Jump to content

Scabiosa: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→top: genus authority
Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5
 
(40 intermediate revisions by 32 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Scabiosa columbaria Pink Mist.jpg
|image = Scabiosa columbaria Pink Mist.jpg
|image_caption = ''Scabiosa columbaria'' 'Pink Mist'
|image_caption = ''Scabiosa columbaria'' 'Pink Mist'
|taxon = Scabiosa
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]], nom cons.
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Dipsacales]]
|familia = [[Caprifoliaceae]]
|genus = '''''Scabiosa'''''
|genus authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See [[Scabiosa#Species|Species section]].
|subdivision = See [[Scabiosa#Species|Species section]].
|synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets=true
|}}
|title={{small|Synonymy}}
'''''Scabiosa''''' {{IPAc-en|s|k|eɪ|b|i|ˈ|oʊ|s|ə}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] in the honeysuckle family ([[Caprifoliaceae]]) of [[flowering plants]].<ref>{{citation |title=''Scabiosa'' |work=The Plant List (version 1.1) |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Caprifoliaceae/Scabiosa/ |accessdate=2014-09-19 }}</ref> Many of the species in this genus have common names that include the word '''scabious'''; however some plants commonly known as scabious are currently classified in related genera such as ''[[Knautia]]'' and ''[[Succisa]]''; at least some of these were formerly placed in ''Scabiosa''. Another common name for members of this genus is '''pincushion flowers'''.
|''Acura'' {{small|Hill}}
|''Anisodens'' {{small|Dulac}}
|''Asterocephalus'' {{small|Zinn}}
|''Astrocephalus'' {{small|Raf., orth. var.}}
|''Chetastrum'' {{small|Neck., opus utique oppr.}}
|''Columbaria'' {{small|J.Presl & C.Presl}}
|''Cyrtostemma'' {{small|(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Spach}}
|''Euptilia'' {{small|Raf.}}
|''Gonokeros'' {{small|Raf.}}
|''Pentena'' {{small|Raf.}}
|''Scabiosella'' {{small|Tiegh.}}
|''Sclerostemma'' {{small|Schott}}
|''Sixalix'' {{small|Raf.}}
|''Spongostemma'' {{small|(Rchb.) Rchb.}}
|''Trichopteris'' {{small|Neck., opus utique oppr.}}
|''Trochocephalus'' {{small|(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Opiz}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14326-1 ''Scabiosa'' L.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529130646/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14326-1 |date=2023-05-29 }} ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</ref>
}}

'''''Scabiosa''''' {{IPAc-en|s|k|eɪ|b|i|ˈ|oʊ|s|ə}}<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a [[genus]] in the honeysuckle family ([[Caprifoliaceae]]) of [[flowering plant]]s.<ref>{{citation |title=''Scabiosa'' |work=The Plant List (version 1.1) |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Caprifoliaceae/Scabiosa/ |access-date=19 September 2014 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231113/http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Caprifoliaceae/Scabiosa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the species in this genus have common names that include the word '''scabious''', but some plants commonly known as scabious are currently classified in related genera such as ''[[Knautia]]'' and ''[[Succisa]]''; at least some of these were formerly placed in ''Scabiosa''. Another common name for members of this genus is '''pincushion flowers'''.

==Etymology==
The common name 'scabious' comes the Latin word ''scabiosus'' meaning 'mangy, rough or itchy' which refers to the herb's traditional usage as a [[folk medicine]] to treat [[scabies]], an illness that causes a severe itching sensation.<ref>Umberto Quattrocchi {{google books|zIOvJSJs-IkC|CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms ... (1999)|page=239}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
Some species of ''Scabiosa'' are [[Annual plant|annual]]s, others [[perennial plant|perennials]]. Some are [[herbaceous plant]]s; others have woody [[rootstock]]s. The leaves of most species are somewhat hairy and partly divided into lobes, but a few are smooth and some species have simple leaves. The flowers are borne on [[inflorescence]]s in the form of [[Pseudanthium|heads]]; each head contains many small florets, each floret cupped in a membranous, saucer-shaped bract. The [[Sepal|calyx]] has five [[sepal]]s in the form of awns almost as long as the petals. After the flowers have dropped, the [[Sepal|calyces]] together with the bracts form a spiky ball that may be the reason for the "pincushion" common name. The calyx is persistent and remains as a crown on the fruit after it is shed. The [[petal|corolla]] has four to five lobes fringing a narrow funnel with a furry throat, the funnel being somewhat longer than the lobes. The florets have four stamens each, set high in the tube, and sticking out. Each fruit has just one seed.
Some species of ''Scabiosa'' are [[Annual plant|annual]]s, others [[perennial plant|perennials]]. Some are [[herbaceous plant]]s; others have woody [[rootstock]]s. The leaves of most species are somewhat hairy and partly divided into lobes, but a few are smooth and some species have simple leaves. The flowers are borne on [[inflorescence]]s in the form of [[Pseudanthium|heads]]; each head contains many small florets, each floret cupped in a membranous, saucer-shaped bract. The [[Sepal|calyx]] has five [[sepal]]s in the form of awns almost as long as the petals. After the flowers have dropped, the [[Sepal|calyces]] together with the bracts form a spiky ball that may be the reason for the "pincushion" common name. The calyx is persistent and remains as a crown on the fruit after it is shed. The [[petal|corolla]] has four to five lobes fringing a narrow funnel with a furry throat, the funnel being somewhat longer than the lobes. The florets have four stamens each, set high in the tube, and sticking out. Each fruit has just one seed.


In a few species the heads are [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]] but in most species they are borne singly on a tall [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]].
In a few species the heads are [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]] but in most species they are borne singly on a tall [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]].


''Scabiosa'' species and varieties differ in the colours of their flowers, but most are soft lavender blue, lilac or creamy white.
''Scabiosa'' species and varieties differ in the colours of their flowers, but most are soft lavender blue, lilac or creamy white.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
[[File:Scabiosa atropurpurea maritima "pincushion flowers".jpg|thumb|''Scabiosa atropurpurea'' subsp. ''maritima'']]
[[File:Pincushion flower -- Scabiosa.jpg|thumb|Pincushion flower, ''Scabiosa triandra'']]
[[File:Scabiosa ochroleuca RF.jpg|thumb|Cream scabiousm, ''Scabiosa ochroleuca'']]

It was first published in [[Species Plantarum]] on page 98 in 1753.<ref name="POWO"/>


===Species===
===Species===
As accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]];<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Scabiosa'' L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14326-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=18 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529130646/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14326-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Among others:{{cn|date=December 2014}}
{{Div col}}

* ''[[Scabiosa adzharica]]'' {{small|Schchian}}
*''[[Scabiosa atropurpurea]]'' - Mourning bride, Egyptian rose, Mournful widow, Mediterranean sweet scabious.
*''[[Scabiosa canescens]]'' - Fragrant scabious
* ''[[Scabiosa africana]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Scabiosa caucasica]]'' - Caucasian pincushion flower
* ''[[Scabiosa albanensis]]'' {{small|R.A.Dyer}}
* ''[[Scabiosa amoena]]'' {{small|J.Jacq.}}
*''[[Scabiosa columbaria]]'' - Pigeon scabious, Pincushion flower, Small scabious, Dove pincushion; found wild on chalk [[downland]] in SE [[England]]
*''[[Scabiosa graminifolia]]''
* ''[[Scabiosa andryifolia]]'' {{small|(Pau) Devesa}}
*''[[Scabiosa lucida]]'' - Glossy scabious
* ''[[Scabiosa angustiloba]]'' {{small|(Sond.) B.L.Burtt ex Hutch.}}
*''[[Scabiosa maritima]]''
* ''[[Scabiosa arenaria]]'' {{small|Forssk.}}
*''[[Scabiosa ochroleuca]]'' - Yellow scabious, Cream pincushions
* ''[[Scabiosa atropurpurea]]'' {{small|L.}}
*''[[Scabiosa palaestrina]]'' - Balkan pincushions
* ''[[Scabiosa austroafricana]]'' {{small|Heine}}
*''[[Scabiosa prolifera]]'' - Carmel daisy
* ''[[Scabiosa balcanica]]'' {{small|(Velen.) Velen.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa × beauverdiana]]'' {{small|Palez.}}
*''[[Scabiosa stellata]]'' - Sweet scabious, starflower pincushions, 'Paper Moon' (variety).
*''[[Scabiosa triandra]]'' - Southern scabious
* ''[[Scabiosa bipinnata]]'' {{small|K.Koch}}
*''[[Scabiosa vestina]]''
* ''[[Scabiosa buekiana]]'' {{small|Eckl. & Zeyh.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa canescens]]'' {{small|Waldst. & Kit.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa cartenniana]]'' {{small|A.Pons & Quézel}}
* ''[[Scabiosa cephalarioides]]'' {{small|Lojac.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa cinerea]]'' {{small|Lapeyr. ex Lam.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa colchica]]'' {{small|Steven}}
* ''[[Scabiosa columbaria]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa comosa]]'' {{small|Fisch. ex Roem. & Schult.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa correvoniana]]'' {{small|Sommier & Levier}}
* ''[[Scabiosa corsica]]'' {{small|(Litard.) Gamisans}}
* ''[[Scabiosa crinita]]'' {{small|Kotschy & Boiss.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa daucoides]]'' {{small|Desf.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa drakensbergensis]]'' {{small|B.L.Burtt}}
* ''[[Scabiosa eremophila]]'' {{small|Boiss.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa farinosa]]'' {{small|Coss.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa fumarioides]]'' {{small|Vis. & Pančić}}
* ''[[Scabiosa galianoi]]'' {{small|Devesa, Ortega Oliv. & J.López}}
* ''[[Scabiosa holosericea]]'' {{small|Bertol.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa imeretica]]'' {{small|(Sommier & Levier) Sulak.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa incisa]]'' {{small|Mill.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa ispartaca]]'' {{small|Yıld.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa japonica]]'' {{small|Miq.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa jezoensis]]'' {{small|Nakai}}
* ''[[Scabiosa lacerifolia]]'' {{small|Hayata}}
* ''[[Scabiosa lachnophylla]]'' {{small|Kitag.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa libyca]]'' {{small|Alavi}}
* ''[[Scabiosa lucida]]'' {{small|Vill.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa × lucidula]]'' {{small|Beck}}
* ''[[Scabiosa mollissima]]'' {{small|Viv.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa nitens]]'' {{small|Roem. & Schult.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa ochroleuca]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa owerinii]]'' {{small|Boiss.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa paphlagonica]]'' {{small|Bornm.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa parielii]]'' {{small|Maire}}
* ''[[Scabiosa parviflora]]'' {{small|Desf.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa praemontana]]'' {{small|Privalova}}
* ''[[Scabiosa pyrenaica]]'' {{small|All.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa semipapposa]]'' {{small|Salzm. ex DC.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa silenifolia]]'' {{small|Waldst. & Kit.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa sirnakia]]'' {{small|Yıld.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa sivrihisarica]]'' {{small|Yıld.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa solymica]]'' {{small|(Parolly, Eren & Nordt) Göktürk}}
* ''[[Scabiosa sosnowskyi]]'' {{small|Sulak.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa taygetea]]'' {{small|Boiss. & Heldr.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa tenuis]]'' {{small|Spruner ex Boiss.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa thysdrusiana]]'' {{small|Le Houér.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa transvaalensis]]'' {{small|S.Moore}}
* ''[[Scabiosa triandra]]'' {{small|L.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa triniifolia]]'' {{small|Friv.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa turolensis]]'' {{small|Pau}}
* ''[[Scabiosa tuzluca]]'' {{small|Yıld.}}
* ''[[Scabiosa tysonii]]'' {{small|L.Bolus}}
* ''[[Scabiosa velenovskiana]]'' {{small|Bobrov}}
* ''[[Scabiosa vestina]]'' {{small|Facchini ex W.D.J.Koch}}
* ''[[Scabiosa webbiana]]'' {{small|D.Don}}
{{Div col end}}


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Members of this genus are native to Africa, Europe and Asia. Some species of ''Scabiosa'', notably [[small scabious]] (''S. columbaria'') and [[Mediterranean sweet scabious]] (''S. atropurpurea'') have been developed into cultivars for gardeners.
Members of this genus are native to Africa, Europe and Asia. Some species of ''Scabiosa'', notably [[small scabious]] (''S. columbaria'') and [[Mediterranean sweet scabious]] (''S. atropurpurea'') have been developed into cultivars for gardeners.


In 1782, a mysterious pale yellow scabious, called ''[[Scabiosa trenta]]'', was described by [[Belsazar Hacquet]], an Austrian physician, botanist, and mountaineer, in his work ''[[Plantae alpinae Carniolicae]]''. It became a great source of inspiration for later botanists and mountaineers discovering the [[Julian Alps]], especially [[Julius Kugy]]. The Austrian botanist [[Anton Kerner von Marilaun]] later proved Belsazar Hacquet had not found a new species, but a specimen of the already known submediterranean ''[[Cephalaria leucantha]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/geography/pearls_of_the_floral_wealth_of_slovenia/trenta_scabious_scabiosa_trenta/|author=Nada Praprotnik|title=Trenta Scabious (''Scabiosa Trenta'') |publisher=Republic of Slovenia: Government Communications Office}}</ref>
In 1782, a mysterious pale yellow scabious, called "[[Scabiosa trenta]]", was described by [[Belsazar Hacquet]], an Austrian physician, botanist, and mountaineer, in his work ''[[Plantae alpinae Carniolicae]]''. It became a great source of inspiration for later botanists and mountaineers discovering the [[Julian Alps]], especially [[Julius Kugy]]. The Austrian botanist [[Anton Kerner von Marilaun]] later proved Belsazar Hacquet had not found a new species, but a specimen of the already known submediterranean ''[[Cephalaria leucantha]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/geography/pearls_of_the_floral_wealth_of_slovenia/trenta_scabious_scabiosa_trenta/ |author=Nada Praprotnik |title=Trenta Scabious (Scabiosa Trenta) |publisher=Republic of Slovenia: Government Communications Office |access-date=2014-03-24 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720025100/http://www.vlada.si/en/about_slovenia/geography/pearls_of_the_floral_wealth_of_slovenia/trenta_scabious_scabiosa_trenta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

They are found in various habitats such as ''Scabiosa solymica'' (formerly named ''Lomelosia solymica''), which is a ''chasmophyte'' (a plant adapted to growing in crevices or hollows) of [[Montane ecosystems|montane]], sea facing cliffs of the [[Tahtalı Dağı]] (mountain) in the western [[Taurus Mountains]], south of Antalya, Turkey.<ref name="Parolly2005">{{cite journal |last1=Parolly |first1=G. |last2=Eren |first2=Ö. |last3=Nordt |first3=B. |title=''Lomelosia solymica'' (Dipsacaceae), a new chasmophyte from the Western Taurus Mts, Turkey. |journal=Willdenowia |date=2005 |volume=35 |pages=107–115 |doi=10.3372/wi.35.35108 |issn=0511-9618 |doi-access=free}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Scabious flowers are nectar rich and attractive to many insects including [[butterflies]] and [[moth]]s such as the [[six-spot burnet]]. ''Scabiosa'' species are food plants for the [[larva]]e of some species of [[Lepidoptera]] such as the [[grey pug]] moth.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Scabious flowers are nectar rich and attractive to many [[insect]]s including [[butterflies]] and [[moth]]s such as the [[Six-spot Burnet]]. ''Scabiosa'' species are food plants for the [[larva]]e of some species of [[Lepidoptera]] such as the [[Grey Pug]] moth.{{cn|date=December 2014}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q147772}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Caprifoliaceae]]
[[Category:Scabiosa| ]]
[[Category:Caprifoliaceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 05:57, 19 June 2024

Scabiosa
Scabiosa columbaria 'Pink Mist'
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Dipsacales
Family: Caprifoliaceae
Subfamily: Dipsacoideae
Genus: Scabiosa
L., nom cons.
Species

See Species section.

Synonyms[1]
Synonymy
  • Acura Hill
  • Anisodens Dulac
  • Asterocephalus Zinn
  • Astrocephalus Raf., orth. var.
  • Chetastrum Neck., opus utique oppr.
  • Columbaria J.Presl & C.Presl
  • Cyrtostemma (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Spach
  • Euptilia Raf.
  • Gonokeros Raf.
  • Pentena Raf.
  • Scabiosella Tiegh.
  • Sclerostemma Schott
  • Sixalix Raf.
  • Spongostemma (Rchb.) Rchb.
  • Trichopteris Neck., opus utique oppr.
  • Trochocephalus (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Opiz

Scabiosa /skeɪbiˈoʊsə/[2] is a genus in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae) of flowering plants.[3] Many of the species in this genus have common names that include the word scabious, but some plants commonly known as scabious are currently classified in related genera such as Knautia and Succisa; at least some of these were formerly placed in Scabiosa. Another common name for members of this genus is pincushion flowers.

Etymology

[edit]

The common name 'scabious' comes the Latin word scabiosus meaning 'mangy, rough or itchy' which refers to the herb's traditional usage as a folk medicine to treat scabies, an illness that causes a severe itching sensation.[4]

Description

[edit]

Some species of Scabiosa are annuals, others perennials. Some are herbaceous plants; others have woody rootstocks. The leaves of most species are somewhat hairy and partly divided into lobes, but a few are smooth and some species have simple leaves. The flowers are borne on inflorescences in the form of heads; each head contains many small florets, each floret cupped in a membranous, saucer-shaped bract. The calyx has five sepals in the form of awns almost as long as the petals. After the flowers have dropped, the calyces together with the bracts form a spiky ball that may be the reason for the "pincushion" common name. The calyx is persistent and remains as a crown on the fruit after it is shed. The corolla has four to five lobes fringing a narrow funnel with a furry throat, the funnel being somewhat longer than the lobes. The florets have four stamens each, set high in the tube, and sticking out. Each fruit has just one seed.

In a few species the heads are sessile but in most species they are borne singly on a tall peduncle.

Scabiosa species and varieties differ in the colours of their flowers, but most are soft lavender blue, lilac or creamy white.

Taxonomy

[edit]
Scabiosa atropurpurea subsp. maritima
Pincushion flower, Scabiosa triandra
Cream scabiousm, Scabiosa ochroleuca

It was first published in Species Plantarum on page 98 in 1753.[5]

Species

[edit]

As accepted by Plants of the World Online;[5]

Distribution

[edit]

Members of this genus are native to Africa, Europe and Asia. Some species of Scabiosa, notably small scabious (S. columbaria) and Mediterranean sweet scabious (S. atropurpurea) have been developed into cultivars for gardeners.

In 1782, a mysterious pale yellow scabious, called "Scabiosa trenta", was described by Belsazar Hacquet, an Austrian physician, botanist, and mountaineer, in his work Plantae alpinae Carniolicae. It became a great source of inspiration for later botanists and mountaineers discovering the Julian Alps, especially Julius Kugy. The Austrian botanist Anton Kerner von Marilaun later proved Belsazar Hacquet had not found a new species, but a specimen of the already known submediterranean Cephalaria leucantha.[6]

They are found in various habitats such as Scabiosa solymica (formerly named Lomelosia solymica), which is a chasmophyte (a plant adapted to growing in crevices or hollows) of montane, sea facing cliffs of the Tahtalı Dağı (mountain) in the western Taurus Mountains, south of Antalya, Turkey.[7]

Ecology

[edit]

Scabious flowers are nectar rich and attractive to many insects including butterflies and moths such as the six-spot burnet. Scabiosa species are food plants for the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera such as the grey pug moth.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Scabiosa L. Archived 2023-05-29 at the Wayback Machine Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ^ "Scabiosa", The Plant List (version 1.1), archived from the original on 4 February 2019, retrieved 19 September 2014
  4. ^ Umberto Quattrocchi CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms ... (1999), p. 239, at Google Books
  5. ^ a b "Scabiosa L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  6. ^ Nada Praprotnik. "Trenta Scabious (Scabiosa Trenta)". Republic of Slovenia: Government Communications Office. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
  7. ^ Parolly, G.; Eren, Ö.; Nordt, B. (2005). "Lomelosia solymica (Dipsacaceae), a new chasmophyte from the Western Taurus Mts, Turkey". Willdenowia. 35: 107–115. doi:10.3372/wi.35.35108. ISSN 0511-9618.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scabiosa&oldid=1229879205"