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{{Italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey
| name = ''Raoultella planticola''
| name = ''Raoultella planticola''
| image =Raoultella planticola on Citrate agar.jpg
| image = Raoultella planticola on Citrate agar.jpg
| domain = [[Bacteria]]
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Pseudomonadota]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = [[Gammaproteobacteria]]
| classis = [[Gammaproteobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Enterobacterales]]
| ordo = [[Enterobacterales]]
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[[File:Raoultella planticola MacConkey colonies 32.jpg|thumb|''Raoultella planticola'' on [[MacConkey agar]], showing a positive result (the microorganism has the ability to degrade lactose, which is detected by the pH indicator neutral red). The technique of the [[Streaking (microbiology)|streaking]] is done by using 13 streaks.]]
[[File:Raoultella planticola MacConkey colonies 32.jpg|thumb|''Raoultella planticola'' on [[MacConkey agar]], showing a positive result (the microorganism has the ability to degrade lactose, which is detected by the pH indicator neutral red). The technique of the [[Streaking (microbiology)|streaking]] is done by using 13 streaks.]]


'''''Raoultella planticola''''' is a [[Gram-negative]]<ref name=bagley>{{cite journal|last1=Bagley|first1=Susan T.|last2=Seidler|first2=Ramon J.|last3=Brenner|first3=Don J.|title=Klebsiella planticola sp. nov.: A new species of enterobacteriaceae found primarily in nonclinical environments|journal=Current Microbiology|date=March 1981|volume=6|issue=2|pages=105–109|doi=10.1007/BF01569013|s2cid=19935030}}</ref> [[bacterium]] of the [[genus]] ''[[Raoultella]]''.<ref name="Httpwwwcatalogueoflifeorgannualchecklistdetailsspeciesid" /><ref>[http://zipcodezoo.com/Bacteria/R/Raoultella_planticola/ Raoultella planticola]. Zipcodezoo.com (2009-04-06). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://data.gbif.org/species/13469050 Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal]. Data.gbif.org (2007-02-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13469050 Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal]. Data.gbif.org (2007-02-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=2558203 Namebank Record Detail]. Ubio.org (2005-09-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://www.nlbif.nl/species_details.php?name=Raoultella+planticola NLBIF : Raoultella planticola (Bagley et al. 1982) Drancourt et al. 2001]. Nlbif.nl. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://www.eol.org/pages/972639 Raoultella planticola - Encyclopedia of Life]. EOL. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref> ''R. planticola'' is quite similar in appearance to ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'' and must be identified based on growth habits or DNA analysis. A number of strains have been identified.<ref>[https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/575 Raoultella planticola (Klebsiella planticola)]. Uniprot.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://www.straininfo.net/taxa/3521 Raoultella planticola Taxon Passport]. StrainInfo. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref> ''R. planticola'' has been determined to have complicated at least one case of severe [[pancreatitis]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alves MS, Riley LW, Moreira BM |title=A case of severe pancreatitis complicated by ''Raoultella planticola'' infection |journal=J. Med. Microbiol. |volume=56 |issue=Pt 5 |pages=696–8 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17446297 |doi=10.1099/jmm.0.46889-0|doi-access=free }}</ref>
'''''Raoultella planticola''''' is a [[Gram-negative]]<ref name=bagley>{{cite journal|last1=Bagley|first1=Susan T.|last2=Seidler|first2=Ramon J.|last3=Brenner|first3=Don J.|title=Klebsiella planticola sp. nov.: A new species of enterobacteriaceae found primarily in nonclinical environments|journal=Current Microbiology|date=March 1981|volume=6|issue=2|pages=105–109|doi=10.1007/BF01569013|s2cid=19935030}}</ref> [[bacterium]] of the [[genus]] ''[[Raoultella]]''.<ref name="Httpwwwcatalogueoflifeorgannualchecklistdetailsspeciesid" /><ref>[http://zipcodezoo.com/Bacteria/R/Raoultella_planticola/ Raoultella planticola]. Zipcodezoo.com (2009-04-06). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://data.gbif.org/species/13469050 Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal]. Data.gbif.org (2007-02-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://data.gbif.org/species/browse/taxon/13469050 Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal]. Data.gbif.org (2007-02-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=2558203 Namebank Record Detail]. Ubio.org (2005-09-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://www.nlbif.nl/species_details.php?name=Raoultella+planticola NLBIF : Raoultella planticola (Bagley et al. 1982) Drancourt et al. 2001]. Nlbif.nl. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://www.eol.org/pages/972639 Raoultella planticola - Encyclopedia of Life]. EOL. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref> ''R. planticola'' is quite similar in appearance to ''[[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]'' and must be identified based on growth habits or DNA analysis. A number of strains have been identified.<ref>[https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/575 Raoultella planticola (Klebsiella planticola)]. Uniprot.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref><ref>[http://www.straininfo.net/taxa/3521 Raoultella planticola Taxon Passport] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722143445/http://www.straininfo.net/taxa/3521 |date=2011-07-22 }}. StrainInfo. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.</ref>

==Human infection==
Infections are rare, and mostly seen in [[immunocompromised]] patients.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.03.018 | pmid=28409111 | date=2017 | last1=Westerveld | first1=D. | last2=Hussain | first2=J. | last3=Aljaafareh | first3=A. | last4=Ataya | first4=A. | title=A Rare Case of Raoultella planticola Pneumonia: An Emerging Pathogen | journal=Respiratory Medicine Case Reports | volume=21 | pages=69–70 | pmc=5382143 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huynh |first1=Jessica |last2=Fleet |first2=Jamie |last3=Peng |first3=Jonathan |last4=La |first4=Julie |last5=Wyne |first5=Ahraaz |date=2018-09-06 |title=A clinical vignette on Raoultella planticola bacteremia |url=https://jammi.utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/jammi.2017-0005 |journal=Official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=137–140 |doi=10.3138/jammi.2017-0005 |issn=2371-0888}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Povlow |first1=Michael R |last2=Carrizosa |first2=Jaime |last3=Jones |first3=Adriana |date=2017-07-24 |title=Raoultella Planticola: Bacteremia and Sepsis in a Patient with Cirrhosis |journal=Cureus |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=e1508 |doi=10.7759/cureus.1508 |doi-access=free |pmid=28948128 |pmc=5608487 |issn=2168-8184}}</ref> ''R. planticola'' has been determined to have complicated at least one case of severe [[pancreatitis]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alves MS, Riley LW, Moreira BM |title=A case of severe pancreatitis complicated by ''Raoultella planticola'' infection |journal=J. Med. Microbiol. |volume=56 |issue=Pt 5 |pages=696–8 |date=May 2007 |pmid=17446297 |doi=10.1099/jmm.0.46889-0|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Strains==
==Strains==
A [[strain (biology)|strain]] of ''Raoultella planticola'', Cd-1 has been found which grows anaerobically at high aqueous [[cadmium]] concentrations and precipitates insoluble [[cadmium sulfide]]. This strain has been isolated from reducing salt marsh sediments and may be useful in [[bioremediation]] of cadmium from exposed soils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=P. K.|last2=Balkwill|first2=D. L.|last3=Frenkel|first3=A.|last4=Vairavamurthy|first4=M. A.|title=A New Klebsiella planticola Strain (Cd-1) Grows Anaerobically at High Cadmium Concentrations and Precipitates Cadmium Sulfide|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=1 July 2000|volume=66|issue=7|pages=3083–3087|doi=10.1128/AEM.66.7.3083-3087.2000|pmid=10877810|pmc=92115}}</ref>
A [[strain (biology)|strain]] of ''Raoultella planticola'', Cd-1 has been found which grows anaerobically at high aqueous [[cadmium]] concentrations and precipitates insoluble [[cadmium sulfide]]. This strain has been isolated from reducing salt marsh sediments and may be useful in [[bioremediation]] of cadmium from exposed soils.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=P. K.|last2=Balkwill|first2=D. L.|last3=Frenkel|first3=A.|last4=Vairavamurthy|first4=M. A.|title=A New Klebsiella planticola Strain (Cd-1) Grows Anaerobically at High Cadmium Concentrations and Precipitates Cadmium Sulfide|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=1 July 2000|volume=66|issue=7|pages=3083–3087|doi=10.1128/AEM.66.7.3083-3087.2000|pmid=10877810|pmc=92115|bibcode=2000ApEnM..66.3083S}}</ref>


== Taxonomic reclassification ==
== Taxonomic reclassification ==
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==Genetic modification==
==Genetic modification==


In the late 1980s ''R. planticola'' was genetically modified by inserting a [[plasmid]] from ''[[Zymomonas mobilis]]''. This plasmid codes for the enzyme [[pyruvate decarboxylase]] which, along with [[alcohol dehydrogenase]] already present in the bacteria allow it to produce [[ethanol]]. The bacteria already does produce ethanol when metabolizing hexoses and pentoses, but very inefficiently. ''R. planticola'' was chosen to receive this gene as it already had metabolic pathways to breakdown pentose sugars such as xylose, which is a main component of agricultural and forest residues.<ref name="tolan">{{cite journal|last1=Tolan|first1=JS|last2=Finn|first2=RK|title=Fermentation of d-Xylose to Ethanol by Genetically Modified Klebsiella planticola.|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=September 1987|volume=53|issue=9|pages=2039–44|doi=10.1128/AEM.53.9.2039-2044.1987|pmid=16347427|pmc=204054}}</ref><ref name=geneticeng>{{cite journal|last1=Feldmann|first1=Sigrun|last2=Sprenger|first2=Georg A.|last3=Sahm|first3=Hermann|title=Ethanol production from xylose with a pyruvate-formate-lyase mutant of Klebsiella planticola carrying a pyruvate-decarboxylase gene from Zymomonas mobilis|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|date=August 1989|volume=31|issue=2|pages=152–157|doi=10.1007/BF00262454|s2cid=29865373}}</ref> The results showed that the genetically modified strain could produce ethanol but were killed at concentrations of ethanol greater than 5%. The modified strain also produced more ethanol at lower pH (5.4) and ethanol production decreased as pH increased.<ref name="tolan" />
In the late 1980s ''R. planticola'' was genetically modified by inserting a [[plasmid]] from ''[[Zymomonas mobilis]]''. This plasmid codes for the enzyme [[pyruvate decarboxylase]] which, along with [[alcohol dehydrogenase]] already present in the bacteria allow it to produce [[ethanol]]. The bacteria already does produce ethanol when metabolizing hexoses and pentoses, but very inefficiently. ''R. planticola'' was chosen to receive this gene as it already had metabolic pathways to breakdown pentose sugars such as xylose, which is a main component of agricultural and forest residues.<ref name="tolan">{{cite journal|last1=Tolan|first1=JS|last2=Finn|first2=RK|title=Fermentation of d-Xylose to Ethanol by Genetically Modified Klebsiella planticola.|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=September 1987|volume=53|issue=9|pages=2039–44|doi=10.1128/AEM.53.9.2039-2044.1987|pmid=16347427|pmc=204054|bibcode=1987ApEnM..53.2039T}}</ref><ref name=geneticeng>{{cite journal|last1=Feldmann|first1=Sigrun|last2=Sprenger|first2=Georg A.|last3=Sahm|first3=Hermann|title=Ethanol production from xylose with a pyruvate-formate-lyase mutant of Klebsiella planticola carrying a pyruvate-decarboxylase gene from Zymomonas mobilis|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|date=August 1989|volume=31|issue=2|pages=152–157|doi=10.1007/BF00262454|s2cid=29865373}}</ref> The results showed that the genetically modified strain could produce ethanol but were killed at concentrations of ethanol greater than 5%. The modified strain also produced more ethanol at lower pH (5.4) and ethanol production decreased as pH increased.<ref name="tolan" />


In the early 1990s a biotech company set out to solve a problem: how to destroy crop residue safely. Some crops' residues harbor plant pathogens. Burning is occasionally used to destroy the residue and pathogens, but this is a fire hazard and can be dangerous for the environment. This company realized that, because ''R. planticola'' is an aggressive and abundant soil bacterium, it could be genetically modified to destroy crop residue and also create [[ethanol]].
In the early 1990s, a biotech company set out to solve a problem: how to destroy crop residue safely. Some crops' residues harbor plant pathogens. Burning is occasionally used to destroy the residue and pathogens, but this is a fire hazard and can be dangerous for the environment. This company realized that, because ''R. planticola'' is an aggressive and abundant soil bacterium, it could be genetically modified to destroy crop residue and also create [[ethanol]].


Testing of this process was originally limited to sterile soil. Ph.D. research conducted at [[Oregon State University]], supervised by [[Elaine Ingham]], obtained a sample of the [[genetically modified organism]] for assessing ecological effects through the German Institut für Biotechnologie and, testing it in non-sterile (ordinary) soil, found that the modified bacteria caused small amounts of alcohol in the soil.<ref name="thesis Holmes">{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Michael T |last=Holmes |title=Ecological assessment after the addition of genetically engineered Klebsiella planticola SDF20 into soil
Testing of this process was originally limited to sterile soil. Ph.D. research conducted at [[Oregon State University]], supervised by [[Elaine Ingham]], obtained a sample of the [[genetically modified organism]] for assessing ecological effects through the German Institut für Biotechnologie and, testing it in non-sterile (ordinary) soil, found that the modified bacteria caused small amounts of alcohol in the soil.<ref name="thesis Holmes">{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Michael T |last=Holmes |title=Ecological assessment after the addition of genetically engineered Klebsiella planticola SDF20 into soil
|publisher=Oregon State University |year=1995|hdl=1957/34510 }}</ref><ref name="Synth-Regen_18">{{cite magazine |title=Good Intentions and Engineering Organisms that Kill Wheat |author=Elaine Ingham |author-link=Elaine Ingham |url=http://www.greens.org/s-r/18/18-14.html |magazine=[[Synthesis/Regeneration]] |issue=18 |date=Winter 1999 |access-date=2015-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Effects of ''Klebsiella planticola'' SDF20 on soil biota and wheat growth in sandy soil |journal=Applied Soil Ecology |date=1999-01-03 |last1=Holmes |first1=M. T. |last2=Ingham |first2=E. R. |author-link2=Elaine Ingham |last3=Doyle |first3=J. D. |last4=Hendricks |first4=C. W. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00129-2 }}</ref> While this level is several hundred times lower than required to affect planth growth, this fact combined with the fact that ''R. planticola'' is already found growing in the root systems of all kinds of plants everywhere, sparked a doomsday myth.<ref name="San Fran U">>{{cite web|title=Klebsiella planticola—The Gene-Altered Monster That Almost Got Away|url=http://online.sfsu.edu/rone/GEessays/Klebsiellaplanticola.html|website=San Francisco State University|access-date=2015-11-24}}</ref><ref name="Synth-Regen_18"/>
|publisher=Oregon State University |year=1995|hdl=1957/34510 }}</ref><ref name="Synth-Regen_18">{{cite magazine |title=Good Intentions and Engineering Organisms that Kill Wheat |author=Elaine Ingham |author-link=Elaine Ingham |url=http://www.greens.org/s-r/18/18-14.html |magazine=[[Synthesis/Regeneration]] |issue=18 |date=Winter 1999 |access-date=2015-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Effects of ''Klebsiella planticola'' SDF20 on soil biota and wheat growth in sandy soil |journal=Applied Soil Ecology |date=1999-01-03 |last1=Holmes |first1=M. T. |last2=Ingham |first2=E. R. |author-link2=Elaine Ingham |last3=Doyle |first3=J. D. |last4=Hendricks |first4=C. W. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00129-2 |bibcode=1999AppSE..11...67H }}</ref> While this level is several hundred times lower than required to affect planth growth, this fact combined with the fact that ''R. planticola'' is already found growing in the root systems of all kinds of plants everywhere, sparked a doomsday myth.<ref name="San Fran U">{{cite web|title=Klebsiella planticola—The Gene-Altered Monster That Almost Got Away|url=http://online.sfsu.edu/rone/GEessays/Klebsiellaplanticola.html|website=San Francisco State University|access-date=2015-11-24}}</ref><ref name="Synth-Regen_18"/>


== Fallacy of GMO claims ==
== Fallacy of GMO claims ==
Dr Ingham claimed to a New Zealand Commission that "the likely effect of allowing the field trial [with the [[genetically modified bacterium|genetically modified bacteria]] in question] would have been to destroy terrestrial plants".<ref name="San Fran U"/><ref name="Synth-Regen_18"/><ref name="Nature_February_5_2021c">{{cite web |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0401_292 |title=New Zealand GMO debacle undermines green lobby |access-date= February 5, 2021}}</ref>
Dr Ingham claimed to a New Zealand Commission that "the likely effect of allowing the field trial [with the [[genetically modified bacterium|genetically modified bacteria]] in question] would have been to destroy terrestrial plants".<ref name="San Fran U"/><ref name="Synth-Regen_18"/><ref name="Nature_February_5_2021c">{{cite journal |title=New Zealand GMO debacle undermines green lobby |year=2001 |doi=10.1038/86618 |last1=Fletcher |first1=Liz |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=19 |issue=4 |page=292 |pmid=11283556 |s2cid=33027459 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Ingham's suggestion of a possibility of "worldwide plant death" attracted attention from the scientific community. However, they were unable to find any evidence that these claims had been submitted to scientific publication in a peer-reviewed journal, and no evidence was found to indicate the U.S. EPA or U.S. Dept. of Agriculture had reviewed or approved any trials for SDF20.<ref name="Nature_February_5_2021c"/><ref name="Scoop_February_5_2021c">{{cite web |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC0102/S00070.htm |title=Evidence in Rebuttal - Life Sciences Network |access-date= February 5, 2021}}</ref> Additionally, the SDF20 was found to have produced 20 micrograms per milliliter of alcohol in the soil which is several hundred times lower than that required to affect plant growth.
Ingham's suggestion of a possibility of "worldwide plant death" attracted attention from the scientific community. However, they were unable to find any evidence that these claims had been submitted to scientific publication in a peer-reviewed journal, and no evidence was found to indicate the U.S. EPA or U.S. Dept. of Agriculture had reviewed or approved any trials for SDF20.<ref name="Nature_February_5_2021c"/><ref name="Scoop_February_5_2021c">{{cite web |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC0102/S00070.htm |title=Evidence in Rebuttal - Life Sciences Network |access-date= February 5, 2021}}</ref> Additionally, the SDF20 was found to have produced 20 micrograms per milliliter of alcohol in the soil which is several hundred times lower than that required to affect plant growth.
<ref>{{cite web|last1=Porterfield|first1=Andrew|title=Did you hear about the GMO that almost destroyed all life?|url=https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/09/06/hear-gmo-almost-destroyed-life/|website=geneticliteracyproject.org|publisher=Genetic Literacy Project|access-date=6 September 2016|date=2016-09-06}}</ref><ref name="Scoop_February_5_2021c"/>
<ref>{{cite web|last1=Porterfield|first1=Andrew|title=Did you hear about the GMO that almost destroyed all life?|url=https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2016/09/06/hear-gmo-almost-destroyed-life/|website=geneticliteracyproject.org|publisher=Genetic Literacy Project|access-date=6 September 2016|date=2016-09-06}}</ref><ref name="Scoop_February_5_2021c"/>


Elaine Ingham has issued a public apology for submitting false claims about ecological impact of GMOs.
Elaine Ingham has issued a public apology for submitting false claims about ecological impact of GMOs.
<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=Liz|title=New Zealand GMO debacle undermines green lobby|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=19|issue=4|pages=292|publisher=Nature|doi=10.1038/86618|pmid=11283556|year=2001|s2cid=33027459}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=Liz|title=New Zealand GMO debacle undermines green lobby|journal=Nature Biotechnology|volume=19|issue=4|pages=292|publisher=Nature|doi=10.1038/86618|pmid=11283556|year=2001|s2cid=33027459|doi-access=free}}</ref>


The [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Green Party of New Zealand]] has issued a public apology for misleading statements and acknowledging that a cited research was never published.
The [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Green Party of New Zealand]] has issued a public apology for misleading statements and acknowledging that a cited research was never published.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aotearoa|first1=Green Party of|title=Amendment to evidence presented to the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Genetic Modification|url=http://www.gene.ch/gentech/2001/Mar/msg00013.html|website=gene.ch|access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aotearoa|first1=Green Party of|title=Amendment to evidence presented to the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Genetic Modification|url=http://www.gene.ch/gentech/2001/Mar/msg00013.html|website=gene.ch|access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref>


In the episode "[[The Pyramid at the End of the World]]" of the [[BBC]] television show [[Doctor Who]], the Doctor stops a genetically modified strain of ''R. planticola'' from causing a worldwide plant and animal die-off similar to the scenario that some scientists have speculated about.
In the episode "[[The Pyramid at the End of the World]]" of the [[BBC]] television show [[Doctor Who]], the Doctor stops a genetically modified strain of ''R. planticola'' from causing a worldwide plant and animal die-off similar to the scenario that some scientists have speculated about.
Line 59: Line 59:
*[http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2004/K_planticola.htm Klebsiella planticola]
*[http://web.mst.edu/~microbio/BIO221_2004/K_planticola.htm Klebsiella planticola]
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Monnet D, Freney J |title=Method for differentiating ''Klebsiella planticola'' and ''Klebsiella terrigena'' from other ''Klebsiella'' species |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1121–2 |date=April 1994 |doi=10.1128/JCM.32.4.1121-1122.1994 |pmid=8027329 |pmc=267203 |url=}}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Monnet D, Freney J |title=Method for differentiating ''Klebsiella planticola'' and ''Klebsiella terrigena'' from other ''Klebsiella'' species |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1121–2 |date=April 1994 |doi=10.1128/JCM.32.4.1121-1122.1994 |pmid=8027329 |pmc=267203 |url=}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1128/AEM.68.7.3462-3466.2002 |vauthors=Kanki M, Yoda T, Tsukamoto T, Shibata T |title=''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' produces no histamine: ''Raoultella planticola'' and ''Raoultella ornithinolytica'' strains are histamine producers |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=68 |issue=7 |pages=3462–6 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12089029 |pmc=126807}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1128/AEM.68.7.3462-3466.2002 |vauthors=Kanki M, Yoda T, Tsukamoto T, Shibata T |title=''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' produces no histamine: ''Raoultella planticola'' and ''Raoultella ornithinolytica'' strains are histamine producers |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=68 |issue=7 |pages=3462–6 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12089029 |pmc=126807|bibcode=2002ApEnM..68.3462K }}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


Latest revision as of 13:01, 7 July 2024

Raoultella planticola
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Enterobacterales
Family:
Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:
Raoultella
Species:
R. planticola
Binomial name
Raoultella planticola
Bagley et al. 1982[1]
Synonyms

Klebsiella planticola,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Klebsiella trevisanii[9]

Raoultella planticola on MacConkey agar, showing a positive result (the microorganism has the ability to degrade lactose, which is detected by the pH indicator neutral red). The technique of the streaking is done by using 13 streaks.

Raoultella planticola is a Gram-negative[10] bacterium of the genus Raoultella.[5][11][12][13][14][15][16] R. planticola is quite similar in appearance to Klebsiella pneumoniae and must be identified based on growth habits or DNA analysis. A number of strains have been identified.[17][18]

Human infection

[edit]

Infections are rare, and mostly seen in immunocompromised patients.[19][20][21] R. planticola has been determined to have complicated at least one case of severe pancreatitis.[22]

Strains

[edit]

A strain of Raoultella planticola, Cd-1 has been found which grows anaerobically at high aqueous cadmium concentrations and precipitates insoluble cadmium sulfide. This strain has been isolated from reducing salt marsh sediments and may be useful in bioremediation of cadmium from exposed soils.[23]

Taxonomic reclassification

[edit]

Raoultella planticola was formerly classified as part of the genus Klebsiella. It was reclassified along with several other Klebsiella species in 2001.[24]

Genetic modification

[edit]

In the late 1980s R. planticola was genetically modified by inserting a plasmid from Zymomonas mobilis. This plasmid codes for the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase which, along with alcohol dehydrogenase already present in the bacteria allow it to produce ethanol. The bacteria already does produce ethanol when metabolizing hexoses and pentoses, but very inefficiently. R. planticola was chosen to receive this gene as it already had metabolic pathways to breakdown pentose sugars such as xylose, which is a main component of agricultural and forest residues.[25][26] The results showed that the genetically modified strain could produce ethanol but were killed at concentrations of ethanol greater than 5%. The modified strain also produced more ethanol at lower pH (5.4) and ethanol production decreased as pH increased.[25]

In the early 1990s, a biotech company set out to solve a problem: how to destroy crop residue safely. Some crops' residues harbor plant pathogens. Burning is occasionally used to destroy the residue and pathogens, but this is a fire hazard and can be dangerous for the environment. This company realized that, because R. planticola is an aggressive and abundant soil bacterium, it could be genetically modified to destroy crop residue and also create ethanol.

Testing of this process was originally limited to sterile soil. Ph.D. research conducted at Oregon State University, supervised by Elaine Ingham, obtained a sample of the genetically modified organism for assessing ecological effects through the German Institut für Biotechnologie and, testing it in non-sterile (ordinary) soil, found that the modified bacteria caused small amounts of alcohol in the soil.[27][28][29] While this level is several hundred times lower than required to affect planth growth, this fact combined with the fact that R. planticola is already found growing in the root systems of all kinds of plants everywhere, sparked a doomsday myth.[30][28]

Fallacy of GMO claims

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Dr Ingham claimed to a New Zealand Commission that "the likely effect of allowing the field trial [with the genetically modified bacteria in question] would have been to destroy terrestrial plants".[30][28][31] Ingham's suggestion of a possibility of "worldwide plant death" attracted attention from the scientific community. However, they were unable to find any evidence that these claims had been submitted to scientific publication in a peer-reviewed journal, and no evidence was found to indicate the U.S. EPA or U.S. Dept. of Agriculture had reviewed or approved any trials for SDF20.[31][32] Additionally, the SDF20 was found to have produced 20 micrograms per milliliter of alcohol in the soil which is several hundred times lower than that required to affect plant growth. [33][32]

Elaine Ingham has issued a public apology for submitting false claims about ecological impact of GMOs. [34]

The Green Party of New Zealand has issued a public apology for misleading statements and acknowledging that a cited research was never published.[35]

In the episode "The Pyramid at the End of the World" of the BBC television show Doctor Who, the Doctor stops a genetically modified strain of R. planticola from causing a worldwide plant and animal die-off similar to the scenario that some scientists have speculated about.

References

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  1. ^ Namebank Record Detail. Ubio.org (2003-04-28). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  2. ^ Namebank Record Detail. Ubio.org (2005-09-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  3. ^ Taxonomy browser (Raoultella planticola). Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  4. ^ Klebsiella cf. planticola B43 - Encyclopedia of Life. EOL (2011-09-28). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  5. ^ a b "2010 Annual Checklist :: Species details". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
  6. ^ Namebank Record Detail. Ubio.org (2003-04-28). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  7. ^ Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal. Data.gbif.org (2007-02-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  8. ^ Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal. Data.gbif.org (2007-02-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  9. ^ Raoultella planticola. Thelabrat.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  10. ^ Bagley, Susan T.; Seidler, Ramon J.; Brenner, Don J. (March 1981). "Klebsiella planticola sp. nov.: A new species of enterobacteriaceae found primarily in nonclinical environments". Current Microbiology. 6 (2): 105–109. doi:10.1007/BF01569013. S2CID 19935030.
  11. ^ Raoultella planticola. Zipcodezoo.com (2009-04-06). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  12. ^ Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal. Data.gbif.org (2007-02-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  13. ^ Data Use Agreement - GBIF Portal. Data.gbif.org (2007-02-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  14. ^ Namebank Record Detail. Ubio.org (2005-09-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  15. ^ NLBIF : Raoultella planticola (Bagley et al. 1982) Drancourt et al. 2001. Nlbif.nl. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  16. ^ Raoultella planticola - Encyclopedia of Life. EOL. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  17. ^ Raoultella planticola (Klebsiella planticola). Uniprot.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  18. ^ Raoultella planticola Taxon Passport Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine. StrainInfo. Retrieved on 2011-10-21.
  19. ^ Westerveld, D.; Hussain, J.; Aljaafareh, A.; Ataya, A. (2017). "A Rare Case of Raoultella planticola Pneumonia: An Emerging Pathogen". Respiratory Medicine Case Reports. 21: 69–70. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.03.018. PMC 5382143. PMID 28409111.
  20. ^ Huynh, Jessica; Fleet, Jamie; Peng, Jonathan; La, Julie; Wyne, Ahraaz (2018-09-06). "A clinical vignette on Raoultella planticola bacteremia". Official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada. 3 (3): 137–140. doi:10.3138/jammi.2017-0005. ISSN 2371-0888.
  21. ^ Povlow, Michael R; Carrizosa, Jaime; Jones, Adriana (2017-07-24). "Raoultella Planticola: Bacteremia and Sepsis in a Patient with Cirrhosis". Cureus. 9 (7): e1508. doi:10.7759/cureus.1508. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 5608487. PMID 28948128.
  22. ^ Alves MS, Riley LW, Moreira BM (May 2007). "A case of severe pancreatitis complicated by Raoultella planticola infection". J. Med. Microbiol. 56 (Pt 5): 696–8. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.46889-0. PMID 17446297.
  23. ^ Sharma, P. K.; Balkwill, D. L.; Frenkel, A.; Vairavamurthy, M. A. (1 July 2000). "A New Klebsiella planticola Strain (Cd-1) Grows Anaerobically at High Cadmium Concentrations and Precipitates Cadmium Sulfide". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66 (7): 3083–3087. Bibcode:2000ApEnM..66.3083S. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.7.3083-3087.2000. PMC 92115. PMID 10877810.
  24. ^ Drancourt, M; Bollet, C; Carta, A; Rousselier, P (2001). "Phylogenetic analyses of Klebsiella species delineate Klebsiella And raoultella gen. nov., with description of Raoultella ornithinolytica comb. Nov., Raoultella terrigena comb. Nov. And Raoultella planticola comb. Nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (Pt 3): 925–32. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-3-925. PMID 11411716.
  25. ^ a b Tolan, JS; Finn, RK (September 1987). "Fermentation of d-Xylose to Ethanol by Genetically Modified Klebsiella planticola". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 53 (9): 2039–44. Bibcode:1987ApEnM..53.2039T. doi:10.1128/AEM.53.9.2039-2044.1987. PMC 204054. PMID 16347427.
  26. ^ Feldmann, Sigrun; Sprenger, Georg A.; Sahm, Hermann (August 1989). "Ethanol production from xylose with a pyruvate-formate-lyase mutant of Klebsiella planticola carrying a pyruvate-decarboxylase gene from Zymomonas mobilis". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 31 (2): 152–157. doi:10.1007/BF00262454. S2CID 29865373.
  27. ^ Holmes, Michael T (1995). Ecological assessment after the addition of genetically engineered Klebsiella planticola SDF20 into soil (Ph.D.). Oregon State University. hdl:1957/34510.
  28. ^ a b c Elaine Ingham (Winter 1999). "Good Intentions and Engineering Organisms that Kill Wheat". Synthesis/Regeneration. No. 18. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  29. ^ Holmes, M. T.; Ingham, E. R.; Doyle, J. D.; Hendricks, C. W. (1999-01-03). "Effects of Klebsiella planticola SDF20 on soil biota and wheat growth in sandy soil". Applied Soil Ecology. 11 (1): 67–78. Bibcode:1999AppSE..11...67H. doi:10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00129-2.
  30. ^ a b "Klebsiella planticola—The Gene-Altered Monster That Almost Got Away". San Francisco State University. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  31. ^ a b Fletcher, Liz (2001). "New Zealand GMO debacle undermines green lobby". Nature Biotechnology. 19 (4): 292. doi:10.1038/86618. PMID 11283556. S2CID 33027459.
  32. ^ a b "Evidence in Rebuttal - Life Sciences Network". Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  33. ^ Porterfield, Andrew (2016-09-06). "Did you hear about the GMO that almost destroyed all life?". geneticliteracyproject.org. Genetic Literacy Project. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  34. ^ Fletcher, Liz (2001). "New Zealand GMO debacle undermines green lobby". Nature Biotechnology. 19 (4). Nature: 292. doi:10.1038/86618. PMID 11283556. S2CID 33027459.
  35. ^ Aotearoa, Green Party of. "Amendment to evidence presented to the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Genetic Modification". gene.ch. Retrieved 6 October 2016.

Further reading

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