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{{Distinguish|Khorezmian language (Turkic)}}
{{Short description|Extinct Eastern Iranian language of Central Asia}}
{{Distinguish|Khorezmian Turkic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name = Khwārezmian
| name = Khwārezmian
| altname = Chorasmian
| altname = Chorasmian
| nativename = {{nq|𐾳𐾲𐾲𐿋𐾲𐾲𐾽𐾻}} {{nq|زڨاک ای خوارزم}}
| nativename = {{Script|Chrs|𐾸𐾲𐾰𐾻 𐾰𐾺 𐾹𐾶𐾰𐿂𐾺𐾸𐾽}} زڨاك ای خوارزم
| state = [[Khwarezm]]
| state = [[Khwarezm]]
| region = [[Central Asia]]
| region = [[Central Asia]]
Line 12: Line 13:
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian]]
| iso3 = xco
| iso3 = xco
| glotto = khwa1238
| glotto = khwa1238
| glottorefname = Khwarezmian
| glottorefname = Khwarezmian
| linglist = xco
| linglist = xco
| script = [[Aramaic alphabet]], [[Sogdian alphabet]], [[Pahlavi script]], [[Arabic script]]
| script = [[Khwarezmian_language#Writing_system|Chorasmian script]], [[Aramaic alphabet]], [[Sogdian alphabet]], [[Pahlavi script]], [[Arabic script]]
}}
}}


'''Khwārezmian''' (Khwarezmian: {{nq|{{lang|xco|زڨاک ای خوارزم|transl=zβ'k 'y xw'rzm}}}}, ''zβ'k 'y xw'rzm'';<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ChwarezmischerWorterindex|title=Chwarezmischer Wortindex|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ChwarezmischerWorterindex/page/n691 686], 711}}</ref> also transliterated Khwarazmian, Chorasmian, Khorezmian) is an extinct [[Eastern Iranian languages|East Iranian language]]<ref>''Encyclopedia Iranica'', "The Chorasmian Language", D.N.Mackenzie. Online access at June, 2011: [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii]</ref><ref>[[Andrew Dalby]], ''Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages'', Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278.</ref><ref>MacKenzie, D. N. "Khwarazmian Language and Literature," in E. Yarshater ed. ''Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol. III, Part 2, Cambridge 1983, pp. 1244–1249.</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293577/Iranian-languages ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Iranian languages"] (Retrieved 29 December 2008)</ref> closely related to [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]]. The language was spoken in the area of [[Khwarezm]] (Chorasmia), centered in the lower [[Amu Darya]] south of the [[Aral Sea]] (the northern part of the modern [[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]] and the adjacent areas of [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]).
'''Khwārezmian''' (Khwarezmian: {{lang|xco|زڨاک‌ای خوارزم|transl=zβ'k 'y xw'rzm}}, ''zβ'k 'y xw'rzm'';<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ChwarezmischerWorterindex|title=Chwarezmischer Wortindex|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ChwarezmischerWorterindex/page/n691 686], 711}}</ref> also transliterated '''Khwarazmian''', '''Chorasmian''', '''Khorezmian''') is an extinct [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern Iranian language]]<ref>D. N. Mackenzie. "[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii The Chorasmian Language]" In: ''[[Encyclopedia Iranica]]''. Online access at June, 2011.</ref><ref>[[Andrew Dalby]], ''Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages'', Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278.</ref><ref>MacKenzie, D. N. "Khwarazmian Language and Literature," in E. Yarshater ed. ''Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol. III, Part 2, Cambridge 1983, pp. 1244–1249.</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293577/Iranian-languages ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Iranian languages"] (Retrieved 29 December 2008)</ref> closely related to [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]]. The language was spoken in the area of [[Khwarezm]] (Chorasmia), centered in the lower [[Amu Darya]] south of the [[Aral Sea]] (the northern part of the modern [[Uzbekistan|Republic of Uzbekistan]] and the adjacent areas of [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]).


Knowledge of Khwarezmian is limited to its Middle Iranian stage and, as with Sogdian, little is known of its ancient form. From the writings of the great Khwarezmian scholars, [[Al-Biruni]] and [[Zamakhshari]], we know that the language was in use at least until the 13th century, when it was gradually replaced by [[Persian language|Persian]] for the most part, as well as several dialects of Turkic.<ref name="Iranica">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language]</ref>
Knowledge of Khwarezmian is limited to its Middle Iranian stage and, as with Sogdian, little is known of its ancient form. Based on the writings of Khwarezmian scholars [[Al-Biruni]] and [[Zamakhshari]], the language was in use at least until the 13th century, when it was gradually replaced by [[Persian language|Persian]] for the most part, as well as several dialects of Turkic.<ref name="Iranica">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-iii CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language]</ref>


Other than the [[astronomy|astronomical]] terms used by al-Biruni, our other sources of Khwarezmian include [[Zamakhshari]]'s [[Arabic]]–[[Persian language|Persian]]–Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms and quotations to explain certain legal concepts, most notably the Qunyat al-Munya of Mukhtār al-Zāhidī al-Ghazmīnī (d. 1259/60).<ref name="Iranica" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsEnXesCb6AC|title=The Khwarezmian Element in the Qunyat Al-munya|last=MacKenzie|first=D. N.|date=1990|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780728601611|language=en}}</ref>
Sources of Khwarezmian include astronomical terms used by al-Biruni, Zamakhshari's [[Arabic]]–[[Persian language|Persian]]–Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms and quotations to explain certain legal concepts, most notably the Qunyat al-Munya of Mukhtār al-Zāhidī al-Ghazmīnī (d. 1259/60).<ref name="Iranica" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsEnXesCb6AC|title=The Khwarezmian Element in the Qunyat Al-munya|last=MacKenzie|first=D. N.|date=1990|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780728601611|language=en}}</ref>


The noted scholar [[W.B. Henning]] was preparing a dictionary of Khwarezmian when he died, leaving it unfinished. A fragment of this dictionary was published posthumously by D.N. MacKenzie in 1971.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWNiAAAAMAAJ|title=A fragment of a Khwarezmian dictionary|last1=Henning|first1=Walter Bruno|last2=MacKenzie|first2=D. N.|date=1971|publisher=Lund Humphries|isbn=9780853312925|language=en}}</ref>
The noted scholar [[W.B. Henning]] was preparing a dictionary of Khwarezmian when he died, leaving it unfinished. A fragment of this dictionary was published posthumously by D.N. MacKenzie in 1971.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWNiAAAAMAAJ|title=A fragment of a Khwarezmian dictionary|last1=Henning|first1=Walter Bruno|last2=MacKenzie|first2=D. N.|date=1971|publisher=Lund Humphries|isbn=9780853312925|language=en}}</ref>
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{{Infobox writing system
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Chorasmian
| name = Chorasmian
| qid = Q72386710
| altname = <!-- 2ary name -->
| altname = <!-- 2ary name -->
| type =
| type =
Line 48: Line 50:
| note = none
| note = none
}}
}}
Before the advance of [[Islam]] in [[Transoxiana]] (early 8th century), Khwarezmian was written in a script close to that of Sogdian and [[Pahlavi script|Pahlavi]] with its roots in the imperial [[Aramaic script]]. From the few surviving examples of this script on coins and artifacts, it has been observed that written Khwarezmian included Aramaic [[logograms]] or [[ideograms]], that is Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones e.g.
Before the advance of [[Islam]] in [[Transoxiana]] (early 8th century), Khwarezmian was written in a script close to that of Sogdian and [[Pahlavi script|Pahlavi]] with its roots in the [[Imperial Aramaic script]]. From the few surviving examples of this script on coins and artifacts, it has been observed that written Khwarezmian included Aramaic [[logograms]] or [[ideograms]], that is Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones e.g.
𐡔𐡍𐡕 (ŠNT) for سرذ, ''sarδ'', "year", 𐡍𐡐𐡔𐡉 (NPŠY) for خداك, ''xudāk'', "self" and 𐡌𐡋𐡊𐡀 (MLK') for اى شاه, ''ī šah'', "the king".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18010r-khwarezmian.pdf|title=Proposal to encode the Khwarezmian script in Unicode|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman|url-status=live}}</ref>
𐡔𐡍𐡕 (ŠNT) for سرذ, ''sarδ'', "year", 𐡍𐡐𐡔𐡉 (NPŠY) for خداك, ''xudāk'', "self" and 𐡌𐡋𐡊𐡀 (MLK') for اى شاه, ''ī šah'', "the king".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18010r-khwarezmian.pdf|title=Proposal to encode the Khwarezmian script in Unicode|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Letter
!colspan="2"|Sound Value
!rowspan="2" style="font-size: smaller;"| Imperial Aramaic<br />equivalent
!rowspan="2" style="font-size: smaller;"| Phoenician<br />equivalent
|-
! style="font-size: smaller;"| Name
! style="font-size: smaller;"| '''Unicode'''
! style="font-size: smaller;"| Transliteration
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Aleph]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾰}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|ʾ}}''
|/{{IPAblink|ʔ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡀}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤀}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Bet (letter)|Bet]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾲}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|b}}''
|/{{IPAblink|b}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡁}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤁}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Gimel]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾳}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|g}}''
|/{{IPAblink|ɡ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡂}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤂}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Dalet]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾴}}
|{{transliteration|xco|d}}
|/{{IPAblink|d}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡃}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤃}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[He (letter)|He]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾵}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|h}}''
|/{{IPAblink|h}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡄}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤄}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Waw (letter)|Waw]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾶}}
|{{transliteration|xco|w}}
|/{{IPAblink|w}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡅}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤅}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Zayin]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾸}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|z}}''
|/{{IPAblink|z}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡆}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤆}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Heth]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾹}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|ḥ}}''
|/{{IPAblink|ħ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡇}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤇}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Yodh]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾺}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|y}}''
|/{{IPAblink|j}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡉}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤉}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Kaph]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾻}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|k}}''
|/{{IPAblink|k}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡊}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤊}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Lamedh]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾼}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|l}}''
|/{{IPAblink|l}}
|{{lang|arc|𐡋}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤋}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Mem]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾽}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|m}}''
|/{{IPAblink|m}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡌}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤌}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Nun (letter)|Nun]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾾}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|n}}''
|/{{IPAblink|n}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡍}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤍}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Samekh]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐾿}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|s}}''
|/{{IPAblink|s}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡎}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤎}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Ayin]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿀}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|ʿ}}''
|/{{IPAblink|ʕ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡏}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤏}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Pe (Semitic letter)|Pe]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿁}}
|{{transliteration|xco|p}}
|/{{IPAblink|p}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡐}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤐}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Resh]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿂}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|r}}''
|/{{IPAblink|r}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡓}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤓}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Shin (letter)|Shin]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿃}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|š}}''
|/{{IPAblink|ʃ}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡔}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤔}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
|{{transliteration|sem|[[Taw]]}}
|{{Lang|xco|𐿄}}
|''{{transliteration|xco|t}}''
|/{{IPAblink|t}}/
|{{lang|arc|𐡕}}
|{{script|Phnx|𐤕}}
|}


After the advance of Islam, Khwarezmian was written using an adapted version of the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic alphabet]] with a few extra signs to reflect specific Khwarezmian sounds, such as the letter <span style="font-size:125%;">'''څ'''</span> which represents /ts/ and /dz/, as in the traditional [[Pashto]] orthography.<ref>THE KHWAREZMIAN GLOSSARY—I, D. N. MacKenzie [http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Khwarazmi/khwarezmiangl1.pdf Link]</ref>
After the advance of Islam, Khwarezmian was written using an adapted version of the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic alphabet]] with a few extra signs to reflect specific Khwarezmian sounds, such as the letter <span style="font-size:125%;">'''څ'''</span> which represents /ts/ and /dz/, as in the traditional [[Pashto]] orthography.<ref>THE KHWAREZMIAN GLOSSARY—I, D. N. MacKenzie [http://www.azargoshnasp.net/languages/Khwarazmi/khwarezmiangl1.pdf Link]</ref>
Line 75: Line 223:


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
{{refbegin}}
;The Khwarezmian Glossary:
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--I |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=33 |issue=3 |date=1970 |pages=540–59 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00126552 |jstor=614521}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--II |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=34 |issue=1 |date=1971 |pages=74–90 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00141588 |jstor=614624}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--III |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=34 |issue=2 |date=1971 |pages=314–30 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00129568 |jstor=612694}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--IV |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=34 |issue=3 |date=1971 |pages=521–37 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00128526 |jstor=613900}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=D. N. |title=The Khwarezmian Glossary--V |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=35 |issue=1 |date=1972 |pages=56–73 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00107360 |jstor=612794}}.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Livshits |first=Vladimir |title=Three Silver Bowls from the Isakovka Burial-Ground No. 1 with Khwarezmian and Parthian Inscriptions |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |volume=9 |issue=1–2 |date=2003 |pages=147–172 |doi=10.1163/157005703322114874}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=Lurje |first=Pavel B. |date=2018 |title=Some New Readings of Chorasmian Inscriptions on Silver Vessels and Their Relevance to the Chorasmian Era |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |volume=24 |issue=1–2 |pages=279–306 |doi=10.1163/15700577-12341333}}.


==External links==
==External links==
Line 83: Line 245:


{{Iranian languages}}
{{Iranian languages}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Khwarezmian Language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khwarezmian Language}}
Line 91: Line 254:
[[Category:Languages attested from the 1st millennium]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 1st millennium]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 11th century]]
[[Category:Khwarazm]]

Latest revision as of 11:19, 3 July 2024

Not to be confused with Khorezmian Turkic.

Khwārezmian
Chorasmian
𐾸𐾲𐾰𐾻 𐾰𐾺 𐾹𐾶𐾰𐿂𐾺𐾸𐾽 زڨاك ای خوارزم
Native toKhwarezm
RegionCentral Asia
Era550 BCE – 1200 CE[1]
Chorasmian script, Aramaic alphabet, Sogdian alphabet, Pahlavi script, Arabic script
Language codes
ISO 639-3xco
xco
Glottologkhwa1238

Khwārezmian (Khwarezmian: زڨاک‌ای خوارزم, zβ'k 'y xw'rzm;[2] also transliterated Khwarazmian, Chorasmian, Khorezmian) is an extinct Eastern Iranian language[3][4][5][6] closely related to Sogdian. The language was spoken in the area of Khwarezm (Chorasmia), centered in the lower Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea (the northern part of the modern Republic of Uzbekistan and the adjacent areas of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan).

Knowledge of Khwarezmian is limited to its Middle Iranian stage and, as with Sogdian, little is known of its ancient form. Based on the writings of Khwarezmian scholars Al-Biruni and Zamakhshari, the language was in use at least until the 13th century, when it was gradually replaced by Persian for the most part, as well as several dialects of Turkic.[7]

Sources of Khwarezmian include astronomical terms used by al-Biruni, Zamakhshari's Arabic–Persian–Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms and quotations to explain certain legal concepts, most notably the Qunyat al-Munya of Mukhtār al-Zāhidī al-Ghazmīnī (d. 1259/60).[7][8]

The noted scholar W.B. Henning was preparing a dictionary of Khwarezmian when he died, leaving it unfinished. A fragment of this dictionary was published posthumously by D.N. MacKenzie in 1971.[9]

Writing system

[edit]
Chorasmian
DirectionRight-to-left script, top-to-bottom Edit this on Wikidata
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Chrs (109), ​Chorasmian
Unicode
Unicode alias
Chorasmian
U+10FB0–U+10FDF

Before the advance of Islam in Transoxiana (early 8th century), Khwarezmian was written in a script close to that of Sogdian and Pahlavi with its roots in the Imperial Aramaic script. From the few surviving examples of this script on coins and artifacts, it has been observed that written Khwarezmian included Aramaic logograms or ideograms, that is Aramaic words written to represent native spoken ones e.g. 𐡔𐡍𐡕 (ŠNT) for سرذ, sarδ, "year", 𐡍𐡐𐡔𐡉 (NPŠY) for خداك, xudāk, "self" and 𐡌𐡋𐡊𐡀 (MLK') for اى شاه, ī šah, "the king".[10]

Letter Sound Value Imperial Aramaic
equivalent 		Phoenician
equivalent
Name Unicode Transliteration IPA
Aleph 𐾰 ʾ /[ʔ]/ 𐡀 𐤀‎
Bet 𐾲 b /[b]/ 𐡁 𐤁‎
Gimel 𐾳 g /[ɡ]/ 𐡂 𐤂‎
Dalet 𐾴 d /[d]/ 𐡃 𐤃‎
He 𐾵 h /[h]/ 𐡄 𐤄‎
Waw 𐾶 w /[w]/ 𐡅 𐤅‎
Zayin 𐾸 z /[z]/ 𐡆 𐤆‎
Heth 𐾹 ḥ /[ħ]/ 𐡇 𐤇‎
Yodh 𐾺 y /[j]/ 𐡉 𐤉‎
Kaph 𐾻 k /[k]/ 𐡊 𐤊‎
Lamedh 𐾼 l /[l] 𐡋 𐤋‎
Mem 𐾽 m /[m]/ 𐡌 𐤌‎
Nun 𐾾 n /[n]/ 𐡍 𐤍‎
Samekh 𐾿 s /[s]/ 𐡎 𐤎‎
Ayin 𐿀 ʿ /[ʕ]/ 𐡏 𐤏‎
Pe 𐿁 p /[p]/ 𐡐 𐤐‎
Resh 𐿂 r /[r]/ 𐡓 𐤓‎
Shin 𐿃 š /[ʃ]/ 𐡔 𐤔‎
Taw 𐿄 t /[t]/ 𐡕 𐤕‎

After the advance of Islam, Khwarezmian was written using an adapted version of the Perso-Arabic alphabet with a few extra signs to reflect specific Khwarezmian sounds, such as the letter څ which represents /ts/ and /dz/, as in the traditional Pashto orthography.[11]

Unicode

[edit]
Main article: Chorasmian (Unicode block)

Khwarezmian script was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2020 with the release of version 13.0.

The Unicode block for Khwarezmian, called Chorasmian, is U+10FB0–U+10FDF:

Chorasmian[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+10FBx 𐾰 𐾱 𐾲 𐾳 𐾴 𐾵 𐾶 𐾷 𐾸 𐾹 𐾺 𐾻 𐾼 𐾽 𐾾 𐾿
U+10FCx 𐿀 𐿁 𐿂 𐿃 𐿄 𐿅 𐿆 𐿇 𐿈 𐿉 𐿊 𐿋
U+10FDx
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Khwārezmian at MultiTree on the Linguist List
  2. ^ Chwarezmischer Wortindex. pp. 686, 711.
  3. ^ D. N. Mackenzie. "The Chorasmian Language" In: Encyclopedia Iranica. Online access at June, 2011.
  4. ^ Andrew Dalby, Dictionary of Languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, Columbia University Press, 2004, pg 278.
  5. ^ MacKenzie, D. N. "Khwarazmian Language and Literature," in E. Yarshater ed. Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. III, Part 2, Cambridge 1983, pp. 1244–1249.
  6. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Iranian languages" (Retrieved 29 December 2008)
  7. ^ a b CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language
  8. ^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1990). The Khwarezmian Element in the Qunyat Al-munya. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780728601611.
  9. ^ Henning, Walter Bruno; MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). A fragment of a Khwarezmian dictionary. Lund Humphries. ISBN 9780853312925.
  10. ^ Pandey, Anshuman. "Proposal to encode the Khwarezmian script in Unicode" (PDF).
  11. ^ THE KHWAREZMIAN GLOSSARY—I, D. N. MacKenzie Link

Literature

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The Khwarezmian Glossary
  • MacKenzie, D. N. (1970). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--I". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 33 (3). University of London: 540–59. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00126552. JSTOR 614521..
  • MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--II". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 34 (1). University of London: 74–90. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00141588. JSTOR 614624..
  • MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--III". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 34 (2). University of London: 314–30. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00129568. JSTOR 612694..
  • MacKenzie, D. N. (1971). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--IV". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 34 (3). University of London: 521–37. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00128526. JSTOR 613900..
  • MacKenzie, D. N. (1972). "The Khwarezmian Glossary--V". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 35 (1). University of London: 56–73. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00107360. JSTOR 612794..

Further reading

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  • Livshits, Vladimir (2003). "Three Silver Bowls from the Isakovka Burial-Ground No. 1 with Khwarezmian and Parthian Inscriptions". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 9 (1–2): 147–172. doi:10.1163/157005703322114874..
  • Lurje, Pavel B. (2018). "Some New Readings of Chorasmian Inscriptions on Silver Vessels and Their Relevance to the Chorasmian Era". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia. 24 (1–2): 279–306. doi:10.1163/15700577-12341333..
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