Medieval Armenia: Difference between revisions
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{{History of Armenia}} |
{{History of Armenia|expanded=age3}} |
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'''Medieval Armenia''' refers to the history of [[Armenia]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. It follows [[Ancient Armenia]] and covers a period of approximately eight centuries, beginning with the [[Muslim conquest of Armenia]] in the 7th century. Key events during this period includes the rebirth of an [[Bagratid Armenia|Armenian Kingdom]] under the [[Bagratuni dynasty|Bagratid dynasty]], followed by the arrival of the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk Turks]]. During this period, a portion of the Armenian people migrate to [[Cilicia]] to seek refuge from invasions, while the remnants in Eastern Armenia see the establishment of [[Zakarid Armenia]] under the [[Kingdom of Georgia]]. This period also marks the emergence of the [[House of Hasan-Jalalyan|royal dynasty]] in [[Principality of Khachen|Artsakh]]. |
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In Cilicia, Armenians establish a [[Crusader states|crusader state]], the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], which would be the last fully independent Armenian state throughout the following centuries until the establishment of modern-day Armenia. The arrival of the [[Mongol Empire]] in the area, followed by the rise and fall of several other [[Turco-Mongol tradition|Turko-Mongol]] confederations, marks a turning point in the history of the Armenian people, defined by the large influx of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic-speaking peoples]] into their homeland. By the end of the Middle Ages, the notion of an Armenian state is relegated to history, with the [[Western Armenia|western portions of historic Armenia]] as part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and the [[Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)|eastern portion]] as part of [[Safavid Iran]]. |
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The '''medieval history of Armenia''' ({{lang-hy|Միջնադարյան Հայաստան}}) covers the history of [[Armenia]] during the [[Middle Ages]]. |
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== Background == |
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{{Main|Byzantine Armenia|Sasanian Armenia}} |
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Western Armenia had been under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] control since the partition of the [[Kingdom of Armenia]] in |
[[Byzantine Armenia|Western Armenia]] had been under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] control since the partition of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] in 387, while [[Sasanian Armenia|Eastern Armenia]] had been under the rule of the [[Sassanid Empire]] starting in 428. Regardless of religious disputes,<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/byz_6.html#4 The Glory of Byzantium | Publications for Educators | Explore & Learn | The Metropolitan Museum of Art<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> many Armenians became successful in the Byzantine Empire and occupied key positions. In Sassanid-occupied Armenia, the people struggled to preserve their Christian religion. This struggle reached its culmination in the [[Battle of Avarayr]]. Although the battle was a military defeat, Vartan Mamigonian's successor, Vahan, succeeded in forcing the Persians to grant religious freedom to the [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Christian Armenians]] in the [[Nvarsak Treaty]] of 484.<ref>[http://www.ansc.org/ansc/armenia.cfm www.ANSC.org - Armenian Network of Student Clubs<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930045233/http://www.ansc.org/ansc/armenia.cfm|date=2007-09-30}}</ref> |
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==Arab conquest== |
==Arab conquest== |
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{{main| |
{{main|Arab conquest of Armenia}} |
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After the death of the prophet Muhammad in |
After the death of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] in 632, the Arabs expanded their religion throughout the [[Middle East]]. In 639, with a force of 18,000 warriors, [[Abd‑er‑Rahman]] took [[Taron (historic Armenia)|Taron]] and sacked the country. In 642, the Muslims took [[Dvin (ancient city)|Dvin]], slaughtered 12,000 of its inhabitants and carried 35,000 into slavery.<ref name="History of Armenia">Kurkjian, Vahan M.[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/23*.html A History of Armenia hosted by The University of Chicago]. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America, 1958 pp. 173-185</ref> Prince [[Theodoros Rshtuni]] organized resistance and liberated the enslaved Armenians.<ref name="Hayots">{{cite book | last = Kurdoghlian | first = Mihran | title = Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History), Volume II | publisher = Hradaragutiun Azkayin Ousoumnagan Khorhourti, Athens, Greece | pages = 3–7 | year = 1996 |language=hy}}</ref> However, Theodoros eventually accepted Arab rule of Armenia. Thus, in 645, the entirety of Armenia fell under Islamic rule. This period of 200 years was interrupted by a few restricted revolts, which never had a pan-Armenian character. Most petty Armenian families were weakened in favor of the Bagratunis and Artsrunis. |
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== Bagratuni Armenia == |
== Bagratuni Armenia == |
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{{main|Bagratuni |
{{main|Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia|Bagratuni dynasty}} |
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As Islamic power was waning, [[Ashot I]] of the Bagratuni family got more influence in Armenia. He became prince of princes in |
As Islamic power was waning, [[Ashot I of Armenia|Ashot I]] of the Bagratuni family got more influence in Armenia. He became prince of princes in 861, and after a war against nearby Arab emirs, in 885, he was recognized as King of Armenia by both the Caliph of Baghdad and the Emperor of Constantinople. After more than 450 years of foreign occupation, Armenians finally reasserted their sovereignty in their ancestral lands. Despite Bagratid efforts to control all Armenian noble families, the Artsrunis and Siunis eventually broke off from central rule. [[Ashot III]] transferred the capital from [[Kars]] to [[Ani]], which came to be known as the "city of 1001 churches". Ani became an important cultural and economic center in the whole region. Bagratid Armenia fell in 1045 to the Byzantines and then in 1064 to [[Seljuk Turks]]. |
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==Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia== |
==Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia== |
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{{main|Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia}} |
{{main|Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia}} |
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The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the [[Rubenian]] dynasty, an offshoot of the larger [[Bagratid]] family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Their capital was Sis. |
The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the [[Rubenian]] dynasty, an offshoot of the larger [[Bagratuni dynasty|Bagratid]] family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. Their capital was Sis. |
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Cilicia was a strong ally of the European [[Crusaders]], and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since |
Cilicia was a strong ally of the European [[Crusaders]], and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since Armenia was under foreign occupation at the time. In the mid-13th century, King [[Hethoum I of Armenia]] voluntarily submitted the country to [[Mongol]] overlordship, and tried to encourage other countries to do the same, but was only able to persuade his son-in-law, [[Bohemond VI of Antioch]], who submitted in 1259; however, Antioch was then wiped out in retaliation by the Muslims in 1268. Cilicia remained as a Mongol vassal until it too was destroyed in the mid-14th century by the Egyptian [[Mamluk]]s. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Marzpanate |
*[[Marzpanate period]] |
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*[[Mongol invasions of Georgia and Armenia]] |
*[[Mongol invasions of Georgia and Armenia]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{Middle Ages by region|state=uncollapsed}} |
{{Middle Ages by region|state=uncollapsed}} |
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{{Middle Ages|state=collapsed}} |
{{Middle Ages|state=collapsed}} |
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[[Category:Medieval Armenia| ]] |
[[Category:Medieval history of Armenia| ]] |
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[[es:Armenia medieval]] |
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[[hy:Միջնադարյան Հայաստան]] |
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[[fr:Arménie médiévale]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:53, 9 July 2024
 | This article possibly contains original research. (October 2013) |
| History of Armenia |
|---|
 |
| Timeline • Origins • Etymology |
Medieval Armenia refers to the history of Armenia during the Middle Ages. It follows Ancient Armenia and covers a period of approximately eight centuries, beginning with the Muslim conquest of Armenia in the 7th century. Key events during this period includes the rebirth of an Armenian Kingdom under the Bagratid dynasty, followed by the arrival of the Seljuk Turks. During this period, a portion of the Armenian people migrate to Cilicia to seek refuge from invasions, while the remnants in Eastern Armenia see the establishment of Zakarid Armenia under the Kingdom of Georgia. This period also marks the emergence of the royal dynasty in Artsakh.
In Cilicia, Armenians establish a crusader state, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which would be the last fully independent Armenian state throughout the following centuries until the establishment of modern-day Armenia. The arrival of the Mongol Empire in the area, followed by the rise and fall of several other Turko-Mongol confederations, marks a turning point in the history of the Armenian people, defined by the large influx of Turkic-speaking peoples into their homeland. By the end of the Middle Ages, the notion of an Armenian state is relegated to history, with the western portions of historic Armenia as part of the Ottoman Empire, and the eastern portion as part of Safavid Iran.
Background
[edit]Western Armenia had been under Byzantine control since the partition of the Kingdom of Armenia in 387, while Eastern Armenia had been under the rule of the Sassanid Empire starting in 428. Regardless of religious disputes,[1] many Armenians became successful in the Byzantine Empire and occupied key positions. In Sassanid-occupied Armenia, the people struggled to preserve their Christian religion. This struggle reached its culmination in the Battle of Avarayr. Although the battle was a military defeat, Vartan Mamigonian's successor, Vahan, succeeded in forcing the Persians to grant religious freedom to the Christian Armenians in the Nvarsak Treaty of 484.[2]
Arab conquest
[edit]After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632, the Arabs expanded their religion throughout the Middle East. In 639, with a force of 18,000 warriors, Abd‑er‑Rahman took Taron and sacked the country. In 642, the Muslims took Dvin, slaughtered 12,000 of its inhabitants and carried 35,000 into slavery.[3] Prince Theodoros Rshtuni organized resistance and liberated the enslaved Armenians.[4] However, Theodoros eventually accepted Arab rule of Armenia. Thus, in 645, the entirety of Armenia fell under Islamic rule. This period of 200 years was interrupted by a few restricted revolts, which never had a pan-Armenian character. Most petty Armenian families were weakened in favor of the Bagratunis and Artsrunis.
Bagratuni Armenia
[edit]As Islamic power was waning, Ashot I of the Bagratuni family got more influence in Armenia. He became prince of princes in 861, and after a war against nearby Arab emirs, in 885, he was recognized as King of Armenia by both the Caliph of Baghdad and the Emperor of Constantinople. After more than 450 years of foreign occupation, Armenians finally reasserted their sovereignty in their ancestral lands. Despite Bagratid efforts to control all Armenian noble families, the Artsrunis and Siunis eventually broke off from central rule. Ashot III transferred the capital from Kars to Ani, which came to be known as the "city of 1001 churches". Ani became an important cultural and economic center in the whole region. Bagratid Armenia fell in 1045 to the Byzantines and then in 1064 to Seljuk Turks.
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
[edit]The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the Rubenian dynasty, an offshoot of the larger Bagratid family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and Georgia. Their capital was Sis.
Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since Armenia was under foreign occupation at the time. In the mid-13th century, King Hethoum I of Armenia voluntarily submitted the country to Mongol overlordship, and tried to encourage other countries to do the same, but was only able to persuade his son-in-law, Bohemond VI of Antioch, who submitted in 1259; however, Antioch was then wiped out in retaliation by the Muslims in 1268. Cilicia remained as a Mongol vassal until it too was destroyed in the mid-14th century by the Egyptian Mamluks.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ The Glory of Byzantium | Publications for Educators | Explore & Learn | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
- ^ www.ANSC.org - Armenian Network of Student Clubs Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kurkjian, Vahan M.A History of Armenia hosted by The University of Chicago. New York: Armenian General Benevolent Union of America, 1958 pp. 173-185
- ^ Kurdoghlian, Mihran (1996). Hayots Badmoutioun (Armenian History), Volume II (in Armenian). Hradaragutiun Azkayin Ousoumnagan Khorhourti, Athens, Greece. pp. 3–7.
