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⚫
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Short description|Castle in Khorramabad, Iran}}
| name = Falak-ol-Aflak
{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}
⚫
| native_name = {{lang|fa|دژ شاپورخواست}}

| native_name_lang =
⚫
{{Infobox building
| image =Falak_-ol_-_Aflak_Castle_1._Khoramabad-_Lorestan.jpg
| name = Shapur Khast
| image_size =251
⚫
| native_name = {{lang|fa|دژ شاپورخواست}}
| alt =
| image = Falakolaflak.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| map =
| location = [[Khoramabad]], [[Luristan]], {{Flag|Iran}}
| map_type = Iran#West Asia
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|33.4837|48.3534|region:FR-75|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Iran
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| est_completion = Sasanian era (224–651)
| map_size =
| building_type = fortress
| relief = yes
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|33.4837|48.3534}}
| location = [[Iran]], [[Lorestan]], [[Khoramabad]]
| type = Castle
| builder = [[Shapur I]]
| material = Stone and Wood
| built = 240–270 AD
| epochs = [[Sasanian Empire]]
| cultures = [[Persian people|Persian]]
| public_access = Open
| architectural_styles = [[Iranian architecture]]
}}
}}


'''Falak-ol-Aflak''' ({{lang-fa|فلک الافلاک|lit=the sky of the skies}}) or '''Shapur Khast Castle''' ({{lang-fa|دژ شاپورخواست}}) is a [[castle]] situated on the top of a large hill with the same name within the city of [[Khorramabad]], the regional capital of [[Lorestan]] province, [[Iran]]. This gigantic structure was built during the [[Sassanid]] era (224–651).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/6018705/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF|title=قلعه فلک الافلاک نگین خرم آباد|work=[[Young Journalists Club]]|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
'''Falak-ol-Aflak''' ({{lang-fa|فلک الافلاک|lit=The Sky of The Skies}}) or '''Shapur Khast Castle''' ({{lang-fa|دژ شاپورخواست}}) is a [[castle]] situated on the top of a ancient hill with the same name in the city of [[Khorramabad]], the capital of [[Lorestan]] province, [[Iran]]. The castle is among the most important structures built during the [[Sasanian Empire]] (224–651 AD)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/6018705/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9-%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF|title=قلعه فلک الافلاک نگین خرم آباد|work=[[Young Journalists Club]]|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>, and one of the engineering and architectural masterpieces of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle in Lorestan province |url=https://en.irna.ir/photo/84967498/Falak-ol-Aflak-Castle-in-Lorestan-province |website=IRNA}}</ref> It has been known by a number of names since it was built over 1800 years ago, recorded names have referred to it as "Shapur-Khast", "Sabr-Khast Fortress", "Dezbaz", "Khoramabad Castle", and ultimately, the Falak-ol-Aflak Castle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.sirang.com |first=Sirang Rasaneh |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Citadel (Shapur Khast) 2024 {{!}} Khorramabad, Lorestan {{!}} Sights - ITTO |url=https://itto.org/iran/attraction/Falak-ol-Aflak-Castle/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=itto.org {{!}} Iran Tourism & Touring}}</ref> It was first used for government and military purposes during the Sassanid Empire, and it later became the seat of [[Hasanwayhids|Hasanwayhid]], [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid]] and [[Khorshidi dynasty|Khorshidi]] governments.

The Khorramabad River runs past the eastern and south-western side of the Falak-ol-Aflak hill providing the fortress some natural protection on those sides. Today, the western and northern sides of the hill are bordered by the residential districts of Khorramabad.


==History==
==History==
During the [[Elam|Elam civilization]] (3200 - 539 BC), [[Khaydalu]] was a ancient city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-18 |title=Roman Defense of the Zagros? |url=https://www.alternatehistory.com/forum/threads/roman-defense-of-the-zagros.426504/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=alternatehistory.com |language=en-US}}</ref> In 640 BC, [[Ashurbanipal]], the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, conquered Elam and destroyed Khaydalu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who was Ashurbanipal? {{!}} British Museum |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/blog/who-was-ashurbanipal |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.britishmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> Afterwards, the city became a part of [[Assyria]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-21 |title=Khorramabad |url=http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/09/11/khorramabad/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Persian Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elam - FamousFix.com list |url=https://www.famousfix.com/list/elam |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=FamousFix.com}}</ref> During the [[Achaemenid Empire]], Lorestan and Khaydalu, along with [[Ilam province|Ilam]] and [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]], were the states of the empire. During the [[Parthian Empire]], it was also one of the states of the empire, and finally, during the Sasanian Empire, a new city named Shapur Khast was built by the order of [[Shapur I]] upon the ruins of Khaydalu, with this castle being the most important structure of that city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Attarian |first1=Koorosh |last2=Beyranvand |first2=Mostafa |date=2019-02-20 |title=Locating and Explaining the Physical Structure of Ancient City of Shapur-Khast Based on the Patternd of Sassanid City Using GIS |url=https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2590_en.html |journal=Pazhoheshha-ye Bastan Shenasi Iran |language=en |volume=8 |issue=19 |pages=147–166 |doi=10.22084/nbsh.2019.15370.1703 |issn=2345-5225}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soltani |first=Zahra |date=2020-11-20 |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle (Shapur Khast Citadel) {{!}} Khorramabad, Iran |url=https://iranontour.com/city-attractions/falak-ol-aflak/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=IranOnTour |language=en-US}}</ref>
Under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]], after being used as a prison until 1968, it was transformed into a museum complex.


The castle was used for government and military purposes during the Sassanid Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle {{!}} ToIran, Tourism Platform |url=https://www.toiran.com/en/city-khorramabad/historical_sites/Falak-ol-Aflak-Castle/6733 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.toiran.com}}</ref> After the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Muslim conquest of Iran]] and at the end of the [[Uthman|Uthman rule]] (656 AD), the people of Shapur Khast revolted and stood up against the Arabs, which shows the great importance of the city at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=XjMnM00JTd |date=2022-09-27 |title=Persian hatred and racism have been ingrained since early times.. Shapur's campaign changed the geography of the Arab population in Iraq and the Levant |url=https://whiteink.info/persian-hatred-and-racism-have-been-ingrained-since-early-times-shapurs-campaign-changed-the-geography-of-the-arab-population-in-iraq-and-the-levant/?lang=en |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=حبر أبيض |language=en-US}}</ref> Due to its excellent strategic location, the castle became the seat of [[Hasanwayhids|Hasanwayhid]] (959 - 1015 AD) and [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid]] (934 - 1062 AD) governments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle |url=https://www.visitiran.ir/attraction/falak-ol-aflak-castle |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.visitiran.ir |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-Ol-Aflak: Magnificent Castle in West of Iran - Tourism news |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/03/30/2872659/falak-ol-aflak-magnificent-castle-in-west-of-iran |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Tasnim News Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-24 |title=Falak-ol-Aflak: More than just a castle |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/149229/Falak-ol-Aflak-More-than-just-a-castle |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Mehr News Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle needs consolidation work |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/84631430/Falak-ol-Aflak-Castle-needs-consolidation-work |website=IRNA}}</ref>
==Architectural layout==
[[File:Shapour I statue.gif|alt=|thumb|400x400px|[[Khorramabad|Shapur Khast]] was built by the order of [[Shapur I]] upon the ruins of [[Khaydalu]], with Falak-ol-Aflak as the most important structure of the city.]]
The [[Foundation (architecture)|foundations]] of the actual [[castle]] measure approximately {{convert|300|x|400|m}}. The height of the entire structure, including the hill, reaches to 40 meters above the surrounding area.
Shapur Khast was completely destroyed and deserted after the [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongol invasion of Iran]], with the Falak-ol-Aflak castle being the only building that was not destroyed because it was strategically beneficial for the [[mongols]], so they settled in.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تاریخچه قلعه لرستان |url=http://aflakzagros.blogfa.com/post/2 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=افلاک زاگرس |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=جیریان |first=زینب |date=2019-07-23 |title=قلعه تاریخی و زیبای فلک‌الافلاک |url=https://mizboon.com/Blog/2019/07/falak-ol-aflak-castle/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=مجله گردشگری میزبون |language=fa-IR}}</ref> The people of Shapur Khast moved to the western part of the castle, which was superior in terms of having plenty of water and a more convenient location as well as security. The name Shapur Khast can be seen in the old books until the beginning of the 7th century, but after the 8th century, the name of the city was changed to Khorramabad. With the [[Iranian Intermezzo]] taking place, the castle became the government seat of [[Khorshidi dynasty]] (1184 - 1597) and the governors of Lorestan during the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] (1501 - 1736).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle |url=https://www.visitiran.ir/attraction/falak-ol-aflak-castle |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.visitiran.ir |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LorestanTourismInfo |title=Falak-ol-aflak Fortress |url=https://www.lorestantourisminfo.ir/en/article/22/Falak-ol-aflak-Fortress |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=LorestanTourismInfo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak: Discovering the Majestic Castle of the Castles |url=https://vocal.media/earth/falak-ol-aflak-discovering-the-majestic-castle-of-the-castles |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Earth |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak fortress |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/tag/Falak-ol-Aflak+fortress |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Qajar Iran|Qajar period]] (1789 - 1925), the castle was also important for various reasons. Qajar statesmen used to come and go to the castle a lot, with some of them left notes about the it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's Falak-ol-Aflak Castle; architectural masterpiece in Sassanid era |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/28181 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=iranpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-Ol-Aflak: Magnificent Castle in West of Iran - Tourism news |url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/03/30/2872659/falak-ol-aflak-magnificent-castle-in-west-of-iran |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Tasnim News Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-24 |title=Falak-ol-Aflak: More than just a castle |url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/149229/Falak-ol-Aflak-More-than-just-a-castle |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Mehr News Agency |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle of Khorramabad - Hipersia |url=https://www.hipersia.com/en/post/1052 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.hipersia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle symbolizes Iran's civilizational grandeur |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/78862 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=iranpress.com |language=en}}</ref>


During the [[Pahlavi Iran|Pahlavi period]] (1925–1979), the castle was used as a prison and became a storage place for ammunition, including mines and explosives,<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.sirang.com |first=Sirang Rasaneh |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Citadel (Shapur Khast) 2024 {{!}} Khorramabad, Lorestan {{!}} Sights - ITTO |url=https://itto.org/iran/attraction/Falak-ol-Aflak-Castle/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=itto.org {{!}} Iran Tourism & Touring}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle {{!}} A Majestic Fortress of Ancient Lorestan - To Iran Tour |url=https://toirantour.com/blog/falak-ol-aflak-castle/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-29 |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle |url=https://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/09/11/falak-ol-aflak-castle/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Persian Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle {{!}} ToIran, Tourism Platform |url=https://www.toiran.com/en/city-khorramabad/historical_sites/Falak-ol-Aflak-Castle/6733 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.toiran.com}}</ref> until 1968, when it was transformed into a museum complex.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-29 |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle |url=https://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/09/11/falak-ol-aflak-castle/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Persian Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1999, the museum of archeology was opened, and in the same year, the northern part of the courtyard was converted into a tea house.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Museum |url=https://www.visitiran.ir/attraction/falak-ol-aflak-museum |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.visitiran.ir |language=en}}</ref> In 2000, a restoration laboratory was opened in the southern part of the first courtyard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle {{!}} A Majestic Fortress of Ancient Lorestan - To Iran Tour |url=https://toirantour.com/blog/falak-ol-aflak-castle/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Falak ol aflak panorama.jpg|800px|thumbnail|center|[[Panorama]] of Falak ol aflak Castle]]


⚫
== Dehumidifier ==
=== Surrounding structures ===
The castle is considered as one of the architectural masterpieces, because it is built with a system of moisture-absorbing channels. Sassanid engineers have equipped the castle with a moisture absorbing system due to the knowledge of the climate change in the region and the condition of the underground water. The castle is built with materials such as stone and wood, which are vulnerable to moisture. For this reason, it was built at the highest point of Khorramabad city, so that the wind penetrates inside the building and dries its foundations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khaloo |first1=Alireza |last2=Yekrangnia |first2=Mohammad |date=2023-08-23 |title=Seismic vulnerability assessment of Falak-ol-Aflak Castle |url=https://www.jsce.ir/article_160862_en.html |journal=Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |doi=10.22065/jsce.2022.355829.2901 |issn=2476-3977}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Falak-ol-Aflak Castle |url=http://tripyar.com/en/iran/lorestan/khorram-abad/attractions/ancient-and-historical/historical/falak-ol-aflak-castle.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Iran Travel Guide |language=en}}</ref>
Archaeological studies have identified the existence of a two layered rampart with twelve towers around the present day construction. From the twelve original towers, only two remain and these are situated northwest and southwest of the existing fortress.[[File:Falak-ol-aflak-Khorramaabaadcxxxx.jpg|thumbnail|Falak ol aflak castle is in center of [[Khorramabad]] city]]

⚫
=== Dehumidifier ===

Falak ol-Aflak castle is made with different materials like stone and wood that are vulnerable to [[humidity]]. That is why the castle was built on the highest point of the city of Khoram-abad, so that the wind could penetrate the building and dry its [[Foundation (architecture)|foundations]].

==Current status==
The castle is managed by the Iran Cultural Heritage Organisation and a protected site.


==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Falak ol aflak panorama.jpg
File:Falak -ol - Aflak Castle 2. Khoramabad- Lorestan.jpg
File:Falak-ol-Aflak Castle.jpg
File:Wall and Crenellations of Falak-ol-Aflak Castle - Khorramabad - Western Iran (7423668674).jpg
File:Falak-ol-Aflak Castle 12.JPG
File:Falak-ol-Aflak Castle 11.JPG
File:Falak ol aflak night.jpg
File:Panorama of Khorramabad from Falak-ol-Aflak Castle - Khorramabad - Western Iran - 01 (7423629186).jpg
File:Falak-ol-Aflak Castle, Nowruz 2018 (13970108000033636577953485658435 36948 ).jpg
File:Shapur Khast Castle KhorramAbad.jpg
File:دژِ شاپورخواست.jpg
File:Falakol aflak castle in khoram abad province.jpg
File:Crenellations atop Falak-ol-Aflak Castle - Khorramabad - Western Iran (7423636078).jpg
File:فلک الافلاک.jpg
File:Falak ol aflak.JPG
</gallery>
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Sassanid architecture]]
*[[Sassanid architecture]]
Line 46: Line 67:
{{Commons category|Falak-ol-Aflak}}
{{Commons category|Falak-ol-Aflak}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190109110104/http://www.lorestanmiras.org/ Lorestan Province Cultural Heritage Organization]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190109110104/http://www.lorestanmiras.org/ Lorestan Province Cultural Heritage Organization]

{{Lorestan Province}}
{{Castles in Iran}}
{{Sasanian castles}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Shapur Khast}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shapur Khast}}
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[[Category:Prisons in Iran]]
[[Category:Prisons in Iran]]
[[Category:Military history of Iran]]
[[Category:Military history of Iran]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lorestan province]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lorestan Province]]
[[Category:3rd-century fortifications]]
[[Category:3rd-century fortifications]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Khorramabad]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Khorramabad]]

Revision as of 21:39, 16 June 2024

Falak-ol-Aflak
دژ شاپورخواست
Falak-ol-Aflak is located in Iran
Falak-ol-Aflak
Shown within Iran
Falak-ol-Aflak is located in West and Central Asia
Falak-ol-Aflak
Falak-ol-Aflak (West and Central Asia)
LocationIran, Lorestan, Khoramabad
Coordinates33°29′01″N 48°21′12″E / 33.4837°N 48.3534°E / 33.4837; 48.3534
TypeCastle
History
BuilderShapur I
MaterialStone and Wood
Founded240–270 AD
PeriodsSasanian Empire
CulturesPersian
Site notes
Public accessOpen
Architecture
Architectural stylesIranian architecture

Falak-ol-Aflak (Template:Lang-fa) or Shapur Khast Castle (Template:Lang-fa) is a castle situated on the top of a ancient hill with the same name in the city of Khorramabad, the capital of Lorestan province, Iran. The castle is among the most important structures built during the Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD)[1], and one of the engineering and architectural masterpieces of the world.[2] It has been known by a number of names since it was built over 1800 years ago, recorded names have referred to it as "Shapur-Khast", "Sabr-Khast Fortress", "Dezbaz", "Khoramabad Castle", and ultimately, the Falak-ol-Aflak Castle.[3] It was first used for government and military purposes during the Sassanid Empire, and it later became the seat of Hasanwayhid, Buyid and Khorshidi governments.

History

During the Elam civilization (3200 - 539 BC), Khaydalu was a ancient city.[4] In 640 BC, Ashurbanipal, the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, conquered Elam and destroyed Khaydalu.[5] Afterwards, the city became a part of Assyria.[6][7] During the Achaemenid Empire, Lorestan and Khaydalu, along with Ilam and Khuzestan, were the states of the empire. During the Parthian Empire, it was also one of the states of the empire, and finally, during the Sasanian Empire, a new city named Shapur Khast was built by the order of Shapur I upon the ruins of Khaydalu, with this castle being the most important structure of that city.[8][9]

The castle was used for government and military purposes during the Sassanid Empire.[10] After the Muslim conquest of Iran and at the end of the Uthman rule (656 AD), the people of Shapur Khast revolted and stood up against the Arabs, which shows the great importance of the city at that time.[11] Due to its excellent strategic location, the castle became the seat of Hasanwayhid (959 - 1015 AD) and Buyid (934 - 1062 AD) governments.[12][13][14][15]

Shapur Khast was built by the order of Shapur I upon the ruins of Khaydalu, with Falak-ol-Aflak as the most important structure of the city.

Shapur Khast was completely destroyed and deserted after the Mongol invasion of Iran, with the Falak-ol-Aflak castle being the only building that was not destroyed because it was strategically beneficial for the mongols, so they settled in.[16][17] The people of Shapur Khast moved to the western part of the castle, which was superior in terms of having plenty of water and a more convenient location as well as security. The name Shapur Khast can be seen in the old books until the beginning of the 7th century, but after the 8th century, the name of the city was changed to Khorramabad. With the Iranian Intermezzo taking place, the castle became the government seat of Khorshidi dynasty (1184 - 1597) and the governors of Lorestan during the Safavid Empire (1501 - 1736).[18][19][20][21] During the Qajar period (1789 - 1925), the castle was also important for various reasons. Qajar statesmen used to come and go to the castle a lot, with some of them left notes about the it.[22][23][24][25][26]

During the Pahlavi period (1925–1979), the castle was used as a prison and became a storage place for ammunition, including mines and explosives,[27][28][29][30] until 1968, when it was transformed into a museum complex.[31] In 1999, the museum of archeology was opened, and in the same year, the northern part of the courtyard was converted into a tea house.[32] In 2000, a restoration laboratory was opened in the southern part of the first courtyard.[33]

Dehumidifier

The castle is considered as one of the architectural masterpieces, because it is built with a system of moisture-absorbing channels. Sassanid engineers have equipped the castle with a moisture absorbing system due to the knowledge of the climate change in the region and the condition of the underground water. The castle is built with materials such as stone and wood, which are vulnerable to moisture. For this reason, it was built at the highest point of Khorramabad city, so that the wind penetrates inside the building and dries its foundations.[34][35]

See also

References

  1. ^ "قلعه فلک الافلاک نگین خرم آباد". Young Journalists Club. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  2. ^ "Falak-ol-Aflak Castle in Lorestan province". IRNA. 2024-01-31.
  3. ^ www.sirang.com, Sirang Rasaneh. "Falak-ol-Aflak Citadel (Shapur Khast) 2024 | Khorramabad, Lorestan | Sights - ITTO". itto.org | Iran Tourism & Touring. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  4. ^ "Roman Defense of the Zagros?". alternatehistory.com. 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  5. ^ "Who was Ashurbanipal? | British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  6. ^ "Khorramabad". Persian Tourism. 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  7. ^ "Elam - FamousFix.com list". FamousFix.com. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
  8. ^ Attarian, Koorosh; Beyranvand, Mostafa (2019-02-20). "Locating and Explaining the Physical Structure of Ancient City of Shapur-Khast Based on the Patternd of Sassanid City Using GIS". Pazhoheshha-ye Bastan Shenasi Iran. 8 (19): 147–166. doi:10.22084/nbsh.2019.15370.1703. ISSN 2345-5225.
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