wife.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auspostalhistory.com/articles/393.shtml |publisher=Australian Postal History and Social Philately |accessdate=13 March 2013 |title=Wing On & Coy, Ltd, Eastern Merchants, Sydney }}</ref> Before moving to Shanghai, Kwok's children could not understand the Chinese language.<ref name="Chen Danyan 1"/> In 1996, the Kwok family made "the biggest single foreign property investment" of that year when they purchased 333 Collins Street in Melbourne.<ref name="Ali 2002"/>


==Death==
==Death==
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{{Portal|China|Australia|Business and economics|Biography}}
{{Portal|China|Australia|Business and economics|Biography}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
* https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-25/sydney-chinese-australian-art-deco-department-stores-shanghai/9477598

{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kwok Bew, George}}
[[Category:Australian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Australian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Australian people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:People from Shanghai]]
[[Category:People from Zhongshan]]
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1860s births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Kuomintang]]
[[Category:Colony of New South Wales people]]

Latest revision as of 12:56, 28 May 2024

George Bew
郭標
Born
George Kwok Bew

c. January 1868
Heung Shan (Chung Shan), Qing Empire (now Zhongshan, Guangdong, China)[1]
Died3 January 1932 (aged 63–64)
Shanghai, Republic of China
Other namesKwok Bew
Guo Biao
Occupation(s)Merchant
Chinese community leader
political activist
Spouse(s)Darling Young (1896–1932), his death
Children11 (5 sons, 6 daughters)

George Kwok Bew, also known as Guo Biao,[2] George Bew and Kwok Bew, (c. January 1868 – 3 January 1932) was a Chinese Australian merchant, Chinese community leader and political activist.

Early life

[edit]

George Kwok Bew was born circa January 1868 in Heung Shan (later Chung Shan, now Zhongshan), in Guangdong province, China.[1][3] His father was Chap Hing, a local farmer and his mother was Fung Size, a homemaker.[3] Kwok left for Australia in 1883, after his father died.[3]

Career

[edit]

In Sydney

[edit]
Advertising sign for Wing San and Co., circa 1935

Kwok cofounded[4] and partially owned Sydney's first fruits and vegetables wholesale store, Wing Sang and Co.[1] (Chinese: 永生果阑, also referred to as "Wing San").[5] and was also a partner of Australian banana importer Sang on Tiy (生安泰),[6] a merger company formed by Wing Sang and two other fruit companies Wing On and Tiy Sang.[2] Around 1899, he was already at full swing, handling around six thousand banana bunches from North Queensland every week.[7][8] Kwok was regarded as one of the most prominent fruit merchants then in Sydney[2] and expanded his business interests into other areas, such as shipping. Recognised as a leader amongst Chinese merchants, especially the community of merchants from Heung Shan,[1] Kwok heavily petitioned against the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 and was strongly against racism.[9]

Kwok became an associate of Chinese reformist politician-in-exile Liang Qichao and initially leaned towards the reformist goal of establishing a constitutional monarchy in China. He was a founder of the Australian chapter of the Chinese Empire Reform Association in 1901. However, he switched his support to the republican revolutionary Sun Yat-sen, who also hailed from Heung Shan. In support of the republican cause, Kwok established a republican newspaper in Sydney in 1914, which circulated in Australia and across the Pacific and South East Asia. Kwok became the founding president of the Chinese Nationalist League of Sydney (Kuomintang) in 1916.[1][6]

Kwok's cousin James Gock Lock (Kwok Lok) had initially worked for Kwok Bew in Sydney at Wing Sang, and later with George, and James' brothers Philip Gock Chin (Kwok Chuen) and William Gock Son (Kwok Sun), opened their own fruit and vegetable business named Wing On & Co., also in Sydney's Chinatown.[1] After Wing On merged with Wing Sang and Tiy Sang to form Sang On Tiy, James was put in charge of procuring land for banana plantations on behalf of Sang On Tiy in Fiji, securing a direct supply of imported bananas for Wing On Tiy.

In Shanghai

[edit]

In 1917, Kwok and his family relocated to Shanghai, China, following an invitation from revolutionary Chinese leader Sun Yat Sen.[10]

James, Philip and William left Australia in 1907 to found the Wing On Company, a department store modelled after Anthony Hordern & Sons, in Hong Kong. In 1918, George partnered with the three cousins to open a Wing On store in Shanghai, which became one of the "four great companies" that introduced the modern department store format to Shanghai. Two of George's partners at Wing Sang followed the same route, and founded Sincere and The Sun, two of the other "four great companies". George Kwok became the managing director of Wing On and steered its growth towards a conglomerate involved in retail, banking and manufacturing.[1]

In 1928, the Kuomintang government took Shanghai in the Northern Expedition and the Shanghai Mint became the Central Mint of the Republic of China. George Kwok was appointed head of the Central Mint, and served an important role in the management of China's economy alongside finance minister T. V. Soong.[10]

Personal life

[edit]

In 1896, Kwok wed Darling Young, a fellow merchant's daughter. They had eight children, four sons and four daughters. He had another son and two daughters with his second wife.[11] Before moving to Shanghai, Kwok's children could not understand the Chinese language.[10] In 1996, the Kwok family made "the biggest single foreign property investment" of that year when they purchased 333 Collins Street in Melbourne.[7]

Death

[edit]

He died in Shanghai, China, on 3 January 1932, survived by his wife and his eight children.[12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g Chan, Adrian; Farrell, Frank (1983). "Kwok Bew (1868–1932)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 9. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Davies, Gloria. "Liang Qichao in Australia: a sojourn of no significance?". China Heritage Quarterly. Among those who paid the special membership fee to become office-bearers were Thomas Yee Hing (Liu Ruxing 刘汝兴), Ping Nam (Ye Bingnan 叶炳南), W.R.G. Lee (Li Yihui), George Kwok Bew (Guo Biao) and newspaper editors like Ng Ngok-low (Wu Elou) and T. Chong Luke (Zheng Lu).
  3. ^ a b c Yong, Ching Fatt (1997). The New Gold Mountain: The Chinese in Australia, 1901–1921. Raphael Arts. ISBN 9780908046058.
  4. ^ "Chinese Australia". La Trobe University. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  5. ^ McPherson, Kerrie L. (1998). Asian Department Stores. University of Fiji Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780824819873.
  6. ^ a b Goodman, Bryna; Goodman, David S. G. (2012). Twentieth Century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday, and the World. Routledge. p. 191. ISBN 9780415687980.
  7. ^ a b Ng Kumlin Ali, Bessie (2002). Chinese in Fiji. Editorips@usp.ac.fj. p. 117. ISBN 9789820203396.
  8. ^ A.N.U. Historical Journal. Vol. 1–9. 1964. p. 132.
  9. ^ "The general store". National Museum Australia. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  10. ^ a b c "Shanghai Princess" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  11. ^ "Wing On & Coy, Ltd, Eastern Merchants, Sydney". Australian Postal History and Social Philately. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  12. ^ The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 February 1932. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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