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The WECs are point-absorber buoys, with a direct-drive linear generator placed on the seabed, connected to a buoy at the surface via a line. The movements of the buoy drive the translator in the generator.<ref name="Lei">{{cite journal |author=Leijon, Mats |display-authors=etal |date=April 9, 2008 |title=Wave Energy from the North Sea: Experiences from the lysekil Research site |journal=Surveys in Geophysics |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=221–240 |bibcode=2008SGeo...29..221L |doi=10.1007/s10712-008-9047-x |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Mat">{{cite journal |author=Leijon, Mats |display-authors=etal |date=January–February 2009 |title=Catch the Wave to Electricity |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?SortField=Score&SortOrder=desc&ResultCount=25&maxdoc=100&coll1=ieeejrns&coll2=ieejrns&coll3=ieeecnfs&coll4=ieecnfs&coll5=ieeestds&coll6=preprint&coll7=books&coll8=modules&coll9=aip&srchres=0&history=yes&queryText=((Catch+the+wave+to+electricity)%3CIN%3Emetadata)&oldqrytext=((the+conversion+of+wave+motions+to+electricity)%3Cin%3Emetadata)&imageField.x=0&imageField.y=0&imageField=((the+conversion+of+wave+motions+to+electricity)%3Cin%3Emetadata)&radiobutton=cit |journal=IEEE Power & Energy Magazine |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=50–54 |doi=10.1109/MPE.2008.930658 |s2cid=10626155 |access-date=June 29, 2009}}</ref>
The WECs are point-absorber buoys, with a direct-drive linear generator placed on the seabed, connected to a buoy at the surface via a line. The movements of the buoy drive the translator in the generator.<ref name="Lei">{{cite journal |author=Leijon, Mats |display-authors=etal |date=April 9, 2008 |title=Wave Energy from the North Sea: Experiences from the lysekil Research site |journal=Surveys in Geophysics |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=221–240 |bibcode=2008SGeo...29..221L |doi=10.1007/s10712-008-9047-x |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Mat">{{cite journal |author=Leijon, Mats |display-authors=etal |date=January–February 2009 |title=Catch the Wave to Electricity |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?SortField=Score&SortOrder=desc&ResultCount=25&maxdoc=100&coll1=ieeejrns&coll2=ieejrns&coll3=ieeecnfs&coll4=ieecnfs&coll5=ieeestds&coll6=preprint&coll7=books&coll8=modules&coll9=aip&srchres=0&history=yes&queryText=((Catch+the+wave+to+electricity)%3CIN%3Emetadata)&oldqrytext=((the+conversion+of+wave+motions+to+electricity)%3Cin%3Emetadata)&imageField.x=0&imageField.y=0&imageField=((the+conversion+of+wave+motions+to+electricity)%3Cin%3Emetadata)&radiobutton=cit |journal=IEEE Power & Energy Magazine |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=50–54 |doi=10.1109/MPE.2008.930658 |s2cid=10626155 |access-date=June 29, 2009}}</ref>

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== Neptune Wave Engine ==
The Neptune Wave Engine has been developed by Neptune Equipment Corp. in [[Vancouver]], Canada since 2010, when they found they were not able to purchase a wave power system for their cottage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neptune Wave Energy History {{!}} Tethys Engineering |url=https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/publications/neptune-wave-energy-history |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov}}</ref>

Wave energy is captured with multiple float-pistons constrained to move vertically up and down piles, informally called "doughnut on a stick".<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-14 |title=Here’s how one Vancouver inventor is harnessing the power of the Georgia Strait (VIDEO) |url=https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/local-news/heres-how-one-vancouver-inventor-is-harnessing-the-power-of-the-georgia-strait-video-3777594 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Vancouver Is Awesome |language=en}}</ref> Reciprocation motion of float-piston is converted to one way rotation motion by patented direct-drive PTO with allows for power to be applied to generator from both the up and down strokes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.neptunewave.ca/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322224639/https://www.neptunewave.ca/history |archive-date=2023-03-22 |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=NeptuneWave.ca}}</ref> It has multiple point absorbers, and is designed to work near shore, in small waves, 0.1 to 5&nbsp;m (4 in. to 16&nbsp;ft.).

⚫
By 2017, five full-size test units had been deployed,<ref>{{Cite web |title=OES Annual Report 2017 &#124; OES - Ocean Energy Systems |url=https://report2017.ocean-energy-systems.org/ |website=report2017.ocean-energy-systems.org}}</ref> page 55. The sixth, deployed September 24–25, 2019 includes the "Vancouver Wave Energy Testing Station" for 3rd parties to verify with their own equipment that the corporation's claims for continuous "firm" electricity output and to verify how much electricity is output from waves of various sizes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wten21_Web |url=https://online.flowpaper.com/7ac10783/WTEN21WEB/#page=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2019 |title=Wave Energy Verification |url=https://online.flowpaper.com/7ac10783/WTEN21WEB/#page=6 |magazine=Wave & Tidal Energy Network |pages=5–6 |issue=21}}</ref>

In 2021, the latest version was tested, with a {{Convert|3|m|ft|0}} diameter, {{Convert|2|m|ft|0}} deep float that weighs 10&nbsp;tonnes. It is capable of producing up to 20&nbsp;kW, but has only ever produced 12&nbsp;kW and that was during a storm, typically it produces 1–4&nbsp;kW.<ref name=":8" />


== Zyba Renewables — CCell ==
== Zyba Renewables — CCell ==
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|A 2019 review of wave energy companies listed the development stage as closed.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Kaygusuz |first=Emre |last2=Soliman |first2=Ali Magdi Sayed |last3=Mutlu |first3=Huseyin |date=October 2019 |title=WAVE ENERGY: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF ESTABLISHED COMPANIES |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336279051_WAVE_ENERGY_A_GLOBAL_OVERVIEW_OF_THE_CURRENT_STATE_OF_ESTABLISHED_COMPANIES |conference=2nd Cilicia International Symposium on Engineering and Technology (CISET 2019) |via=Research Gate}}</ref>
|A 2019 review of wave energy companies listed the development stage as closed.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Kaygusuz |first=Emre |last2=Soliman |first2=Ali Magdi Sayed |last3=Mutlu |first3=Huseyin |date=October 2019 |title=WAVE ENERGY: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF ESTABLISHED COMPANIES |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336279051_WAVE_ENERGY_A_GLOBAL_OVERVIEW_OF_THE_CURRENT_STATE_OF_ESTABLISHED_COMPANIES |conference=2nd Cilicia International Symposium on Engineering and Technology (CISET 2019) |via=Research Gate}}</ref>
|-
⚫
|[[Neptune Wave Engine]]
|Neptune Equipment Corp.
|Vancouver Canada
|Multiple Point Absorbers
|Near Shore – Small 0.1 to 5 m Waves
|Direct Drive Mechanical PTO
|2010 Updated 2019
| align="left" | Wave energy is captured with multiple float-pistons constrained to move vertically up and down piles. Reciprocation motion of float-piston is converted to one way rotation motion by patented PTO with allows for power to be applied to generator from both the up and down strokes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neptunewave.ca/history|title = History}}</ref>
⚫
5 full size test units have been deployed,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://report2017.ocean-energy-systems.org/|title=OES Annual Report 2017 &#124; OES - Ocean Energy Systems|website=report2017.ocean-energy-systems.org}}</ref> page 55. The sixth, deployed September 24–25, 2019 includes the ″Vancouver Wave Energy Testing Station″ for 3rd parties to verify with their own equipment that the corporation's claims for continuous ″firm″ electricity output and to verify how much electricity is output from waves of various sizes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://online.flowpaper.com/7ac10783/WTEN21WEB/#page=6|title = Wten21_Web}}</ref>

The NeptuneWave.ca web site has many .PDF papers for download, such as: ″Neptune Wave Engine History – 11 years of development″; ″Wave Energy Primer – 9 Wave Energy Methods with Examples and Update of Top 10 WECs of 2014: Status in 2019″; ″Electricity Generation Plant Comparisons 2019″ (Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro Dam and Renewable Energy).
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neptunewave.ca/downloads|title=DOWNLOADS|website=neptunewave}}</ref>
|-
|-
|[[Ocean Grazer]]
|[[Ocean Grazer]]

Revision as of 16:16, 7 July 2024

For a list of active wave power stations, see List of wave power stations.
Main article: Wave power

This article contains a list of proposed and prototype wave power devices, also called wave energy converters (WEC). Some of these have only been tested at small scale for short periods. Many of these technologies are no longer actively being developed.

Azura wave power device tested in Hawaii

Main article: Azura (wave power device)

Azura Wave Power is based in New Plymouth, and has been developing wave energy since 2006. The TRL5/6 Azura wave power device was tested at the US Navy Wave Energy Test Site Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. The 45-ton wave energy converter was located offshore, in a water depth of 30 metres (98 ft). It provided 20 kW of electrical power to the local grid for 18 months from September 2016.[1][2][3] This concept was found to be too expensive, so Azura are now working on a smaller-scale device to produce both electricity and potable water.[4]

Albatern WaveNET

Albatern Ltd was established in 2010 to develop the WaveNET multi-point-absorber array, based in Roslin, Midlothian.[5] Development of the technology has stalled since 2016.

The WaveNET comprised multiple "Squid" units which are coupled into an array, reportedly giving a non-linear increase in power, with the array extracting energy from multiple waves passing through. Each of the Squid units has three buoyant floats attached to a central post via rigid linking arms. These have articulating pump units at either end that generate hydraulic power, which is then converted to electrical power. The units tested "Series-6" had a central post 6 metres (20 ft) high and generated 7.5 kW per Squid unit. A larger Series-12 was in development, 12 m high with a rated power of 75 kW. The company expected to further scale up in future to Series-24 at 24 m high and 750 kW, with 135 units in an array covering 250 m by 1250 m producing 100 MW.[6]

In 2014, Albatern were working with their third iteration devices with a 14-week deployment on a Scottish fish-farm site,[7] and a 6 unit array deployment for full characterisation at Kishorn Port in 2015.[8] Initially working with smaller devices and arrays, the company was targeting off grid markets where diesel generation is presently used in offshore fish farms, coastal communities and long endurance scientific platforms. Demonstration projects were under development for fish-farm sites and an island community.[9]

In November 2015, Albatern received funding through stage 1 of the Wave Energy Scotland Novel Wave Energy Converter programme for their WaveNET Series-12.[10] They did not progress to stage 2.

AMOG, AEP WEC

The AMOG Wave Energy Converter (WEC), in operation off SW England (2019)

The AMOG, AEP WEC is a surface dynamic vibration absorber, it has a barge shaped hull with an in-air pendulum tuned to absorb the wave motion. It is developed by an Australian engineering company called AMOG Consulting.[11] The device was named AEP WEC after Professor Andrew E Potts, who founded AMOG Consulting.[12]

A 1/3rd scale device was successfully deployed in the European 2019 summer at FaBTest, in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall, UK. Financial support for the deployment came from the Marine-i scheme under the European Union Regional Development Grant and Cornwall Development Company. The device was built by Mainstay Marine in Wales, installed by KML from SW England. A power take-off (PTO) is situated on top of the pendulum with electricity generated and dissipated locally through immersion heaters submerged in the seawater. The device's maximum rating is 75 kW.[13][12]

The pendulum is a tuned mass damper that captures kinetic energy as the device moves. One of the claimed benefits of this device is that it has no moving parts below the water line.[14] Smaller scale models were also tested in tanks at AMC/University of Tasmania and the University of Plymouth COAST basin.[13]

Anaconda Wave Energy Converter

Developed by Checkmate SeaEnergy, based in Sheerness, the surface-following attenuator device is a long rubber tube which is tethered underwater. Passing waves will instigate a wave inside the tube, which will then propagates down its walls, driving a turbine at the far end. The full-scale device is expected to be around 200 metres (660 ft) long and 7 metres (23 ft) in diameter.[15][16]

The Sustainable Energy Research Group at the University of Southampton were involved in developing the device, including tank testing a 1:30 scale model at the DHI basin.[17] Checkmate SeaEnergy received funding between 2015 and 2017 from the Wave Energy Scotland Novel Wave Energy Converter programme stages 1 and 2 to further develop their concept.[18][19] The company announced in January 2024 they plan to test a 1:12 scale model.[20]

AquaBuOY

The AquaBuOY was a point-absorber WEC developed by Finavera Renewables Inc..

In September 2007, the AquaBuOY 2.0 was deployed approximately 2.5 miles (4.0 km; 2.2 nmi) off the coast of Newport, Oregon. The device used hose-pumps, a high pressure accumulator, and a Pelton hydro turbine to convert wave motion into electrical power.[21]

In 2009 Finavera Renewables surrendered its wave energy permits from FERC.[22] In July 2010 Finavera announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell all assets and intellectual property related to the AquaBuOY wave energy technology.[23][24][25][26]

Atmocean

Single Atmocean pump being deployed in Ilo, Perú (2015)

Atmocean Inc., based in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA developed an array of small buoys that capture wave energy for a zero-electricity reverse/osmosis (ZER/O) system.[27]

The Atmocean array consists of 15, 3m diameter surface buoys. Instead of direct seafloor connections, the entire array is anchored at 6 points. Each buoy uses passing waves to pump seawater into the system and send it onshore where it goes directly into a reverse osmosis desalination process without the need for an external energy source. Advantages of smaller modular system include using standard shipping containers and small boat operations.[28]

Two full scale trials were deployed off the coast of Ilo, Peru in 2015, for three weeks and six months respectively.[27]

AWS-III

Main article: AWS Ocean Energy

The AWS-III was developed by Scottish company AWS Ocean Energy between 2008 and 2014.

The concept was a floating toroidal vessel. Rubber membranes on the outer faces would deform as waves pass, moving air inside chambers which in turn drive air-turbines to generate electricity. AWS Ocean tested a 1/9 scale model in Loch Ness in 2010. The full sized version was planned to be 60m across and generate 2.5 MW, installed in offshore farms moored in around 100m depth of water.[29][30][31][32]

CalWave

CalWave x1 WEC Pilot Unit

CalWave Power Technologies, Inc. based in California, is developing a submerged pressure differential wave energy device, which can operate at various water depths and distance from shore.[33] The company tested a 1:20 scale prototype in 2016.[34]

In September 2021, CalWave commissioned its pilot x1 device off the coast of San Diego.[35] The testing was planed to last 6 months, but was extended to 10 months. CalWave expect to test a 100 kW x100 device at PacWave off the coast of Oregon.[34]

In March 2024, CalWave was selected to be the technology used in an indigenous-led project in Yuquot, British Columbia. The Mowachaht/Muchalaht First Nations project has funding from the TD Bank Group, and aims to be a first-of-the-kind project for coastal community micro-grids powered by wave energy.[36]

CETO

Main article: CETO

CETO is a submerged point-absorber buoy tethered to the seabed, developed by the Australian company Carnegie Clean Energy Ltd.

In 2008, a CETO5 was tested off Fremantle, Western Australia. This device consists of a single piston pump attached to the sea floor with a float (buoy) tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized water, which is piped to an onshore facility to drive hydraulic generators or run reverse osmosis water desalination.[37][38]

Irish subsidiary, CETO Wave Energy Ireland, is further developing the CETO technology in the EuropeWave project. In April 2024, they secured a berth at BiMEP in northern Spain to test there in 2025.[39]

Crestwing

Danish company Crestwing ApS is developing a hinged-raft surface-following attenuator WEC. The device consists of two floats connected by a hinge and uses the atmospheric pressure acting on its large surface to stick to the ocean. This allows it to follow the waves, using the motion of the two floats to convert both kinetic and potential energy to electricity by a mechanical power take-off system.

In 2014, a 1:5 scale model was tested in the sea near Frederikshavn. In 2017 the successor, a full-scale prototype was ready to be tested. It was claimed the device will break the waves and draw the power from it in such a way, it gives it an extra function as a coastal protection device in exposed coastal areas.[40]

In 2023, Cresting partnered with Aalborg University (AAU), Shipcon, and Logimatic Engineering to further develop the technology, including further tank testing at the AAU Wind and Wave laboratory in Esbjerg.[41]

Cycloidal Wave Energy Converter

The Cycloidal Wave Energy Converter is a wave energy concept being developed by Atargis Energy Corporation in Colorado. The patents were filed in 2005, and the company was founded in 2010, after initial research showed potential.[42] It is a fully submerged wave termination device, located offshore, with a direct drive generator.

It has reached the tank testing stage of development. The proposed device would be a 20 metres (66 ft) diameter fully submerged rotor with two hydrofoils. Numerical studies have shown greater than 99% wave power termination capabilities.[43] These were confirmed by experiments in a small 2D wave flume,[44] as well as a large offshore wave basin.

In November 2019, Atargis Energy was awarded funding by the US Department of Energy for a three-year project to further develop and demonstrate the concept.[45]

FlanSea (Flanders Electricity from the Sea)

FlanSea was a three-year research project that commenced in 2010, between the Ghent University and six Flemish enterprises. The aim was to develop a point absorber buoy developed for use in the southern North Sea conditions, with moderate wave conditions.[46] It works by means of a cable tethered to the seabed that due to the bobbing effect of the buoy, spools a cable around a winch and generates electricity.[47]

Between April and December 2013, a "Wave Pioneer" device was tested near the Port of Ostend. This device was 4.4 m in diameter, 5 m high, and weighed 25 tonnes. In 2014, there were plans for a Wave Pioneer II.[48]

HiWave-5

Main article: CorPower Ocean

HiWave-5 is an array demonstration project by Swedish developer CorPower Ocean, to deploy, demonstrate and certify an array of point-absorber WECs at the Aguçadoura test site in Portugal. The project is being conducted in phases, (1) a single C4 full-scale device, and (2) an array with three additional C5 devices. The timescales for these were initially 2019 to 2022, and 2022 to 2024 respectively,[49] however this appears to have slipped somewhat. A 300 kW rated power C4 was deployed at sea in September 2023.[50][51]

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Wave Energy Program

View from the sea of concrete caison with a turbine on top. A small boat is sailing in the foreground.
150kW Indian OWC Caisson

The Wave Energy Group at Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology IIT Madras, funded by the Department of Ocean Development, Government of India built, operated, instrumented, and tested a 150 kW oscillating water column (OWC). This was a nearshore bottom-standing caisson, with different turbines tested over a period of multiple decades to 1991.[52] It was located in Vizhinjam, Kerala, and provided power to the grid, however it was eventually decommissioned.[53]

Multi-Functional Breakwater Concept

Since the wave power in the equatorial region where this device was tested was low about 13 kW/m, the choice was for a multi-functional breakwater unit that could provide a safe harbor for fishing vessels and produce power more economically by sharing the costs of the structure. Electric power pumped to the grid was demonstrated.[54] The group has also researched directly producing desalinated water and thermal storage using refrigeration. These technologies alleviate the need for an electric grid and demonstrate alternate power generation appropriate for the location.[55]

In November 2022, a team from IIT Madras demonstrated the Sindhuja-I ocean wave energy converter about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi; 3.2 nmi) off the coast of Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu. Located in a water depth of 20 metres (66 ft), it produces only 100 watts of power, but the researchers hope to scale this up to a megawatt.[56][57]

Islay LIMPET

Main article: Islay LIMPET

The Islay LIMPET was a shoreline oscillating water column wave power station located on Islay, Scotland. It generated power to the national grid between 2000 and 2012, after which it was decommissioned. It used the motion of the incoming waves to drive air in and out of a concrete pressure chamber through a Wells turbine.[58][59]

Lysekil Project

Main article: Lysekil Project

The Lysekil Project is an ongoing wave energy research project by the Centre for Renewable Electric Energy Conversion at Uppsala University in Sweden. It is located to the south of Lysekil, on the west coast approximately 100 km (62 mi) north of Gothenburg. The first WEC was deployed in 2006, and as of February 2024 there were 11 WECs located on the site, with a total capacity of 260 kW.[60]

The WECs are point-absorber buoys, with a direct-drive linear generator placed on the seabed, connected to a buoy at the surface via a line. The movements of the buoy drive the translator in the generator.[61][62]

Neptune Wave Engine

The Neptune Wave Engine has been developed by Neptune Equipment Corp. in Vancouver, Canada since 2010, when they found they were not able to purchase a wave power system for their cottage.[63]

Wave energy is captured with multiple float-pistons constrained to move vertically up and down piles, informally called "doughnut on a stick".[64] Reciprocation motion of float-piston is converted to one way rotation motion by patented direct-drive PTO with allows for power to be applied to generator from both the up and down strokes.[65] It has multiple point absorbers, and is designed to work near shore, in small waves, 0.1 to 5 m (4 in. to 16 ft.).

By 2017, five full-size test units had been deployed,[66] page 55. The sixth, deployed September 24–25, 2019 includes the "Vancouver Wave Energy Testing Station" for 3rd parties to verify with their own equipment that the corporation's claims for continuous "firm" electricity output and to verify how much electricity is output from waves of various sizes.[67][68]

In 2021, the latest version was tested, with a 3 metres (10 ft) diameter, 2 metres (7 ft) deep float that weighs 10 tonnes. It is capable of producing up to 20 kW, but has only ever produced 12 kW and that was during a storm, typically it produces 1–4 kW.[64]

Zyba Renewables — CCell

Zyba Renewables Ltd. is a UK based wave energy developer.

The CCell is a directional WEC consisting of a curved flap operating mainly in the surge direction of wave propagation. Being curved gives the device two advantages over flat paddle oscillating wave surge converters: the energy is dissipated over a long arc reducing the wave height, and the shape cuts through the waves which reduces turbulence on the boundaries. In addition, unlike other oscillating wave surge converters, the latest version of CCell is designed to float just under the water surface, maximising the available wave energy. The developers claim this makes CCell the world's most efficient wave energy device.[69]

Zyba was awarded funding by Wave Energy Scotland for Stage 1 of the Novel Wave Energy Convertor call in 2015, but the project did not progress to Stage 2.[10]

In 2017, Zyba partnered with Biorock to produce artificial coral reefs using wave energy.[70]

Project Developer Location Technology Site Distribution Operation Description
Energen Wave Power South Africa Attenuating Wave Device Offshore A 2019 review of wave energy companies listed the development stage as closed.[71]
Ocean Grazer University of Groningen The Netherlands Buoy Offshore hydraulic multi-piston pump 2011 Wave energy is captured with multiple hydraulic pistons placed on a floater. Main advantages it has over other systems is that it adapts itself to any wave, and thus has very high efficiency (70%).[72]
Oceanlinx Oceanlinx Australia OWC Nearshore & Offshore air turbine 1997 Wave energy is captured with an Oscillating Water Column and electricity is generated by air flowing through a turbine. The third medium scale demonstration unit near Port Kembla, NSW, Australia, a medium scale system that was grid connected in early 2010.[73]

In May 2010, the wave energy generator snapped from its mooring lines in extreme seas and sank on Port Kembla's eastern breakwater.[74]

A full scale commercial nearshore unit, greenWAVE, with a capacity of 1MW will be installed off Port MacDonnell in South Australia before the end of 2013.[75]

Oceanus 2 Seatricity Ltd UK Buoy Nearshore and Offshore Pump-to-shore 2007 The Oceanus 2 device is the first and only device yet to have been deployed and tested at the UK's WaveHub test site as a full-scale prototype (2014-2016). The 3rd generation device consists of a single piston patented pump mounted on a gimbal and supported by an aluminium 12m diameter buoy/float. The pump is then tethered to the seabed. Vertical wave motion is used to pump seawater to hydraulic pressures which is then piped to an onshore facility to drive hydraulic generators or run reverse osmosis water desalination. Multiple devices deployed in arrays provide modularity, resilience and redundancy.
OE buoy Ocean Energy Ireland Buoy Offshore Air turbine 2006 In September 2009 completed a 2-year sea trial in one quarter scale form. The OE buoy has only one moving part.[76] A full-scale version commenced construction in Oregon in 2018 and is scheduled to deploy to the US Navy's Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) in 2019.[77]
OWEL Ocean Wave Energy Ltd UK Wave Surge Converter Offshore Air turbine 2013 The surging motion of long period waves compresses air in a tapered duct which is then used to drive an air turbine mounted on top of the floating vessel.[78] The design of a full scale demonstration project was completed in Spring 2013, ready for fabrication.[79]
Oyster wave energy converter Aquamarine Power UK (Scots-Irish) Oscillating wave surge converter Nearshore Pump-to-shore (hydro-electric turbine) 2005 A hinged mechanical flap attached to the seabed captures the energy of nearshore waves. It drives hydraulic pistons to deliver high pressure water to an onshore turbine which generates electricity. In November 2009, the first full-scale demonstrator Oyster began producing power at the European Marine Energy Centre's wave test site at Billia Croo in Orkney. In 2015, Aquamarine entered administration.[80]
Pelamis Wave Energy Converter Pelamis Wave Power UK (Scottish) Surface-following attenuator Offshore Hydraulic 1998 As waves pass along a series of semi-submerged cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints, the sections move relative to one another. This motion activates hydraulic cylinders which pump high pressure oil through hydraulic motors which drive electrical generators.[81] The first working Pelamis machine was installed in 2004 at the European Marine Energy Center (EMEC) in Orkney. Here, it became the world's first offshore wave energy device to generate electricity into a national grid anywhere in the world.[82] The later P2, owned by E.ON, started grid connected tests off Orkney in 2010.[83] The company went into administration in November 2014[84] and the device is no longer being developed.
Agucadoura Wave Farm in Portugal, first commercial application of the Pelamis design (2008)
Penguin Wello Oy Finland Rotating mass Offshore Direct Conversion 2008 First 0.5 MW device deployed at EMEC test site in Summer 2012.[85] The unit has been modified and has been reinstalled early 2017 at Billia Croo as part of the Horizon 2020 funded Clean Energy From Ocean Waves (CEFOW) research project.[86] CEFOW is a 5-year project, targeting to deploy 3 MW (three 1 MW units) Penguin wave energy converters in real world offshore conditions in a grid-connected testing environment. The project is coordinated by utility company Fortum.
Wello penguin deployed at Orkney waters 2014.
PowerBuoy Ocean Power Technologies US Buoy Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 1997 The Pacific Northwest Generating Cooperative is funding construction of a commercial wave-power park at Reedsport, Oregon using buoys.[87] The rise and fall of the waves moves a rack and pinion within the buoy and spins a generator.[88] The electricity is transmitted by a submerged transmission line. The buoys are designed to be installed one to five miles (8.0 km) offshore in water 100 to 200 feet (30 to 61 m) deep.[89]
R38/50 kW, R115/150 kW 40South Energy UK Underwater attenuator Offshore Electrical conversion 2010 These machines work by extracting energy from the relative motion between one Upper Member and one Lower Member, following an innovative method which earned the company one UKTI Research & Development Award in 2011.[90] A first generation full-scale prototype for this solution was tested offshore in 2010,[91][92] and a second generation full-scale prototype was tested offshore during 2011.[93] In 2012 the first units were sold to clients in various countries, for delivery within the year.[94][95] The first reduced scale prototypes were tested offshore during 2007, but the company decided to remain in a "stealth mode" until May 2010[96] and is now recognized as one of the technological innovators in the sector.[97] The company initially considered installing at Wave Hub in 2012,[98] but that project is on hold for now. The R38/50 kW is rated at 50 kW while the R115/150 kW is rated at 150 kW.
Sanze shoreline gully Japan OWC Onshore Wells turbines 1984 This 40 kW Japanese OWC was the first full-scale wave energy device constructed (apart from the French OWC installation on the top of a natural cliff in 1910). It was operated for six months with good results. It was built in a shoreline gully; a naturally tapered channel that focuses the energy to the head where the device is put.[99]
Sea Power (company) Seapower Ltd. Ireland Surface-following attenuator Offshore or Nearshore RO Plant or Direct Drive 2008 Sea Power carry out ongoing tank testing and development. Currently reducing LCOE targets further.[100][101]|
SDE Sea Waves Power Plant SDE Energy Ltd. Israel Buoy Nearshore Hydraulic ram 2010 A breakwater-based wave machine, this device is close to the shore and utilizes the vertical pumping motion of the buoys for operating hydraulic rams, thereby powering generators. One version ran from 2008 to 2010, at peak producing 40KWh.[102]
Seabased Seabased AB. Sweden Buoy Offshore Linear generator on seabed 2015 Seabased Industry AB in cooperation with Fortum and the Swedish Energy Agency is developing its first wave power park, northwest of Smögen on the Swedish West coast. The first phase of the wave power park was deployed during the week commencing 23 March 2015 and comprises 36 wave energy converters and one substation.r.[100][103]
SeaRaser Alvin Smith (Dartmouth Wave Energy)\Ecotricity UK Buoy Nearshore Hydraulic ram 2008 Consisting of a piston pump(s) attached to the sea floor with a float (buoy) tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized water, which is piped to reservoirs onshore which then drive hydraulic generators.[104][105]

It is currently "undergoing extensive modelling ahead of a sea trial" [106]

SINN Power wave energy converter SINN Power GmbH | Wave Energy Germany Buoy Nearshore Linear generator 2014
SINN Power wave energy converter (single module) on Crete in August 2016
SINN Power wave energy converter (single module) on Crete in August 2016
The SINN Power WEC consists of a variable number of buoys which are attached to an inflexible steel frame. Electricity is generated when the up-and-down motion of the waves lifts the buoys. The floating bodies lift a rod that runs through a generator unit.[107]

Since 2015, SINN Power is testing a single wave energy converter module on the Greek island Crete.[108] A floating wave energy converter will be deployed in 2018, market entry with single module WECs is planned for 2017.

Tapchan - tapered channel Norwave AS Norway Overtopping terminator Onshore Kaplan turbine and 3-phase induction generator 1986 On average, the 370 kW Tapchan plant at Toftestallen in Norway converted some 42 to 43% of the incident wave energy at the 55 m wide wave-collector into electricity. The plant worked very satisfactory for about 6 years before it was accidentally damaged in 1991, in an attempt to improve the shape of its channel, and has since not been restored.[99][109]
Toftestallen OWC Kværner Brug AS Norway OWC Onshore Wells turbine 1985 The plant had a 500 kW turbine with electric generator, and operated for four years before it was destroyed by a severe winter storm.[99]
Unnamed Ocean Wave-Powered Generator SRI International US Buoy Offshore Electroactive polymer artificial muscle 2004 A type of wave buoys, built using special polymers, is being developed by SRI International.[110][111]
Wavebob Wavebob Ireland Buoy Offshore Direct Drive Power Take off 1999 Wavebob have conducted some ocean trials, as well as extensive tank tests. It is an ocean-going heaving buoy, with a submerged tank which captures additional mass of seawater for added power and tunability, and as a safety feature (Tank "Venting")
WaveEL Waves4Power Sweden Buoy Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2010 Waves4Power is a developer of buoy based OWEC (Offshore Wave Energy Converter) systems. There are plans to install a demonstration plant in 2015 at Runde test site (Norway). This will be connected via subsea cable to the shore based power grid.[112][113]
Wavepiston Wavepiston ApS Denmark Oscillating wave surge converter Nearshore Pump-to-shore (hydro-electric turbine) 2013 The idea behind this concept is to reduce the mooring means for wave energy structures. Wavepiston systems use vertical plates to exploit the horizontal movement in ocean waves. By attaching several plates in parallel on a single structure the forces applied on the structure by the plates will tend to neutralize each other. This neutralization reduces the required mooring means. “Force cancellation” is the term used by the inventors of the technology to describe the neutralization of forces. Test and numerical models prove that force cancellation reduces the means for mooring and structure to 1/10. The structure is a steel wire stretched between two mooring points. The wire is a strong and flexible structure well suited for off shore use. The mooring is slack mooring. When the vertical plates move back and forth they produce pressurized water. The pressurized water is transported to a turbine through PE pipes. A central turbine station then converts it to electric power. Calculations on the current design show capital cost of EUR 0,89 per installed watt.
Wave Dragon Erik Friis-Madsen Denmark Overtopping device Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2003 With the Wave Dragon wave energy converter large wing reflectors focus waves up a ramp into an offshore reservoir. The water returns to the ocean by the force of gravity via hydroelectric generators.
Wave Dragon seen from reflector, prototype 1:4½
WaveRoller AW-Energy Oy Finland Oscillating wave surge converter Nearshore Hydraulic 1994 The WaveRoller is a plate anchored on the sea bottom by its lower part. The back and forth movement of surge moves the plate. The kinetic energy transferred to this plate is collected by a piston pump. Full-scale demonstration project built off Portugal in 2019.[114]
WaveRoller farm installation in Peniche, Portugal. October 2019
Wave hub Hexicon Cornwall, UK Research hub for testing 3rd party devices Offshore Various 2010 As of 2018 Wave Hub had failed to produce any grid-connected electricity.[115]
Waveplane Denmark Overtopping device Offshore Scrapped in 2012[116]
Wave Star Wave Star A/S Denmark Multi-point absorber Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2000 The Wavestar machine draws energy from wave power with floats that rise and fall with the up and down motion of waves. The floats are attached by arms to a platform that stands on legs secured to the sea floor. The motion of the floats is transferred via hydraulics into the rotation of a generator, producing electricity. Wave Star has been testing a 1:10 machine since 2005 in Nissum Bredning, Denmark, it was taken out of duty in November 2011. A 1:2 Wave Star machine is in place in Hanstholm which has produced electricity to the grid since September 2009.[117] Scrapped in 2016.[118]
Wave Star machine in Hanstholm.
Wave Carpet Paul Mario Koola USA Very Large Flexible Floating Structure Offshore Smart Materials 2003 Wave Carpet is a novel deep offshore wave-power floating system concept funded by the US Navy that will have low overall life cycle cost due to an integrated design, be rapidly re-deployable, be easier to maintain and have inherent reliability by design, ensure better steady power output from the randomly fluctuating input wave power using built-in energy storage and an internal electric grid, be dynamically positioned, have non-corrosive maintenance-free hull design, have self-propulsion by advanced controls with minimal tug power and also act as a wave damper thereby sharing the cost of power generated.

https://www.sbir.gov/sbirsearch/detail/210952 [119] [120] [121]

Parasitic Power Pack (P3) Paul Mario Koola USA Power for 4" Diameter Sonobuoy Aircraft Deployed Sensor 2010 A robust maintenance-free Parasitic Power Pack (P3) that is modularly inserted into “free floating” buoy systems deployed in Distributed Sensor Networks by the submarine fleet of the U.S. Navy to increase situational awareness and battlegroup integration by enabling Communications at Speed and Depth (CSD). P3 will not interfere with the antenna on the upper portion of the buoy and will not occupy more than 20 inches in length producing a steady power output of at least 40 milliwatts with a capacity to store at least 60 joules of energy. Of the different energy harvesting concepts for powering wireless sensors we use the incessant oscillations of the ocean waves under which the buoy is excited. Unlike regular wave energy devices that are tuned to ocean waves, we have a platform whose dimensions are preset for a specific purpose. Our intent was to design to this platform specifications to produce a robust maintenance free design that will survive other operating conditions that it could be subjected to.

https://www.sbir.gov/node/6573

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