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{{Use Hiberno-English|date=December 2012}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=December 2012}}


'''Irish inventions and discoveries''' are objects, processes or techniques which owe their existence either partially or entirely to an [[Irish people|Irish]] person. Below is a list of such inventions and discoveries divided by category.
'''Irish inventions and discoveries''' are objects, processes or techniques which owe their existence either partially or entirely to an [[Irish people|Irish]] person. Often, things which are discovered for the first time, are also called "inventions", and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two. Below is a list of such inventions.


==Pre-history==
==Medicine and pharmacology==
*[[Hypodermic needle]] invented by [[Francis Rynd]] in 1844.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Irish doctor who invented the syringe|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-irish-doctor-who-invented-the-syringe-1.1105651|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[Ogham]] prehistory.<ref>{{cite web|title=The ancient Irish alphabet Ogham explained|url=https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/the-origins-of-the-shamrock-club-ogham-ancient-irish-alphabet-explained-193819371-237568741|website=IrishCentral.com|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en|date=11 May 2017}}</ref>
*Iomániocht (Scuaib/Camán/Ioman) - precursors to modern [[Hurling]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaa.ie/news/hurling-history-and-evolution/|title=GAA: Hurling History and Evolution|last=Association|first=Gaelic Athletic|date=15 December 2015|website=www.gaa.ie}}</ref>
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*Binaural [[stethoscope]] invented by [[Arthur Leared]] in 1851.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Prynne|first1=Miranda|title=A history of the stethoscope|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/10592617/A-history-of-the-stethoscope.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220093303/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/10592617/A-history-of-the-stethoscope.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-02-20|website=The Telegraph|access-date=3 March 2018|date=201}}</ref>
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*Dublin method co-invented by [[John Joly]] in 1914.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Irish man who brought radiotherapy forward|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/the-irish-man-who-brought-radiotherapy-forward-1.1828507|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
==6th century==
*[[Sudocrem]] invented by Thomas Smith in 1931.
* [[Penitential]]
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*[[Clofazimine]] invented by a team of scientists led by [[Vincent Barry]] at [[Trinity College Dublin]] in 1954.
*[[Avermectin]] co-discovered by [[William C. Campbell (scientist)|William C. Campbell]] in 1978.<ref name=nobelprizeorg>{{cite web|title=The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release: William C. Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura, Youyou Tu|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/press.html|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref>


==Physics==
==14th century==
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*[[Caid (sport)|Caid]] (precursor to modern [[Gaelic football]]).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Foxall|first1=Damian|title=Ocean Fever: The Damian Foxall Story|date=2011|publisher=The Collins Press|isbn=9781848899490|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wetFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Hamiltonian mechanics]] discovered by [[William Rowan Hamilton]] in 1833.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hamilton, William Rowan, Sir |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/68159539 |title=On a general method of expressing the paths of light, & of the planets, by the coefficients of a characteristic function. |date=1833 |publisher=Printed by P.D. Hardy |oclc=68159539}}</ref>
*[[The Northern Reginians Anthem]]<ref
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*[[Induction coil]] invented by [[Nicholas Callan]] in 1836.<ref>{{cite web|title=History is made as Darver man gets science award|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/entertainment/history-is-made-as-darver-man-gets-science-award-27100678.html|website=Independent.ie|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
name="Annals">[https://archive.org/stream/annalsofkingdomo04ocleuoft#page/784/mode/2up ''Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland''], p.785, footnote for year 1405. This is likewise in the ''[[Annals of Connacht]]'' entry for year 1405: [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100011/index.html ''Annals of Connacht''].</ref>
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*[[Joly colour screen]] invented by [[John Joly]] in 1894.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hirsch|first1=Robert|title=Exploring Color Photography Sixth Edition: From Film to Pixels|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781317911159|page=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx_fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Whisky|Whiskey]]
*[[Schrödinger equation]] discovered by [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1925.<ref name="Griffiths2004">{{cite book |last=Griffiths| first=David J.|title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.)|title-link=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (book)|publisher=Prentice Hall| year=2004|isbn=978-0-13-111892-8|location=|pages=|author-link=David J. Griffiths}}</ref>
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*Artificial nuclear disintegration co-discovered by [[Ernest Walton]] in 1932.<ref>[http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/camphy/cockcroftwalton/cockcroftwalton10_1.htm Cambridge Physics - Splitting the Atom]</ref>


==Engineering==
==17th century==
*[[Irish road bowling]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Road Bowling|url=http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/1211/road-bowling|website=Culture Northern Ireland|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en|date=2 February 2006}}</ref>
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*[[Brennan torpedo]] invented by [[Louis Brennan]] in 1877.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Everett|first1=H. R.|last2=Toscano|first2=Michael|title=Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262331760|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odjgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|language=en}}</ref>
*1661: Modern [[chemistry]] founded by [[Robert Boyle]] with the publication of ''[[The Sceptical Chymist]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Principe|first1=Lawrence|title=In retrospect: The Sceptical Chymist|journal=Nature|volume=469|issue=7328|pages=30–31|language=En|doi=10.1038/469030a|date=5 January 2011|bibcode=2011Natur.469...30P|doi-access=free}}</ref>
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*[[USS Holland (SS-1)]] invented by [[John Philip Holland]] in 1897.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland.htm |title=John Holland Father of the Modern Submarine |access-date=2013-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006110950/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland.htm |archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref>
*[[Three-point linkage]] invented by [[Harry Ferguson]] in 1926.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Ferguson: Planes, tractors and automobiles|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/z88kwmn|website=BBC Timelines|access-date=2 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1662: [[Boyle's law]] discovered by Robert Boyle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boyle's law - chemistry|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Boyles-law|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1680s: European adaptation of [[Hot chocolate|Drinking chocolate]] - [[Hans Sloane]].<ref>{{cite web|title=More than just the chocolate man: The story of Hans Sloane|url=http://www.irishnews.com/lifestyle/2016/09/10/news/more-than-just-the-chocolate-man-the-story-of-hans-sloane-688703/|website=The Irish News|date=10 September 2016|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref> However, this "adaption" is highly disputed. According to historian James Delbourgo, the Jamaicans were brewing “a hot beverage brewed from shavings of freshly harvested cacao, boiled with milk and cinnamon” as far back as 1494.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Eveleth|first1=Rose|author-link=Rose Eveleth|date=12 February 2014|title=Chocolate Milk Was Invented in Jamaica|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/chocolate-milk-was-invented-jamaica-180949734/|access-date=9 October 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref>


==Mathematics==
==18th century==
*[[Quaternion]] discovered by [[William Rowan Hamilton]] in 1843.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir William Rowan Hamilton - Irish mathematician and astronomer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Rowan-Hamilton|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1730: The concept of an [[entrepreneur]] - [[Richard Cantillon]].<ref>{{cite web|title=How Entrepreneurship Theory Created Economics|url=https://mises.org/library/how-entrepreneurship-theory-created-economics|website=Mises Institute|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en|date=21 August 2014}}</ref>
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*[[Icosian calculus]] discovered by [[William Rowan Hamilton]] in 1856.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Weerden|first1=Anne van|title=A Victorian Marriage: Sir William Rowan Hamilton|date=2017|publisher=J. Fransje van Weerden|isbn=9789463230025|page=232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ow9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232|language=en}}</ref>


==Chemistry==
==19th century==
*[[Boyle's law]] discovered by [[Robert Boyle]] in 1662.<ref>{{cite web|title=Boyle's law - chemistry|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Boyles-law|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1805: [[Beaufort scale]] created by [[Francis Beaufort]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Beaufort scale|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Beaufort-scale|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Drumm Battery Train]] invented by [[James J. Drumm]] in 1931.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flashback 1931 - first journey of battery-powered train - Independent.ie|url=https://www.independent.ie/life/flashback-1931-first-journey-of-batterypowered-train-34252634.html|website=Independent.ie|date=6 December 2015 |access-date=2 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1809: [[Milk of Magnesia]] discovered by [[James Murray (physician)|James Murray]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Stomach upset innovator honoured|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4295171.stm|website=BBC News|access-date=2 March 2018|date=25 February 2005}}</ref>
*1813: Clanny safety lamp created by [[William Reid Clanny]].<ref>[http://www.minerslamps.net/homepage/safetylamphistory.htm Brief History of the Miner's Flame Safety Lamp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030826065256/http://www.minerslamps.net/homepage/safetylamphistory.htm |date=26 August 2003 }}</ref>
*1820: 30 January, [[Edward Bransfield]] discovered the Antarctic Continent (mainland, islands were discovered earlier).<ref>{{cite web|title=Edward Bransfield - British explorer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Bransfield|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1820: Modern meat curing and the Bacon Rasher were invented by Henry Denny, a Waterford butcher, in 1820<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thinkbusiness.ie/articles/10-world-changing-irish-inventions/|title = 10 Irish inventions that changed the world}}</ref>
*1821: The development of "Extra [[Stout]]" beer by [[The Second Arthur Guinness]] and others.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yenne|first1=Bill|title=Guinness: The 250 Year Quest for the Perfect Pint|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470120521|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470120521/page/205 205]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470120521|url-access=registration|language=en}}</ref>
*1831: [[Column still]] design enhanced and patented by [[Aeneas Coffey]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carlton|first1=Carla Harris|title=Barrel Strength Bourbon: The Explosive Growth of America's Whiskey|date=2017|publisher=Clerisy Press|isbn=9781578605767|page=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RflBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT113|language=en}}</ref>
*1831: [[William Brooke O'Shaughnessy]] pioneered the cure for cholera through [[Intravenous therapy]]
*1832: The [[John Howard Kyan|Kyanizing process]] for [[wood preservation|preserving wood]], created by [[John Howard Kyan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Standards|first1=United States National Bureau of|title=Standards and Specifications in the Wood-using Industries: Nationally Recognised Standards and Specifications for Wood and Manufactures Thereof Including Paper and Paper Products ... October 5, 1927 ...|date=1927|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=76|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fg3I7kwnnfcC&pg=PA76|language=en}}</ref>
*1834: The game of [[Croquet]].<ref>{{cite news|title=An Irishwoman's Diary|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishwoman-s-diary-1.959675|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
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*1836: [[Induction coil]] created by [[Nicholas Callan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History is made as Darver man gets science award|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/entertainment/history-is-made-as-darver-man-gets-science-award-27100678.html|website=Independent.ie|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1843: [[Quaternion]] (a mathematical entity) first described by [[Sir William Rowan Hamilton]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir William Rowan Hamilton - Irish mathematician and astronomer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Rowan-Hamilton|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1844: Hollow needle in [[syringe]] created by [[Francis Rynd]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Irish doctor who invented the syringe|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-irish-doctor-who-invented-the-syringe-1.1105651|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
*1846: [[Seismology]] founded by [[Robert Mallet]], who used dynamite explosions to measure the speed of elastic waves in surface rocks - pioneering and coining the word 'seismology'.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mulvihill|first1=Mary|title=Ingenious Ireland: A County-by-County Exploration of the Mysteries and Marvels of the Ingenious Irish|date=2003|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780684020945|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exics12jmtwC&pg=PA81|language=en}}</ref>
*1848: [[Kelvin scale]] created by [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Discoveries - Lord Kelvin - National Library of Scotland|url=https://digital.nls.uk/scientists/biographies/lord-kelvin/discoveries.html|website=digital.nls.uk|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
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*1851: Binaural [[stethoscope]] created by [[Arthur Leared]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Prynne|first1=Miranda|title=A history of the stethoscope|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/10592617/A-history-of-the-stethoscope.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220093303/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/10592617/A-history-of-the-stethoscope.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-02-20|website=The Telegraph|access-date=3 March 2018|date=201}}</ref>
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*1856: [[Icosian calculus]] discovered by [[Sir William Rowan Hamilton]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Weerden|first1=Anne van|title=A Victorian Marriage: Sir William Rowan Hamilton|date=2017|publisher=J. Fransje van Weerden|isbn=9789463230025|page=232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ow9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232|language=en}}</ref>
*1859: [[Greenhouse Effect]] theory proven by [[John Tyndall]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Graham|first1=Steve|title=John Tyndall : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Tyndall/|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en|date=8 October 1999}}</ref>
*1865: The first [[Transatlantic telegraph cable]] pioneered by [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin]] on [[Valentia Island]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Atlantic Cable|url=http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/Kelvin/atlanticcable.html|website=special.lib.gla.ac.uk|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
*1866: The [[Hanging#Standard drop|Standard drop]] method of [[hanging]] developed by Dr [[Samuel Haughton]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Galvin|first1=Anthony|title=Old Sparky: The Electric Chair and the History of the Death Penalty|date=2016|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781510711358|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZduLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|language=en}}</ref>
*1874:
**[[Electron]] introduced as a concept by [[George Johnstone Stoney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=George Johnstone Stoney - Irish physicist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Johnstone-Stoney|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
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**[[Brennan torpedo]] created by [[Louis Brennan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Everett|first1=H. R.|last2=Toscano|first2=Michael|title=Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II|date=2015|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262331760|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odjgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|language=en}}</ref>
*1879: The rules of [[Hurling]] first standardised with the foundation of the Irish Hurling Union.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Dublin Saved Hurling|url=http://www.dublincity.ie/story/how-dublin-saved-hurling|website=www.dublincity.ie|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1880: [[Boycott]] triggered by [[Charles Boycott]] over a dispute with the [[Irish Land League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Charles Cunningham Boycott - British estate manager|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Cunningham-Boycott|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1884: [[Steam Turbine]]: Compound Steam Turbine developed by Anglo-Irish engineer [[Charles Algernon Parsons]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Charles Algernon Parsons - British engineer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Algernon-Parsons|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
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*1885: The [[Cream Cracker]] was invented by Joseph Haughton in his home in [[Dublin]] and first manufactured by [[Jacob's|William Jacob]] in his bakery in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cream Crackers – An Authentically Irish Snack|url=https://www.irishamericanmom.com/2012/10/26/cream-crackers-an-authentically-irish-snack/|website=Irish American Mom|date=26 October 2012 |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
*1888: [[Gregg Shorthand]] created by [[John Robert Gregg]].<ref>{{cite web|title=John Robert Gregg - American stenographer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Robert-Gregg|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=3 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1894: [[Joly colour screen]] created by [[John Joly]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hirsch|first1=Robert|title=Exploring Color Photography Sixth Edition: From Film to Pixels|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781317911159|page=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tx_fBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|language=en}}</ref>
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*1894: [[cohesion-tension theory]] proposed by [[John Joly]] and [[Henry Horatio Dixon]] at Trinity College Dublin<ref>{{cite web|title=John Joly,Trinity College Dublin biography|url=https://www.tcd.ie/Geology/undergraduate/johnjoly.php|website=Trinity College Dublin|access-date=27 January 2019|language=en}}</ref>
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*1897: Modern [[submarine]] design created by [[John Philip Holland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland.htm |title=John Holland Father of the Modern Submarine |access-date=2013-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006110950/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/usw/issue_19/holland.htm |archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref>
*[[Saccharimeter]] created by Rev John Jellet from [[Cashel, County Tipperary]] (1817–1888).<ref name=irishpatents>[http://www.patentsoffice.ie/en/student_inventors.aspx Irish Scientists and Inventors]. Irish Patents Office.</ref>


==Geology==
==20th century==
*1901: [[Reflector sight]] created by [[Howard Grubb]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aukstakalnis|first1=Steve|title=Practical Augmented Reality: A Guide to the Technologies, Applications, and Human Factors for AR and VR|date=2016|publisher=Addison-Wesley Professional|isbn=9780134094359|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oz_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|language=en}}</ref>
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*[[Cohesion-tension theory]] co-discovered by [[John Joly]] in 1894.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Joly,Trinity College Dublin biography|url=https://www.tcd.ie/Geology/undergraduate/johnjoly.php|website=Trinity College Dublin|access-date=27 January 2019|language=en}}</ref>
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*1914: [[Radiotherapy]] developed by [[John Joly]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Irish man who brought radiotherapy forward|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/science/the-irish-man-who-brought-radiotherapy-forward-1.1828507|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
*1928: [[Three-point hitch|Three point linkage]], patented by [[Harry Ferguson]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Ferguson: Planes, tractors and automobiles|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/timelines/z88kwmn|website=BBC Timelines|access-date=2 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1930: [[Nickel-zinc battery]] created by [[James J. Drumm]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Flashback 1931 - first journey of battery-powered train - Independent.ie|url=https://www.independent.ie/life/flashback-1931-first-journey-of-batterypowered-train-34252634.html|website=Independent.ie|date=6 December 2015 |access-date=2 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>
*1931: [[Sudocrem]] was developed by Dublin-based pharmacist Thomas Smith.
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*1930s: The first disintegration of an atomic nucleus by artificially accelerated protons (splitting the atom) discovered by [[Ernest Walton]] et al.<ref>[http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/camphy/cockcroftwalton/cockcroftwalton10_1.htm Cambridge Physics - Splitting the Atom]</ref>
*1946: [[Ejection seat]] - first live test of a reliable, successful modern ejection seat developed by [[James Martin (engineer)|James Martin]]<ref>{{cite web|title=British History - Ejection Seat|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/british_history/ejection_seat/|website=BBC - Primary History|access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
*1940s: World first duty free airport shop at Shannon Airport, created by Brendan O'Regan
*1950: Joseph 'Spud' Murphy and his employee Seamus Burke produced the world's first [[Potato chip#Flavoring|seasoned potato chips]]: Cheese & Onion and Salt & Vinegar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/20/joe-spud-murphy-the-man-w_n_1437270.html |title=Joe 'Spud' Murphy: The Man Who Gave Potato Chips Flavor |website=[[HuffPost]]|date=2012-04-20 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref> Companies worldwide sought to buy the rights to [[Tayto (Republic of Ireland)|Tayto]]'s technique.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenibble.com/REVIEWS/main/snacks/chip-history4.asp |title=A History of the Potato Chip: Page 4: The First Salted & Flavored Potato Chips |website=The Nibble |first=Karen |last=Hochman |date=<!--undated-->}}</ref>
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*1954: [[Clofazimine]] first synthesized by a medical research team led by Cork man [[Vincent Barry]] at [[Trinity College, Dublin]].<ref name=irishpatents/>
*1965: [[Defibrillation|Portable defibrillator]] created by [[Frank Pantridge]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crutchley|first1=Peter|title='Father of emergency medicine' celebrated|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-37540915|website=BBC News|access-date=2 March 2018|date=3 October 2016}}</ref>


==Food==
==21st century==
*2000s: [[Sugru]] developed by [[Jane Ní Dhulchaointigh]] in the early 2000s.<ref name="Kilkenny">{{cite news|url=http://www.kilkennypeople.ie/news/Kilkenny-woman-invents-best-thing.6012334.jp|title=Kilkenny woman invents best thing since blu-Tack and Sellotape|date=25 January 2010|access-date=6 February 2010|newspaper=[[Kilkenny People]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201090423/http://www.kilkennypeople.ie/news/Kilkenny-woman-invents-best-thing.6012334.jp|archive-date=1 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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*[[Cream cracker]] invented by Joseph Haughton in c. 1885.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cream Crackers – An Authentically Irish Snack|url=https://www.irishamericanmom.com/2012/10/26/cream-crackers-an-authentically-irish-snack/|website=Irish American Mom|date=26 October 2012 |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[Spice bag]] invented by Sunflower Chinese takeaway in [[Templeogue]], [[Dublin]], in 2010.<ref>{{Citation|title=Who invented the spice bag?|url=https://soundcloud.com/liam_geraghty/who-invented-the-spice-bag|language=en|access-date=2020-12-21}} (Originally broadcast on The Business on [[RTÉ Radio 1|RTE Radio 1]] on 27/08/2016.)</ref>
*2010: [[Spice bag]], invented in The Sunflower takeaway in [[Templeogue]], Dublin in 2010.<ref>{{Citation|title=Who invented the spice bag?|url=https://soundcloud.com/liam_geraghty/who-invented-the-spice-bag|language=en|access-date=2020-12-21}} (Originally broadcast on The Business on [[RTÉ Radio 1|RTE Radio 1]] on 27/08/2016.)</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 23:30, 7 June 2024

Irish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques which owe their existence either partially or entirely to an Irish person. Often, things which are discovered for the first time, are also called "inventions", and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two. Below is a list of such inventions.

Pre-history

6th century

14th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also

References

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  2. ^ Association, Gaelic Athletic (15 December 2015). "GAA: Hurling History and Evolution". www.gaa.ie.
  3. ^ Foxall, Damian (2011). Ocean Fever: The Damian Foxall Story. The Collins Press. p. 41. ISBN 9781848899490.
  4. ^ Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, p.785, footnote for year 1405. This is likewise in the Annals of Connacht entry for year 1405: Annals of Connacht.
  5. ^ "Road Bowling". Culture Northern Ireland. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
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  7. ^ "Boyle's law - chemistry". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  8. ^ "More than just the chocolate man: The story of Hans Sloane". The Irish News. 10 September 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  9. ^ Eveleth, Rose (12 February 2014). "Chocolate Milk Was Invented in Jamaica". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  10. ^ "How Entrepreneurship Theory Created Economics". Mises Institute. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
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  12. ^ "Stomach upset innovator honoured". BBC News. 25 February 2005. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  13. ^ Brief History of the Miner's Flame Safety Lamp Archived 26 August 2003 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Edward Bransfield - British explorer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
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  16. ^ Yenne, Bill (2007). Guinness: The 250 Year Quest for the Perfect Pint. John Wiley & Sons. p. 205. ISBN 9780470120521.
  17. ^ Carlton, Carla Harris (2017). Barrel Strength Bourbon: The Explosive Growth of America's Whiskey. Clerisy Press. p. 113. ISBN 9781578605767.
  18. ^ Standards, United States National Bureau of (1927). Standards and Specifications in the Wood-using Industries: Nationally Recognised Standards and Specifications for Wood and Manufactures Thereof Including Paper and Paper Products ... October 5, 1927 ... U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 76.
  19. ^ "An Irishwoman's Diary". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
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  21. ^ "Sir William Rowan Hamilton - Irish mathematician and astronomer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  22. ^ "The Irish doctor who invented the syringe". The Irish Times. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  23. ^ Mulvihill, Mary (2003). Ingenious Ireland: A County-by-County Exploration of the Mysteries and Marvels of the Ingenious Irish. Simon and Schuster. p. 81. ISBN 9780684020945.
  24. ^ "Discoveries - Lord Kelvin - National Library of Scotland". digital.nls.uk. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  25. ^ Prynne, Miranda (201). "A history of the stethoscope". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  26. ^ Weerden, Anne van (2017). A Victorian Marriage: Sir William Rowan Hamilton. J. Fransje van Weerden. p. 232. ISBN 9789463230025.
  27. ^ Graham, Steve (8 October 1999). "John Tyndall : Feature Articles". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  28. ^ "Atlantic Cable". special.lib.gla.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  29. ^ Galvin, Anthony (2016). Old Sparky: The Electric Chair and the History of the Death Penalty. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. p. 33. ISBN 9781510711358.
  30. ^ "George Johnstone Stoney - Irish physicist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  31. ^ Everett, H. R.; Toscano, Michael (2015). Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II. MIT Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780262331760.
  32. ^ "How Dublin Saved Hurling". www.dublincity.ie. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  33. ^ "Charles Cunningham Boycott - British estate manager". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  34. ^ "Sir Charles Algernon Parsons - British engineer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  35. ^ "Cream Crackers – An Authentically Irish Snack". Irish American Mom. 26 October 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  36. ^ "John Robert Gregg - American stenographer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  37. ^ Hirsch, Robert (2014). Exploring Color Photography Sixth Edition: From Film to Pixels. CRC Press. p. 21. ISBN 9781317911159.
  38. ^ "John Joly,Trinity College Dublin biography". Trinity College Dublin. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  39. ^ "John Holland Father of the Modern Submarine". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
  40. ^ a b Irish Scientists and Inventors. Irish Patents Office.
  41. ^ Aukstakalnis, Steve (2016). Practical Augmented Reality: A Guide to the Technologies, Applications, and Human Factors for AR and VR. Addison-Wesley Professional. p. 29. ISBN 9780134094359.
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  43. ^ "Harry Ferguson: Planes, tractors and automobiles". BBC Timelines. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
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  45. ^ Cambridge Physics - Splitting the Atom
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  47. ^ "Joe 'Spud' Murphy: The Man Who Gave Potato Chips Flavor". HuffPost. 20 April 2012.
  48. ^ Hochman, Karen. "A History of the Potato Chip: Page 4: The First Salted & Flavored Potato Chips". The Nibble.
  49. ^ Crutchley, Peter (3 October 2016). "'Father of emergency medicine' celebrated". BBC News. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  50. ^ "Kilkenny woman invents best thing since blu-Tack and Sellotape". Kilkenny People. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  51. ^ Who invented the spice bag?, retrieved 21 December 2020 (Originally broadcast on The Business on RTE Radio 1 on 27/08/2016.)
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