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{{Short description|Stringed instrument}}
⚫
[[File:Cobza1.gif|thumb|right|Cobza]]
{{Distinguish|Kobza}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox Instrument
| name = ''Cobza''
| names = ''Koboz''
| image = Kobza_001.jpg
| image_size = 150
| background = string
| classification = *[[Lute|Necked bowl lutes]]
*[[String instruments]]
| hornbostel_sachs = 321.321-6
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Composite [[chordophone]] sounded with a [[plectrum]]
| related = {{collapsible list|
* [[Barbat (lute)]]
* [[Baglamas|Baglamadaki]]
* [[Bağlama]]
* [[Biwa]]
* [[Bouzouki]]
* [[Dombra]]
* [[Domra]]
* [[Dutar]]
* [[Lavta]]
* [[Lute]]
* [[Mandocello]]
* [[Mandola]]
* [[Mandolin]]
* [[Oud]]
* [[Pipa]]
* [[Qanbus]]
}}
}}
⚫
The '''''cobza''''' (also ''cobsa'', ''cobuz'', ''koboz'') is a multi-[[stringed instrument]] of the [[lute]] family of folk origin popular in the [[Romania]]n, [[Moldova|Moldovan]] and contemporary [[Hungarian folk music|Hungarian]] folk music. It is considered the oldest [[accompaniment]] instrument in the region comprising Romania and Moldova. Its usage in Hungary is linked with the [[Táncház]] movement of the late 20th century.


⚫
It is distinct from the Ukrainian [[Kobza]], an instrument of different construction and origin.<ref>Gregory F. Barz, Timothy J. Cooley (eds.) (1997), ''Shadows in the Field: New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology'', Oxford University Press, New York, p. 187</ref>
⚫
The '''cobza''' (also '''cobsa''', '''kobuza''', '''kobuz''', '''coboz''' or '''koboz''') is a multi-stringed instrument of the lute family of folk origin popular in [[Romania]]n and [[Moldova]]n folklore (it is considered the oldest [[accompaniment]] instrument in the region). It is also used in the [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] folk music revival.


== Overview ==
⚫
It is distinct from the Ukrainian [[kobza]], an instrument of a different construction and origin.<ref>Gregory F. Barz, Timothy J. Cooley (eds.) (1997), ''Shadows in the Field: New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology'', Oxford University Press, New York, p. 187</ref>
⚫
[[File:Cobza1.gif|thumb|Old peasant Cobza from Northern Romania.]]
⚫
The Romanian Cobza is metal-strung (although modern nylon-strung models exist, mostly in Hungary), and has a very short neck without [[fret]]s (although a newer fretted cobza can be found in the Republic of Moldova),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoniuimaterial.md/ro/pagini/registrul-chestionare-privind-inventarierea-%C8%99i-cercetarea-elementelor-patrimoniului-cultural/cobza|title=Cobza - Patrimoniul cultural imaterial al Republicii Moldova|website=www.patrimoniuimaterial.md}}</ref> with a bent-back [[pegbox]]. The back is ribbed. It is usually double or triple strung, and often has a characteristic flat end clasp.


[[File:COBZA2.JPG|thumb|right|Modern cobza]]
[[File:Dusepocobza.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Modern Cobza being played as an Oud, with a long thin plectrum.|alt=]]
⚫
The Cobza is played with a [[plectrum]] (traditionally, a goose feather) in elaborate and florid melodic passagework, and has a pick-guard similar to that of an [[oud]]. Its strings are widely spaced at the bridge to facilitate this technique. It has a soft tone, most often tuned to D-A-D-G (although tuning depends on style, region and player).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koboz.hu|title=Moldvai csángó népzene és régi zene -|website=www.koboz.hu}}</ref>
[[Image:Dusepocobza.jpg|thumb|right|Cobza by Jo Dusepo, being played with a long thin plectrum]]


⚫
The origins of the Romanian Cobza are thought to be a local adaptation of the Persian [[barbat (lute)|barbat]] or Turkish [[oud]], probably brought to the area by itinerant [[Romani people|Romani]] musicians in the 15th century<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.campin.me.uk/Music/Cobza/ |title=The Romanian Cobza |publisher=Campin.me.uk |date=2016-01-08 |accessdate=2018-04-20}}</ref> (a Rom/Romani musician is called [[lăutar]], literally lute-player). A Cobza player specifically is called a "cobzar".<ref>[[Viorel Cosma]] (1960), ''Figuri de Lautari'', Musical Printing House, Bucharest, p. 230</ref> Notable Cobza players were Ion Păturică, Ion Zlotea, Marin Cotoanță, Grigore Kiazim (from [[Wallachia]]), Nicolae Păsnicuțu and Constantin Negel (from [[Moldavia]]).


⚫
It is said that the Cobza was also played in the 19th century by Jewish musicians from [[Moldavia]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinayekapelye.com/jmschwartz.htm|title=Jewish Musicians in Moldavia|website=www.dinayekapelye.com|access-date=2017-01-10|archive-date=2018-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627020952/http://www.dinayekapelye.com/jmschwartz.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It seems that Cobza was also used in various music ensembles in the [[Bukovina]] region in the mid-war periods, being replaced totally by the [[mandolin]] and 4 stringed [[domra]] when the north of this area became incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR.<ref>Mizynec, V. - Folk Instruments of Ukraine. Bayda Books, Melbourne, Australia, 1987 - 48с.</ref>
⚫
The Romanian cobza is metal-strung (although nylon-strung models exist, mostly in Hungary), and has a very short neck without [[fret]]s (although a newer fretted cobza can be found in the Republic of Moldavia),<ref>http://www.patrimoniuimaterial.md/ro/pagini/registrul-chestionare-privind-inventarierea-%C8%99i-cercetarea-elementelor-patrimoniului-cultural/cobza</ref> with a bent-back [[pegbox]]. The back is ribbed. It is usually double or triple strung, and often has a characteristic flat end clasp.


The name of the instrument may come from the Turkic "[[kopuz]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/|title=The Stringed Instrument Database: Index|website=stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com}}</ref>
⚫
The cobza is played with a [[plectrum]] (traditionally, a goose feather) in elaborate and florid melodic passagework, and has a pick-guard similar to that of an [[oud]]. Its strings are widely spaced at the bridge to facilitate this technique. It has a soft tone, most often tuned to D-A-D-G (although tuning depends per style, region and player).<ref>http://www.koboz.hu</ref>

⚫
The origins of the Romanian cobza are thought to be a local adaptation of the Persian [[barbat (lute)|barbat]] or Turkish [[oud]], probably brought to the area by itinerant [[Romani people|Romani]] musicians in the 15th century<ref>http://www.campin.me.uk/Music/Cobza/</ref> (a Romani musician is called [[lăutar]], literally lute-player). A cobza player specifically is called a [[cobzar]].<ref>Viorel Cosma (1960), ''Figuri de Lautari'', Musical Printing House, Bucharest, p. 230</ref> Notable cobza players are [[Ion Păturică]], [[Ion Zlotea]], [[Marin Cotoanță]], [[Grigore Kiazim]] (from [[Wallachia]]), [[Nicolae Păsnicuțu]] and [[Constantin Negel]] (from [[Moldavia]]).

⚫
The cobza was also played in the 19th Century by Jewish musicians from [[Moldova]] region.<ref>http://www.dinayekapelye.com/jmschwartz.htm</ref> Cobza was also used by Ukrainian musicians in various music ensembles in the [[Bukovyna]] region in the mid war periods, being replaced totally by the [[mandolin]] and 4 stringed [[domra]] when this area became incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR.<ref>Mizynec, V. - Folk Instruments of Ukraine. Bayda Books, Melbourne, Australia, 1987 - 48с.</ref>

The name of the instrument comes from the Turkic "[[kopuz]]".
<ref>http://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/</ref>


==References==
==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons cat|Cobza}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4Po6w4g7cw Cobza solo - Marin Cotoanță]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4Po6w4g7cw Cobza solo - Marin Cotoanță]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsdu56fDdXQ Countryside built Cobza recording]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsdu56fDdXQ Countryside built Cobza recording]
Line 30: Line 58:
*[http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~rgarfias/sound-recordings/romania-1977.html Robert Garfias - field recordings made in Romania during 1977]
*[http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~rgarfias/sound-recordings/romania-1977.html Robert Garfias - field recordings made in Romania during 1977]
*[http://carmentis.kmkg-mrah.be/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&lang=nl&objectId=117867 A Romanian Cobza in Museum Collections]
*[http://carmentis.kmkg-mrah.be/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&lang=nl&objectId=117867 A Romanian Cobza in Museum Collections]
*[http://www.mimo-international.com/MIMO/doc/IFD/URN_REPOX_KMKG_BE_MIM_RMAH_117917_NL/cobzaAnother Romanian Cobza in Museum Collections]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170112185443/http://www.mimo-international.com/MIMO/doc/IFD/URN_REPOX_KMKG_BE_MIM_RMAH_117917_NL/cobzaAnother Romanian Cobza in Museum Collections]
*[http://www.imgrum.net/media/1022581021549634035_2118950359 Romanian Cobza from Horniman Museum - on the left]
*[http://www.imgrum.net/media/1022581021549634035_2118950359 Romanian Cobza from Horniman Museum - on the left]
* http://www.koboziskola.hu/
* http://www.koboziskola.hu/


{{Lute}}


[[Category:Necked bowl lutes]]
[[Category:Necked bowl lutes]]

Latest revision as of 10:20, 5 July 2024

Not to be confused with Kobza.

Cobza
String instrument
Other namesKoboz
Classification
Hornbostel–Sachs classification321.321-6
(Composite chordophone sounded with a plectrum)
Related instruments
List

The cobza (also cobsa, cobuz, koboz) is a multi-stringed instrument of the lute family of folk origin popular in the Romanian, Moldovan and contemporary Hungarian folk music. It is considered the oldest accompaniment instrument in the region comprising Romania and Moldova. Its usage in Hungary is linked with the Táncház movement of the late 20th century.

It is distinct from the Ukrainian Kobza, an instrument of different construction and origin.[1]

Overview

[edit]
Old peasant Cobza from Northern Romania.

The Romanian Cobza is metal-strung (although modern nylon-strung models exist, mostly in Hungary), and has a very short neck without frets (although a newer fretted cobza can be found in the Republic of Moldova),[2] with a bent-back pegbox. The back is ribbed. It is usually double or triple strung, and often has a characteristic flat end clasp.

Modern Cobza being played as an Oud, with a long thin plectrum.

The Cobza is played with a plectrum (traditionally, a goose feather) in elaborate and florid melodic passagework, and has a pick-guard similar to that of an oud. Its strings are widely spaced at the bridge to facilitate this technique. It has a soft tone, most often tuned to D-A-D-G (although tuning depends on style, region and player).[3]

The origins of the Romanian Cobza are thought to be a local adaptation of the Persian barbat or Turkish oud, probably brought to the area by itinerant Romani musicians in the 15th century[4] (a Rom/Romani musician is called lăutar, literally lute-player). A Cobza player specifically is called a "cobzar".[5] Notable Cobza players were Ion Păturică, Ion Zlotea, Marin Cotoanță, Grigore Kiazim (from Wallachia), Nicolae Păsnicuțu and Constantin Negel (from Moldavia).

It is said that the Cobza was also played in the 19th century by Jewish musicians from Moldavia region.[6] It seems that Cobza was also used in various music ensembles in the Bukovina region in the mid-war periods, being replaced totally by the mandolin and 4 stringed domra when the north of this area became incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR.[7]

The name of the instrument may come from the Turkic "kopuz".[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gregory F. Barz, Timothy J. Cooley (eds.) (1997), Shadows in the Field: New Perspectives for Fieldwork in Ethnomusicology, Oxford University Press, New York, p. 187
  2. ^ "Cobza - Patrimoniul cultural imaterial al Republicii Moldova". www.patrimoniuimaterial.md.
  3. ^ "Moldvai csángó népzene és régi zene -". www.koboz.hu.
  4. ^ "The Romanian Cobza". Campin.me.uk. 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  5. ^ Viorel Cosma (1960), Figuri de Lautari, Musical Printing House, Bucharest, p. 230
  6. ^ "Jewish Musicians in Moldavia". www.dinayekapelye.com. Archived from the original on 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
  7. ^ Mizynec, V. - Folk Instruments of Ukraine. Bayda Books, Melbourne, Australia, 1987 - 48с.
  8. ^ "The Stringed Instrument Database: Index". stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com.
[edit]
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